International Symposium on Light and Life (14-16 October 2015) Islamabad
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON LIGHT AND LIFE
List of Sponsoring Organizations
! COMSATS Secretariat, Islamabad, Pakistan ! COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan ! Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (AS-ICTP), Trieste, Italy ! Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Government of Pakistan ! Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan ! Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan ! National Testing Service (NTS), Islamabad, Pakistan
Introduction
International Symposium on Light & Life is being jointly organized by the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), and COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan. This is to celebrate the UNESCO International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies from 14th to 16th October 2015, at CIIT, Islamabad. The Symposium is sponsored by: COMSATS Secretariat, Islamabad, Pakistan COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, Pakistan Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (AS-ICTP), Trieste, Italy Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Government of Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad, Pakistan Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan National Testing Service (NTS), Islamabad, Pakistan
The National Centre for Physics (NCP), Islamabad, and COMSTECH Secretariat, Islamabad, have also extended logistics support for the Symposium.
The Symposium consists of nine Plenary, fourteen Invited, and thirty-one Contributed Talks, as well as over twenty Poster Presentations, covering a wide range of topics, including Light Detection & Harvesting; Light Emitting Devices; Light-Matter Interactions; Light-Based Technologies; Photochemistry & Photobiology; Optoelectronics & Photonics; Imaging Science; and Quantum Informatics.
Besides Pakistan, the Symposium has participation from twelve countries, including: USA, UK, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, China, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Sudan and Bangladesh.
The Organizing Committee is indebted to a number of individuals, sub-committees and departments, particularly the Administration and IT departments of CIIT, as well as COMSATS Internet Services (CIS), Islamabad, for providing valuable support. The patronage of the Executive Director COMSATS, and the Rector CIIT, is gratefully acknowledged.
Chairman Organizing Committee
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Patrons Imtinan Elahi Qureshi S. M., Junaid Zaidi
Directors M. Aslam Khan (Chairman) Joseph Niemela, AS-ICTP, Italy Arshad S. Bhatti, CIIT, Islamabad M. Aslam Baig, NCP, Pakistan M. Yasin Akhtar Raja, UNCC, USA Zahid Hussain, LBL, USA Shahid A. Khan, CIIT, Islamabad
Organizing Committee M. Aslam Khan (Chairman) Majid Khan Irfan Hayee Huma Balouch Abdul Majid Qureshi Abid Jan Abid Mujtaba Saira Arif Asghari Gul Faisal Saeed Muhammad Umair Hassan Fasih ud Din Butt Javaid Anwar Naveed A. Khan
Technical Committee M. Aslam Khan, CIIT (Chairman) Arshad S. Bhatti, CIIT, Islamabad Masroor Ikram, PIEAS, Islamabad M. Aslam Baig, NCP, Islamabad Sajid Qamar, CII, Islamabad T Sabieh Anwar, LUMS, Lahore Khurram Aziz, CIIT, Islamabad
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Table of Contents Plenary Talks
Inventing with Light - A Personal Journey 3 Nabeel A. Riza 3
Integrated Photonics: an Emergent Technology Lighting-up the Future 4 M. Yasin Akhtar Raja 4
III-Nitrides WBG Semiconductor PC's for High Extraction Efficiency of Deep-UV Lighting Technology 6 M. Khizar Bhutta 6
Ultrafast Time-resolved Electron Diffraction studies of Laser Heated Thin Films and Surfaces 7 Hani E. Elsayed-Ali 7
Accelerator based Light Sources of Today and Tomorrow 9 Zahid Hussain 9
Extreme Light Infrastructure- A Pan-European Laser Facility 10 Wolfgang Sandner 10
Applications of Extreme Ultra-Violet Lasers 11 Greg Tallents 11
Optical Nanoscopy 12 Maria Allegrini 12
Application of Synchrotron Radiation in the Study of Organic Molecules on Substrates for Catalysis, Energy and Magnetic Materials 13 Andrea Goldoni 13
Quantum Error Correction Codes 17 Soon Xin Ng 17
Nonlinear Optics with Superconducting Quantum Circuits 18 Guoqin Ge 18
Coherent Control of the Goos-Hänchen Shift 19 Sajid Qamar 19
Smart Photonic Sensors - Performing for the Environment 20 Nabeel A. Riza 20
Solid State Lighting - Next Generation of Illumination Technology 21 M. Khizar Bhutta 21
Multijunction Solar Cells for Concentrated Photovoltaics 22 Iqbal Chaudhry 22
Spatial Modulation of THz Beams for Imaging Applications 23 Hakan Altan 23
Overcoming Turbidity for Deep-Tissue Imaging 24 Zahid Yaqoob 24
Pioneers in Study of Light- the Forgotten Giants 25 M. Yasin Akhtar Raja 25
Power Saving Using Class of Service Differentiation Mechanism in Extended Reach Fi-Wi Networks 26 Syed Mohammad Hasan Zaidi 26
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Magneto-Optics Meets Nanoscience 27 Muhammad Sabieh Anwar and Syed Babar Ali 27
Biophotonic Instrumentation – Design to Applications 28 Zahid Yaqoob 28
Optical Diagnostics of Viral & Parasitic Diseases in Edible Oils, Spreads and Ghee 29 Mushtaq Ahmed 29
Polarimetry and its Applications in Biophotonics 30 Masroor Ikram 30
Phase Dependent Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) In a Three Level Atomic System Using Squeezed Vacuum Reservoir 33 Javaid Anwar 33
Darkened Atom and Temporal Dynamics of Atom Population at the Excited Energy Level 34 Fazal Ghafoor 34
Detailed Surface Photometry of the cD Galaxies NGC 4839 and NGC 4874 35 1 2 3 Gamal B. Ali , Eman A. Shaban , Magdy Y. Amin and M. A. Rassem 35
