La Flora Del Gennargentu (Sardegna Centrale)

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La Flora Del Gennargentu (Sardegna Centrale) Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl., 25 (2014): 3-109. Pubblicato online il 08.08.2015 La Flora del Gennargentu (Sardegna centrale) PIER VIRGILIO ARRIGONI 1 & IGNAZIO CAMARDA 2 1 Già Prof. Università di Firenze, via Gortigiani, n. 44. 50127-Firenze 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Sassari, Via Piandanna, 4 – 07100-Sassari E-mail: icamarda@hotmail Abstract – Flora of Gennargentu (C-Sardinia) – The Gennargentu, the highest mountain of the Sardinia, is located in the central-east of the island and was the subject of exploration and naturalistic investigations by several authors, from the early nineteenth century. The Moris’ investigations highlight a strong endemic exclusive flora and a marked specificity in the context of the large Mediterranean islands. The Gennargentu is formed by Paleozoic metamorphic rocks: mica and sericitic schists, phyllites, gneiss and quartz-dioritic porphyry, granite, also important witnesses of the Mesozoic limestone plaque and traces of the oldest limestone marbled. The delimitation of the survey is based on boundaries represented by geomorpho- logical discontinuity, waterways, and even roads, and runs generally above 1,000 meters above sea level and includes suits the main peaks culminating in Punta Lamarmora to 1834 m above sea level. The main geological features, soil, climate and altitude vegetation features characterizes much of the territory above 1500 m. The flora takes account bibliography and historical collections that it has been possible to analyze. Each species quotes the main synonyms, biological forms, chorological type and distribution in the studied area. The flora consists of 675 native species distributed in 90 families and 326 genera. 78 entities mentioned by several authors were not found by us and the presence of many of them is highly doubtful or excluded because foreign to the flora of Sardinia. The chorological spectrum of the flora of Gennargentu shows the clear dominance of Mediterranean species (44.7%, euro- Mediterranean, 8.4%, Eurasian-Mediterranean, 15.7%, and many European Mediterranean orofites, often endemic, with 17, 2%) that distinguishes the flora of the Gennargentu. The endemic contingent represents 16.8% of all the flora and includes 105 entities, 5 of which are exclusive of the Gennargentu, 40 exclusive of Sardinia, 47 common to Corsica, 3 extended to Corsica and Balearic Islands and the others are circum-Tyrrhenian. Another contingent of species with continental characters or very rare (eg. Amelanchier ovalis, septentrionale Asplenium, Blechnum spicant, Bunium corydalinum Cerastium boissierianum, Corydalis pumila,, Ranunculus platanifolius,Valeriana montana) connects the Gennargentu mountains to Corsica and the mainland areas. The growth forms seen prevail the peren- nial herbaceous species (44.4%) while 32.0% are annual plants, with H/T index of 1.25. Exotic species are limited almost exclusively to those used in reforestation. Mountain areas, increasing altitude, are characterized by a sharp reduction in annual species in favor of perennial hemicryptophytic, cespitose or rhizomatous further accentuated in the ipsofile flora over 1,500 m where the percentage of endemic species increases to 30.6%. The endemic component is particularly high, with a contingent peculiar, in limestone areas. Despite a small area of ​​about 80 hectars 35 endemic species are living and 15 of them are calcicolous exclusive, rare or very rare. Among the trees, Acer monspessulanum Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Genista aetnensis and Rhamnus persicifolia are located generally below 1500 m altitude. Alnus glutinosa, Ilex aquifolium, Juglans regia, Populus tremula, Salix atrocinerea, Sorbus aria, Sorbus praemorsa, Taxus baccata are preserved even in the higher areas of the Gennargentu, distributed sporadically, mostly shelved along streams, in gallery groves of black alder and willows, still closed to sources of moisture. Of them are observed specimens of monumental size and unusual shapes that make the place with the highest concentration of large trees in Sardinia and in Italy. Key words: Flora, Endemic species, Gennargentu, Sardinia. INTRODUZIONE della Sardegna, soprattutto nelle montagne presenti in gran nunero e con una spiccata peculiarità, oggetto poi di ricerche La flora della Sardegna a partire dalle esplorazioni della monografiche da parte di ARRIGONI, CAMARDA, CORRIAS, fine del XVIII secolo del Plazza (peraltro rimasta inedita sino DIANA, NARDI, RAFFAELLI, VALSECCHI (1977-1992). Si può alle pubblicazioni di TERRACCIANO (1914; 1930) ha visto via affermare che la flora dell’Isola è ben conosciuta grazie ai via accrescere le conoscenze floristiche attraverso le opere di contributi di altri numerosi