A Generic Model of PV Plant Lightning Protection 36 A. Kalair and N. Khan 36
Sol-gel and RF Sputtered AZO Thin Films: Analysis of Oxidation Kinetics in Harsh Environment 38 Samia Tabassum, Eiji Yamasue, Hideyuki Okumura and Keiichi N. Ishihara 38
Facile Perovskite Film Production Method via Precursor Vapor Deposition 39 Fatih Degirmenci1, 2, Fatih Mehmet Coskun 3and Muhammet E. Köse 1,2 39
On the Prospects of Electrical Large Optical Antennas for Energy Harvesting Applications 40 Amir Khurrum Rashid and Mudassar Nauman 40
Design & Analysis of PV Energy to Grid Utility by using String Inverter 42 Osman M. Omer 42
Tripartite Entanglement in Various Cavities under Dipole-Diploe Interaction 43 Salman Khan1 and Munsif Jan2 43
Generating Quantum Resources via System-Environment Interaction 44 Adam Zaman Chaudry 44
Resolution Enhancement using Simultaneous Couple Illumination 45 Anwar Hussain1 and Jose Luis Martínez2 45
Accomplishments and Contributions of Ibn al-Haytham in the Course of Science 46 Tabiba Tasneem Qureshi and Hakim Abdul Hannan 46
Parity-Time Symmetry in Rydberg Atoms 47 Ziauddin1,2, You-Lin Chuang1, Sajid Qamar2 and Ray-Kuang Lee1 47
Laser Cleaning of Historical and Model Papers by 213 nm and 532 nm Pulsed Laser Radiation 48 Saira Arif1,2, Sergey Bushuk3, Andrei Kouzmouk3, Hennady Tatur3, Sergei Batishche3 and Wolfgang Kautek2 48
Trapping the Charge Carriers - An Unusual Way to Make Highly Efficient Polymer Light Emitting Diodes 50 Muhammad Umair Hassan Error! Bookmark not defined.
Luminescence Spectroscopy of La-Doped TiO2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures 51 Marjan Rajabi 51
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Long-range proximity effect between a spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 and a ferromagnetic metal SrRuO3 52 M.S. Anwar1,*, Y. Sugimoto1, Y. J. Shin2,3, S. J. Kang2,3, Y. Tano4, S.R. Lee2,3, R. Ishiguro4,5, S. Yonezawa1, H. Takayanagi4, T. W. Noh2,3 and Y. Maeno1 52
Zero-index-Metamaterial using Dielectric Core-Shell Photonic Crystals 54 Muhammad Faryad 54
Photo-Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers Using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser 55 Asghari Gul, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Asma Batool and Saira Arif 55
Effect of Light on the Electron Beam Detection by Faraday Cup 56 M. Z. Khan1,2, S. L . Yap2 and C. S. Wong2 56
Sequential Accomplishments in Optical Networks 57 S. F. Shaukat and Raja J. Amjad 57
Design and Development of Mie Lidar System for Atmospheric Monitoring 58 N. Yasmin, G. R. Mangi. N. Sarwar and S. Qureshi 58
Tunable Millimeter Wave Synthesizer Using Optical Technology 59 M. Irfan Memon1 and Habib Fathallah2 59
List of Unavailable Abstracts 61 A High Repetition Rate Light Source 65 N. Khan and A. Kalair 65
Light Scattering from PEMC Cylinder 67 Khawaja Masood Ahmed, Ahsan Illahi and Malik Mazhar Ali 67
Scattering and Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by a Sphere 68 Sadia Khatoon and Ahsan Illahi 68
Study of Light Scattering from Nihility Cylinder 69 Malik Mazhar Ali, Ahsan Illahi and Khawaja Masood Ahmed 69
Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid Medium 70 Afsar Bano and Yasir Jamil 70
Photoluminescence Effect on Phosphorous Irradiated ZnO Nanotetrapods Synthesized by Simple Thermal Oxidation Method 71 Bushra Aziz, Abdul Majid and Nasar Ahmad 71
Entanglement Dynamics of a Single Three Level V-Type Atom Interacting with Two Mode Cavity Field. 72 Ikhlaque Ahmed, Maiyda Arshad and Samia Qadeer 72
Spectroscopic Studies of Soil from the Junction of Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates 73 Imran Rehan1, Sami Ul Haq2, Kamran Rehan3 and Riaz Muhammad1† 73
Laser ablation: An effective method to synthesize nanoparticles 74 Kamran Amin1, Rizwan Ahmed2, Muhammad Javed Iqbal1 and M. A Baig2 74
Effects of Light in Society and Daily Life 75 Muhammad Shahzad Shifa and Muhamamd Azhar Iqbal 75
Role of Light in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis 76 Rafia Rehman1, Muhammad Asif Hanif1, Muhammad Zahid1, Zahid Mushtaq1, Rabeea Muzaffar1 and Afsar Bano2 76
Fast Response n-GaN metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) Photodetector 78 T. Munir1, Z. Muhammad2, M. Fakhar-e-Alam1, A. Shahzad1, N. Amin1 78
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Scattering of Plane Wave by a Conducting Cylinder 79 Poonam Khan and Ahsan Illahi 79
Three-Dimensional Atom Localization 80 Rahmat Ullah, Muqaddar Abbas and Sajid Qamar 80
Effect of Ambient Gas Pressure on Directed Velocities and Line Profiles in the Expanding Laser Produced Aluminum Plasma 81 Sadia Haleem, Saira Arif and Mohammad Aslam Khan 81
Spectroscopy of Laser Induced Zinc Plasmas under Different Experimental Conditions of Laser Irradiance and Ambient Pressures 82 Kamran Rehan and Mohammad Aslam Khan 82
Author Index 83 List of Participants 86
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Plenary Talks
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Inventing with Light - A Personal Journey Nabeel A. Riza School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
This talk highlights the inventing process – the preparation involved and the key steps leading to greater achievements in order to unleash the power of light and photonic technologies. The journey has humble beginnings as a school student in Karachi and Lahore, and then goes onto foundational technology training sites in Chicago, Pasadena, and Schenectady, New York. The works of an optical inventor solving pressing problems in international level engineering, currently innovating in the pristine and inspiring environment of Cork, Ireland, are recounted here.
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Integrated Photonics: an Emergent Technology Lighting-up the Future M. Yasin Akhtar Raja Physics & Optical Science Dept., and Center for Optoelectronics & Optical Communications, University of North Carolina, USA
Combination and convergence, of ‘optics and electronics’ started over four- decades ago which soon became the front-runner as ‘optoelectronics’. And as the devices dimensions shrank, the efficiency and functionality increased. Soon after then microelectronics and micro-optics convergence ensued with added functionality, enhanced efficiency, and significant cost-reduction. More than quarter of a century the development of active- and passive-nanophotonics took place both in academia and industry in the form of quantum wells, q-wires and q- dots and exotic waveguides, and gratings’ structures. However, the nanophotonics ubiquitous in nature remained enigmatic until recently. Primarily it is based on ultra-small structures with multiple thin period/aperiodic layers and arrays of particle clusters. Besides, its historical perspective (without much understanding but practice), organized scientific and engineering studies started in late 1970s with pursuit of semiconductors laser diodes (LD) and light-emitting diodes (LED). The building blocks of such devices are nanometric thin-layers (quantum-wells and barriers) and subsequently quantum-wires and ribbons, and dots and particles (atomic and molecular clusters and cells). At fundamental level, quantum size effects enhance optical interactions and electronic efficiency of the optoelectronic and photonics processes. This has already revolutionized the lighting (lasers and light-emitting diodes), photonic signal processing, telecommunications, biomedical sciences, quantum information processing and computer technology, display & detection technologies, as well as optical sensing etc.
Integrated Photonics the next wave of revolution based on microelectronic and nanophotonics also started almost over a decade ago and has revolutionized the information, communication and display technologies. Deep down, this can be further categorized based on final applications, constituent materials, device-
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functionality and several other characteristics. We will deliberate from the view point of device functionality for the categorization of nano- and integrated- photonics in order to focus the discussion on particular areas of interest. The presentations will focus on the underlying physical principles and concepts, materials and fabrication technologies, and example applications of nanoscale photonic structures (building blocks) and review the building blocks of integrated photonics and resulting devices’ assemblies.
Of particular interests include various light-generating, confining, and guiding structures that can produce and control propagation of light (navigate, slow-down, or change polarization), enhance emission and absorption, and manipulate photons normal behavior.
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III-Nitrides WBG Semiconductor PC's for High Extraction Efficiency of Deep-UV Lighting Technology M. Khizar Bhutta Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, Michigan, USA, and Center for Optoelectronics
and Optical Communication, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA
While the demand for deep ultraviolet (DUV) light sources is rapidly growing, the efficiency of current AlGaN-based deep-UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remains very low due to their fundamentally limited light-extraction efficiency, calling for a novel light extraction efficiency enhancing approach to deliver a real breakthrough. Efficiency enhancement for AlGaN quantum wells (QWs) based deep ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with III-nitride photonic crystals (PCs) on the p-type layer are studied and compared to that of the conventional deep-UV LEDs with flat surface. The effects of the III-nitride PC’s diameter and height as well as the p-type layer thickness on the light extraction efficiency have been studied comprehensively. We present results on enhancement of 280 nm deep-UV optical power output in III-nitride light emitting diodes LEDs using PCs under current injection. Triangular arrays of the PCs with diameter/periodicity of 250/500 nm were patterned using electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma dry etching. The total power of unpackaged LED chips revealed a significant increase for deep-UV LEDs, as a result of the PC’s formation. In addition, strategies to further enhance to the theoretical optimum value and control emission directionality are discussed.
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Ultrafast Time-resolved Electron Diffraction studies of Laser Heated Thin Films and Surfaces Hani E. Elsayed-Ali Applied Research Center and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Newport News, USA
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) is used to probe the lattice dynamics of picosecond and femtosecond laser-heated thin films and surfaces. In UED, a photoactivated electron gun is used to produce electron pulses that are synchronized with an ultrafast laser pulse. The temporal resolution of the UED system depends on the laser pulse width and electron pulse broadening. Pump- probe experiments are conducted by a variable spatial time delay between the laser pulse photoactivating the cathode of the electron gun and that interacting with the sample. The pump-probe experiments are conducted with a temporal resolution up to ~1.4 ps.
An example of UED study of Bi nanoparticles deposited on a carbon membrane will be described. The transient decay time after laser excitation is observed to be longer for diffraction from the Bi (012) lattice planes compared to that from (110). From the position of the (012) diffraction peak, a transient lattice contraction due to hot electron blast force is observed over several picoseconds followed by expansion while the position of the (110) peak shows only expansion. The diffraction peak width indicates partial disorder of the nanoparticles consistent with formation of a liquid shell as the lattice is heated.