botanici con lo studio di aree numerosi botanici, in particolare del MORIS (1823-59), che geografiche più o meno estese, revisioni di generi, scoperta mise in luce per primo la notevole componente endemica di nuove specie per la Sardegna e per la scienza. Si rimanda al lavoro di ARRIGONI e CAMARDA (2005) sullo stato delle l’esteso complesso di Montarbu di Seui, entrambi contigui conosenze florisiche e soprattutto alla Flora dell’Isola di ma esterni al sistema montuoso del Gennargentu. Nell’area Sardegna di ARRIGONI (2006-15). di Correboi, dove sono presenti le uniche testimonianze di Il Gennargentu è sempre stato una delle mete più sfruttamento minerario di tutta la zona, affiorano calcari ambite da parte di tutti i botanici che hanno indagato sulla paleozoici marmorizzati e fortemente metamorfosati, che si flora e sulla vegetazione. Le prime vere descrizioni del estendono verso Est, oltre l’area di indagine considerata, nei complesso montuoso del Gennargentu si devono a Alberto dintorni di Monte Armario (localmente Armaidu). Ferrero Della Marmora che a partire dal 1822 (15 Luglio) La conoscenza naturalistica dei luoghi è notevolmente vi fece numerose escursioni, descrivendo in particolare le migliorata in tempi recenti per cui basta rifarsi alla caratteristiche geomineralogiche (DELLA MARMORA, 1826, ricca Bibliografia esistente per ottenere i necessari 1839, 1860). A quei tempi la mancanza di strade e la distanza approfondimenti settoriali. dai centri abitati costituiva un ostacolo all’accesso alle cime Anche la flora dei Monti del Gennargentu è stata più elevate della montagna. Non era possibile salirvi ed ripetutamente esplorata. Manca tuttavia un catalogo esplorarla senza mettere in conto un pernottamento, come tassonomicamente aggiornato dei reperti. Il presente lavoro capitò spesso appunto a Della Marmora. Ancora nell’ultimo mira a colmare questa lacuna e a definire l’importanza ed dopoguerra erano necessarie diverse ore di cammino, lungo i valori fitogeografici della flora del principale complesso sentieri, per raggiungere le principali cime. montuoso della Sardegna. Queste difficoltà sono oggi scomparse con la costruzione Secondo diverse interpretazioni il Gennargentu ha della strada asfaltata che da Fonni porta al Rifugio e alle una base e un’estensione più o meno ampia. Per motivi di piste da sci di Bruncu Spina, cima che può essere raggiunta chiarezza abbiamo preso a riferimento del nostro catalogo in meno di un’ora a piedi e in pochi minuti lungo una floristico un’area che comprende le principali cime (Fig. 1, sterrata. Nel versante di Desulo, sempre lungo una strada 2 e 3), assumendo in genere come limiti certi alcune strade, asfaltata, da Tascusì si accede verso altre improbabili piste i fiumi o i crinali. Tuttavia, consideando che il Flumendosa da sci e strutture di accoglienza da cui si può proseguire si adagia nella parte terminale dell’area, a circa 450 m, verso le creste di Arcu Artilai. Da Tascusì si accede anche occorre tenere presente che il limite reale delle indagini è lungo una strada parzialmente asfaltata, che porta al valico stato tenuto sempre intorno ai 900-1.000 m culminando fino di Gudettorgiu, e quindi verso i Tonneri calcarei di Girgini ai 1834 m di P. Lamarmora. e di Genna ‘e Ragas. Nel versante orientale le strade sono solamente sterrate e non sempre facilmente percorribili a causa di erosione, caduta di massi o smottamenti. La presenza Ubicazione dell'area di indagine di diversi cantieri forestali assicura comunque l’accessibilità a gran parte del territorio, mentre una rete di carrarecce e Arcipelago di Capo Testa La Maddalena sentieri pedonali consente la percorribilità verso le cime più elevate, attualmente frequentate da numerosi escursionisti. ¯ Le monumentali opere del Della Marmora, autentico Asinara pioniere della conoscenza della Sardegna, furono un costante riferimento per i naturalisti che compresero presto Limbara l’importanza della componente biologica relitta delle cime Sassari più elevate dell’isola. Infatti “Il Gennargentu è il cuore alpestre della Sardegna, un’isola di altitudine dove si sono conservate specie montane incapaci di sopravvivere nel caldo clima mediterraneo” (ARRIGONI, 1988). Monte Albo Marghine - Goceano POSIZIONE GEOGRAFICA DEL GENNARGENTU Badde Urbara Supramonti Il sistema montuoso del Gennargentu è notoriamente Capo Mannu costituito da un arco di cime, che si può osservare in tutta la Gennargentu sua grandiosità da Arcu Artilai, disposte da Ovest (Bruncu Spina, m 1829) a Sud (Bruncu Allasu, m 1701) attraverso P. Paolinu (m 1792), Su Sciusciu (m 1823), P. Lamarmora (già Mont'Arbu Perdas Crapìas), che con 1834 m è anche la cima più elevata situata in posizione centrale rispetto all’area di indagine (4426411 N, 527719 E, in WGS84) e P. Florisa (m 1822) chiudendo verso N con Monte Iscudu (1444 m). Mte Linas Il Gennargentu
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