Picosecond reflection high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) was used to probe the surface structure and temperature (through the Debye-Waller factor). RHEED with ~100-ps time resolution was used to study the melting of the low- index facets of single-crystals of metals and semiconductors. The surfaces were subjected to heating and cooling rates on the order of 1011 K/s. The structure of the low-index surfaces of Ge near its bulk melting point Tm was investigated. Ge(111) was observed to remain in its incomplete melting structure up to at least
Tm + 134±40 K when heated by a 100-ps laser pulse. Both the Ge(100) and
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Ge(110) surfaces were observed to melt near Tm. For Ge(100) and Ge(110) heated with a 100-ps laser pulses, the results, favored the lack of surface superheating. The superheating of Ge(111) was attributed to be due to the metallization of the top Ge bilayer and its interaction with the solid underneath causing an energy barrier sufficient to allow for transient surface superheating. The observation of surface superheating by ultrafast lasers in the closed-packed facets of crystals with different structures (face center cubic Pb, rhombohedral Bi, tetragonal In, and diamond Ge) is a clear indication that surface superheating occurs in elements with different structures depending on the crystal facet and heating rate.
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Accelerator based Light Sources of Today and Tomorrow Zahid Hussain Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
The quest for renewable energy requires us to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels. The ever-increasing demand to diversify the energy portfolio and to minimize environmental impact while supplying global energy needs, has intensified the urgency for developing alternative energy sources and carriers. Significant research efforts are under way and will continue in a broad range of materials synthesis, use-inspired and fundamental science with the use of light sources such as synchrotron and free electron lasers. Energy-related materials research faces urgent challenges today. We need to go beyond the Edisonian hit and trial approach to more systematic research with the use of advanced tools applicable under realistic in-situ and in-operando conditions capable of exploring electronic and atomic structure of catalysts and energy relevant materials. Through various scientific examples, I will explain the current state-of-the art and future directions in the aforementioned areas of research.
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Extreme Light Infrastructure- A Pan-European Laser Facility Wolfgang Sandner ELI-DC International Association AISB, The Extreme Light Infrastructure and DESY, Zeuthen, Germany
This presentation will focus on a Pan-European Laser initiative called “Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)”, one of the 48 European Strategic Forums for Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) that represents a major step forward in quest for producing extreme electromagnetic fields. This will be the world's first international user facility for laser research established as an International Association on April 11, 2013 in Brussels, Belgium. When fully implemented in 2017 ELI will contain some of the world's most powerful lasers and make them available for the international scientific community. With its ultra-intense and ultra-short pulses of light it will create new states of matter in dense plasmas, probe the structure of vacuum or produce secondary radiation of high-energy photons or particles. These, in turn, will be used to understand fundamental dynamic processes in such different species as nuclei, molecules, or biological cells.
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Applications of Extreme Ultra-Violet Lasers Greg Tallents Department of Physics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Laser-plasma studies have been undertaken for 50 years using infra-red to ultra- violet lasers. We show that a new regime of laser-produced plasmas can be created with capillary discharge and free electron lasers operating in the extreme ultra-violet (EUV). For example, EUV radiation (wavelength < 50 nm) has a critical electron density above electron densities formed by ionization at solid material density and so potentially can penetrate to large depth into a solid density plasma. We explore here the importance of this penetration in ablating solid targets, in creating novel warm dense matter and in the diagnosis of plasmas.
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Optical Nanoscopy Maria Allegrini Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi", Universita' di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo, Pisa, Italy
At the intersection of optics with scanning probe microscopy, near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) allows optical imaging with spatial resolution substantially better than half the wavelength of light. Together with other updated laser spectroscopy techniques, this has opened the era of nanoscopy. Nanoscopy entails the ability to detect and measure the optical properties of materials with a spatial resolution adequate to investigate nanostructures and nanodevices. This presentation is dedicated to some of the SNOM operation modes used in the NanoLab at the Department of Physics, of the University of Pisa will be presented. The focus will be on the polarization-modulated SNOM and on four case studies we have recently carried out by this technique: smart materials, nanofibers, plasmonics and chirality.
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Application of Synchrotron Radiation in the Study of Organic Molecules on Substrates for Catalysis, Energy and Magnetic Materials Andrea Goldoni Elettra Sincrotrone, Trieste, Italy
Many organic molecules, in particular macrocycles, can self-assemble on substrates. They are currently considered as templates for the ordered organization of "isolated" metallic atoms, which correspond the metallic ions at the center of the macrocycles. The fine control on the self-assembling and, possibly, on the metalation of the molecules represent a key issues in the development of these organic-substrate interfaces. Considering a particular molecule, porphyrin, by using different support substrates one can obtain several combinations of metalated porphyrins that tipically do not exist in nature because unstable. The metallo-porphyrins can cover a variety of applications, like catalytic and light absorption materials, magnetic layers, gas sensor nano-nose, etc.. One fundamental question is about the way porphyrins (metalated or not) interact with the substrates and in which way the self-assembled organic monolayer can be modified and the metalation occurs. Here we show how synchrotron radiation may give several and important informations on the various methods to metalate the un-metalated porphyrins on surfaces, about the modification of these molecules with temperature and on the interaction of porphyrins with the substrates. In particular, we illustrate an interesting way to metalate the porphyrins by picking- up substrate metal atoms on the surface and how the surface oxidation influences this process.
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Invited Talks
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Quantum Error Correction Codes Soon Xin Ng School of Electrical & Computer Science, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
According to Moore's law, the number of transistors on a micro-chip doubles every two years. Hence, the transistor size is expected to approach atomic scale in the near future due to our quest for miniaturization and more processing power. However, atomic level behaviour is governed by the laws of quantum physics, which are significantly different from those of classical physics. More explicitly, the inherent parallelism associated with quantum entities allows a quantum computer to carry out operations in parallel, unlike conventional computers. More significantly, quantum computers are capable of solving challenging optimization problems in a fraction of the time required by a conventional computer. In other words, the inherent parallel processing capability of quantum computers can be exploited to dramatically reduce the detection complexity in future generation communications systems.
However, the major impediment in the practical realization of quantum computers is the sensitivity of the quantum states, which collapse when they interact with their environment. Hence, powerful Quantum Error Correction (QEC) codes are needed for protecting the fragile quantum states from undesired influences and for facilitating the robust implementation of quantum computers. In this talk we will look at various design problems and some solutions related to QEC codes.
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Nonlinear Optics with Superconducting Quantum Circuits Guoqin Ge School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
We review some progress of superconducting quantum circuits in the applications of quantum information and quantum optics. Both theoretical and experimental researches showed that superconducting quantum circuits, as a kind of macroscopic quantum device, can exhibit quantum properties. Due to its special advanced properties, these macroscopic quantum devices can be applied as basic units of quantum information and quantum computer. The fundamental advantages of these artificial systems are on chip and on demanded. In nonlinear optics, we have designed a nonlinear superconducting quantum circuit, which exhibits the possibility to obtain a cross-Kerr-effect. This effect can be used to realize Single-Photon Transistor in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics. We have also studied other nonlinear optics by using superconducting quantum circuits. We have distinguished the difference between electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and the Autler–Townes Splitting (ATS) in Superconducting Quantum Circuit, which usually mixed in some literatures. We have first shown that it is possible to realize Coexistence of Three-wave, Four-wave, and Five- wave Mixing Processes due to the absence of selection rules in superconducting circuits. We have also studied quantum interference in nonlinear sum -and difference- frequency simultaneously in superconducting quantum circuits, we have shown a new type of phase- and frequency-sensitive amplification and attenuation in a cyclically driven three-level superconducting Josephson system.
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Coherent Control of the Goos-Hänchen Shift Sajid Qamar Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
The behavior of the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shifts in the reflected and transmitted light beam which is incident on a cavity containing an intracavity medium of certain atomic systems with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), Raman gain and duplicated two-level is discussed. It has already been observed that the subluminal and superluminal behavior of the pulse propagating through an atomic medium can be coherently controlled without changing the structure. This is due to the control on the group index of the medium which is positive for the subluminal pulse propagation and negative for the superluminal propagation. This may give a coherent control of the GH shifts in the reflected or transmitted light pulse when the light is incident on a cavity containing some dispersive atomic media. Here, positive and negative GH shifts corresponding to the subluminal and superluminal propagation of the pulse, respectively, are observed.
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Smart Photonic Sensors - Performing for the Environment Nabeel A. Riza School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
The ability to “see” with application-specific intelligence is critical in today’s world of big data that is saturated with diverse physical characteristics such as optical scenarios with high contrast ratios and complex object shapes. This talk will highlight the design of novel smart imaging sensors for high impact applications such as laser beam imaging.
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Solid State Lighting - Next Generation of Illumination Technology
M. Khizar Bhutta Whirlpool Corporation, Benton Harbor, Michigan, USA, and Center for Optoelectronics
and Optical Communication, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA
During the last few years, Solid-state lighting (SSL) has emerged as a revolutionizing technology through the introduction of highly energy-efficient, longer-lasting, versatile light sources, including high-quality white light. Previously relegated to colored-light applications such as traffic signals and exit signs, SSL products are now successfully competing with conventional technologies including incandescent and fluorescent lamps in general illumination applications. Recently, this technology is bring new innovations in directional lamp fittings such as down-lights and under-cabinet lighting; in area light fittings such as replacement two-foot by two-foot ceiling fixtures and roadway lighting; and in niche applications such as commercial refrigeration display lighting and automobile day-running lamps. With the latest advancements in III-nitrides based SSL technology, current focus is to improve the devices optical power density, efficacy, light quality, and operating life. Furthermore, manufacturing improvements is another emerging front where industry investment continues to improve the performance and reduce the costs associated with this technology. It is believed that in near future, SSL will become more competitive with conventional light sources and can be expected to capture increasing shares of the general illumination manufacturing industry. After a summary of the motivation for the development of the high-power LED, we describe the current state of high-power SSL technology and the challenges that lay ahead for development of a true “solid state luminaries.” We demonstrate record performance and reliability for high-power colored and white LEDs and show results from the world’s first 150-plus lumen white LED lamp, the solid state equivalent of Thomas Edison’s 20W incandescent light bulb which is a breakthrough.
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Multijunction Solar Cells for Concentrated Photovoltaics Iqbal Chaudhry Qorvo Inc., Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
Solar systems based on concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) are very cost effective as they use a small amount of semiconductor material. It is a viable technology for developing countries because the system mainly consists of mechanical and optical components that can be manufactured locally at low cost. The most challenging task in CPV solar system is the development of Multijunction Solar Cells used in CPV systems. In this presentation we will review recent advances made in Multijunction Solar Cells and advantages of using MOCVD system for the cell research and development.
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Spatial Modulation of THz Beams for Imaging Applications Hakan Altan Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
Techniques based on compressive sensing allow us to image fields at faster rates and at our labs in METU we have been experimenting with imaging based on spatial modulation of THz beams using single pixel detectors [1]. However these studies are based on discrete patterns using metal sheets. These techniques would benefit greatly if we could modulate the THz field. For example, optical modulators play a key role in optoelectronics and communication systems. Electro-optic, acousto-optic and thermo-optic effects are well established mechanisms to control intensity, phase or polarization of light in the visible and near infrared frequencies. Efficient control of terahertz waves, however, has been a challenge due to the lack of a THz active material. Graphene is a viable material for active terahertz (THz) devices [2]. Electrostatic tuning of high mobility carriers on graphene provides an electrical means for controlling THz waves. Here we demonstrate a terahertz intensity modulator using a graphene supercapacitor which consists of two large area graphene electrodes and electrolyte medium. By patterning the device into an array the potential for rapid imaging is demonstrated. These works are discussed in the context of current mm wave/THz stand-off imaging investigations taking place in our laboratories.
1 T. Takan, V. A. Özkan, F. İ dikut, İ . O. Yı ldı rı m, A. B. Ş ahin and H. Altan, “Compressive sensing imaging through a drywall barrier at sub-THz and THz frequencies in transmission and reflection modes”, Proc. SPIE 9244, Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XX, 92441N (2014)
2 N. Kakenov, T. Takan, V. A. Özkan, O. Balci, E. O. Polat, H. Altan and C. Kocabaş , "Graphene-enabled Electrically-Controlled Terahertz Spatial Light Modulators" Opt Lett. 2015 May 1;40(9):1984-7
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Overcoming Turbidity for Deep-Tissue Imaging Zahid Yaqoob Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
Optical imaging and spectroscopy of biological tissue provide tremendous information that can be utilized for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, one critical constraint is the limited depth from which optical information can be reliably retrieved. It is the elastic light scattering that scrambles wavefront of light as it travels through a turbid medium, limiting our ability to see through or transmit (receive) light to (from) a specific depth within a turbid sample. The resulting wavefront distortion, however, is a deterministic and linear phenomenon that is reversible in principle.
This topic has attracted significant interest in recent years, leading to the development of innovative approaches to quantify / overcome turbidity. I will discuss various approaches including incident beam shaping via iterative algorithms, scattering matrix measurements, and optical phase conjugation to overcome tissue turbidity. The use of guide stars in iterative approaches, and interferometric setups for complex optical field measurements in the other two methodologies will also be discussed. Overcoming turbidity may have profound impact on various challenges in optical imaging and spectroscopy of turbid media including imaging resolution, field-of-view, and maximum achievable imaging depth range. Selected examples from recently published work will be used to highlight the efficacy and utility of different methods.
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Pioneers in Study of Light- the Forgotten Giants M. Yasin Akhtar Raja Physics & Optical Science Dept., and Center for Optoelectronics & Optical Communications, University of North Carolina, USA
The envisioned presentation will caste a cursory glance and a ‘bird-eye’ view on the nature of light and various aspects of “study of light” unravelling its mysteries and nature as what we perceive today. It will cover briefly the understanding of its nature and fundamental phenomena and its manifestations. A brief overview will cover, e.g., its production, propagations, fundamental interaction, and detections aspects. The brief historical part and selected phenomena have been adapted from the presentation titled as “Forgotten milestones in the history of optics”, by my colleague and sincere friend Prof. Greg Gbur, Department of Physics and Optical Science, UNC Charlotte. We will try to include some recent phenomena and discoveries related to light based on experimental and theoretical models. In the end, we will attempt to pose some open questions for the visualization of future research and understanding as mysteries of nature keep on unfolding every day.
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Power Saving Using Class of Service Differentiation Mechanism in Extended Reach Fi-Wi Networks Syed Mohammad Hasan Zaidi SEECS, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Access networks are one of the major contributors in consuming power resources in telecom networks. This has led to increased interest towards development of power saving protocols and network architectures. Among the access networks, Fi-Wi network is one of the promising technologies combining the best features of optical and wireless network. In this research work, we study the impact of introducing class of service differentiation mechanism in extended reach Fi-Wi networks. For reducing power, we propose an energy efficient scheme based on network traffic categorization and applied appropriate thresholds on delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic at optical network unit. Through simulations we found that our proposed scheme reduces overall energy consumption of the network up to 25% as compared to current state-of-art scheme.
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Magneto-Optics Meets Nanoscience Muhammad Sabieh Anwar and Syed Babar Ali Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Science, Pakistan
In this talk I will present an overview of how magneto-optics is helping the investigation of nanostructures and nanomaterials. Based on the combined modulation of the electric permittivity of materials that are also placed inside magnetic fields, novel functionalities can be explored. In particular we will describe the plasmonic enhancement of the magneto-optic effect and the magnetic field assisted generation and control of surface plasmon polaritons.
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Biophotonic Instrumentation – Design to Applications Zahid Yaqoob Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
Biophotonics is an interdisciplinary science of utilizing light to image, probe and manipulate biological media. Typically, the goal is to study different physiological or pathological processes, or drug-cell interaction at the cellular or tissue level. These processes lead to structural and functional changes that are manifested in the biophysical or biochemical properties of the sample under study. Specific examples include changes in cell morphology (shape, size, and structure) during cell growth; compromised host red blood cell biomechanics and hemoglobin concentration in malaria infection; and damage induced by genotoxic anti-cancer drugs to DNA in living cells.
To optically retrieve specific biophysical or biochemical information from a biological sample, it is vital to first identify the appropriate light-matter interaction (e.g., absorption, fluorescence, scattering, etc.), which follows instrumentation design while considering the parameters such as optical resolution, contrast, sensitivity, throughput, and signal-to-noise or signal-to-background ratio. This talk will discuss the design and development of select optical imaging and spectroscopy tools including quantitative phase microscopy, optical coherence tomography, two-photon fluorescence microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Since the optical technology development at the MIT Laser Biomedical Research Center is partly motivated by the research needs of our biomedical collaborators, this talk will also review collaborative studies highlighting the utility of custom- designed optical instruments for precision measurements in cellular and tissue environments.
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Optical Diagnostics of Viral & Parasitic Diseases in Edible Oils, Spreads and Ghee Mushtaq Ahmed National Institute of Laser and Optronics, Islamabad, Pakistan
Optical detection techniques like absorption, fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy and confocal microscopy are powerful tolls for the detection of viral / parasitic diseases. At NILOP all these optical techniques are available and are in use effectively.
We present the optical diagnosis of dengue & HCV virus infection in human blood serum using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra were acquired from blood serum samples using a laser at 532 nm & 786 nm as the excitation source. A multivariate regression model based on partial least-squares regression is developed that uses Raman spectra to predict dengue infection with leave-one- sample-out cross validation. The prediction of dengue infection by our model yields correlation coefficient r2 values of 0.9998 between the predicted and reference clinical results.
Principal components analysis (PCA) was carried for the prediction of HCV and its viral load. Raman spectroscopy was successfully implemented to detect the fats, saturated and unsaturated radicals in edible oils, spreads and ghee.
Results are highly encouraging for the implementation of Raman spectroscopy technique for the viral and parasitic diseases and vegetables oils.
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Polarimetry and its Applications in Biophotonics Masroor Ikram Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
Polarimetry is the polarization sensitive optical imaging and it is a powerful tool when used with Mueller Matrix. It can characterization a material with sixteen polarization properties and can be regarded as finger print. At PIEAS this technique has been used to study polarization properties of the synthetic materials, induced liver injuries and phase modulations of light. Results on material characterizations and phase modulation will be discussed.
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Contributed Talks
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Phase Dependent Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) In a Three Level Atomic System Using Squeezed Vacuum Reservoir Javaid Anwar Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Phase dependent EIT using squeezed vacuum reservoir in a three-level Λ system is presented. It is shown that absorption and dispersion properties of the medium are sensitive to relative phases between the squeezed bath, probe & control fields. The absorption and dispersion profiles are analyzed for different values of relative phases, squeezing parameter r and quantum interference parameter p. The relative phases can change the behavior of the medium such that the medium have sub- luminal and super-luminal behavior for the probe beam.
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Darkened Atom and Temporal Dynamics of Atom Population at the Excited Energy Level Fazal Ghafoor Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad Pakistan
In contrast to traditional spontaneous generated coherence (SGC), spontaneous emission from a four-fi eld-driven fi ve-level atomic system is completely cancelled with field generated coherence (FGC). As a result, the brightened atom, which is based on Sodium D1 line, is darkened under dipole-alignment- independent trapping condition. In addition, almost all atom population in each of four dressed states of the unique excited real energy level of the modeled atom are effectively stored for time longer than the ones in meta stable state. The temporal dynamic of the atom population at the excited state is studied for both the brightened and darkened atom. The present results might be useful in high power contrast-q-switch q-switch and mode lock pulse lasers.
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Detailed Surface Photometry of the cD Galaxies NGC 4839 and NGC 4874
1 2 3 Gamal B. Ali , Eman A. Shaban , Magdy Y. Amin and M. A. Rassem
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Astronomy Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
We present a detailed photometric study of the cD galaxies NGC 4839 and NGC 4874 based on the technique of surface photometry by fitting ellipses to the isophotes of the galaxies in the u, g, r, i, and z bands using Data Release 7 (DR7) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The motivation of this paper is to study the properties (e.g. break radius and surface brightness, color gradient, etc) of the extended envelope of the two cD galaxies. The surface brightness profile in each band is obtained and fitted to the de Vaucouleurs r1/4 model. A deviation of the observed profile brighter than the fitted r1/4 model is noticed especially in the outer part of each galaxy. The profiles of ellipticity, position angle, B4 and shifts with respect to the center of each isophote are also obtained. The color index profiles, u-g, g-r, r-i, and i-z are also obtained and no significant color gradients are noticed except in the outer parts of the two galaxies. The integrated magnitude in each band and color indices are obtained and found to be in good agreement with the published ones.
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A Generic Model of PV Plant Lightning Protection A. Kalair and N. Khan Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Sun is the ultimate source of energy on earth. Solar thermal and PV plants produce more than 200GW power worldwide. PV plants are susceptible to lightning strikes, high winds, snow storms and hail blitzkrieg. Solar panels fixing protects them against snow weight and cyclones but hail and lightning still affect them. Hailing often breaks solar thermal evacuated glass tubes as well as module plates but lightning strikes damage solar panels, charge controllers and inverters. Roof top panels are more vulnerable compared to ground laid solar panels. Solar panels are badly exposed to lightning due to their open air location. Lightning affects integrated PV plants directly by overhead strikes and indirectly through utility grid lines. A small standalone solar station is less vulnerable to lighting than large grid connected plants as utility network faults also affect the solar plants Rooftop solar plant, without any protective device, poses a serious threat to residents. Standalone rooftop solar panels induced home fire incidents dictate need for further development of lighting protection devices. Design engineers often ignore protection of small standalone solar systems that exposes home wiring to risk of the lightning induced fire. Grid connected solar plants are more exposed to direct overhead, indirect nearby and distant lightning strikes yet standalone PV installations are more vulnerable owing to lack of lightning protection. Night thermography can point out defective parts in PV plant before exceeding fire threshold. Lightning is one of the most beautiful displays of nature. The number of lightning strokes is usually 3 to 4 but it may be as high as 30 or even more. A lightning stroke may have 1-10s rise time and 50-200s decay time. Average duration of stroke is 35 5s and time elapsed between two successive strokes is 45 5ms. A lightning flash consists of a series of spurts from cloud to ground which appears as a jagged line of arrows. PV plants use earthed rods employing rolling sphere technique to protect against overhead lightning and surge protective devices (SPD) to guard against rooftop induced or grid side
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injected surges. This paper examines the lightning physics, PV plant lightning interactions and the innovative protection techniques.
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Sol-gel and RF Sputtered AZO Thin Films: Analysis of Oxidation Kinetics in Harsh Environment Samia Tabassum, Eiji Yamasue, Hideyuki Okumura and Keiichi N. Ishihara Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin film, which possess the advantages of low cost, low sheet resistance and high transmittance, are one of the most promising candidates to replace indium tin oxide films as the transparent electrode. However, oxidation causes a substantial increase in the sheet resistance of AZO film after exposing in ambient and especially, damp heat (DH) environment. In this work, we compare structural, optical, electrical properties and environmental stability between films prepared by two different methods: sol-gel and rf sputtering. Experimental results indicate that the properties of film can be affected by different deposition method. From the X-ray diffraction analysis, all films have hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure with different preferable orientation in two different methods. Optical transmittance spectra of the AZO films exhibited transparency higher than about
80% within the visible wavelength region and the optical band gap (Eg) of these films was increased in sputtered film, probably due to the increase of carrier concentration. The better environmental stability was found in AZO film prepared by sputtering method probably due to the improved surface roughness and enhancement of (110) orientation.
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Facile Perovskite Film Production Method via Precursor Vapor Deposition Fatih Degirmenci1, 2, Fatih Mehmet Coskun 3and Muhammet E. Köse 1,2 1Nanotechnology Institute, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey 2TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey 3Department of Physics Engineering, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
We report a novel strategy to prepare perovskite absorber films by using the solvent vapors of precursor methylamine (MA) and hydroiodic acid (HI) solutions on PbI2 thin films. PbI2 coated substrate was exposed to the vapors of MA and HI solutions briefly and then the resultant film was annealed to obtain perovskite layer. Surface morphology studies showed that precursor vapor deposited perovskite films are very smooth and the surface roughness is limited by the surface roughness of precursor vapor exposed PbI2 film. In addition, our approach removes the necessity the need to synthesize methylammonium iodide salt and allows facile fabrication of high quality, large-area, smooth perovskite films. Non- optimized device studies gave a record high short circuit density of 38.5 mA/cm2, a fill-factor of 0.33, an open circuit voltage of 0.75 V, and a power conversion efficiency of 9.6%.
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On the Prospects of Electrical Large Optical Antennas for Energy Harvesting Applications Amir Khurrum Rashid and Mudassar Nauman Namal College, Tallagang Road, Mianwali, Pakistan
Harvesting solar energy through antennas is an interesting concept, which has received significant attention of researchers recently. Since solar incidence basically comprises electromagnetic waves, in principle, its reception through conventional antenna techniques is possible, with a promise of more efficiency than that of existing photovoltaic cells. However, due to the small wavelength of sunlight, antenna size becomes only a few hundred nanometers, when the conventional antenna theory is directly applied. . This leads to difficult nanofabrication processes, usually based on molecular beam epitaxy, focused ion beam milling, electron beam lithography, etc. A number of solar nano-antennas have been actually fabricated, and reported. Sizes of these antennas mostly fall in 200 nm – 800 nm range.
In this paper, we study and propose the use of electrically large antennas for harvesting sunlight. This relaxes the fabrication requirements significantly, since now the antenna size can be many order of wavelength. Electrically large antennas are known to exhibit multi-lobe radiation pattern, which is often not suitable for wireless communication applications. However, a multi-lobe pattern appears quite acceptable for energy harvesting application, since the sunlight falls under a uniform incidence, and a preferred direction of reception is not a critical requirement.
We simulate a number of electrically large antennas using gold layer over a silicon substrate. These simulations are based on finite difference time domain method, and employ Drude model, as well as a much improved Jhonson and Christy model for the frequency-dependent optical properties of gold. We compare the efficiency of our multi-lobe antennas with those of single-lobe known solar nano-antennas. Following these comparisons and studies, we believe that electrically large antennas can be a very good candidate for future solar
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energy systems. Since size of these antennas can be a few micro-meters, their fabrication can be cheap and may also be pursued on mass scale. This may result in a better commercial viability of future antennas based solar energy systems.
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Design & Analysis of PV Energy to Grid Utility by using String Inverter Osman M. Omer Industrial Research and Consultancy Center, Khartoum, Sudan
This research is a study for connecting photo voltaic power systems plant to National Grid to provide a source of energy generation help for solving the existing crisis due to lack of fuel and high oil prices and to preserve the environment by providing clean energy. To ensure the stability of solar power systems This research simplified study on how to connect solar cell systems to the grid utility by using string inverters , the research find the definition of solar power systems by defining solar cells , solar system components and types of photo voltaic systems, also the research talking about inverters which are use in the plant how can connect together and how to connect to grid utility, each inverter include control circuit to make synchronizations between inverters and between inverters and grid . The designed station has a capacity of one Mega Watt, and added 30% as a reserve to avoid a decrease of cell efficiency .The station divided into two stations each one capacity 665 kW, 42pcs of 15 kW inverter and 3024pcs PV module 220 Watt / 24 volts. Last a simulation was made by using PV system program. From the result of simulation obtained that the production of the plant in one year 2597 Mega watts.
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Tripartite Entanglement in Various Cavities under Dipole-Diploe Interaction Salman Khan1 and Munsif Jan2 1Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Department of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
The dynamics of tripartite entanglement between three two levels atom under the influence of dipole-dipole interaction, the initial relative quantum phase and the coupling strength between the cavity and the atoms is studied. Our investigation shows that strong dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms not only guarantees entanglement sudden death but also helps in retaining entanglement for considerable long time. The choice of the relative phase in the initial state plays vital role in the operational regime of the cavity. Under certain special condition, the entanglement can be frozen in time to its initial values via strong dipole-dipole interaction. The freezing trait of entanglement may prove helpful in engineering multiparticle entanglement for the practical realization of quantum technology.
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Generating Quantum Resources via System-Environment Interaction Adam Zaman Chaudry Department of Physics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The environment of a quantum system typically has a detrimental effect, causing undesirable decoherence and decay. Consequently, great efforts have been made in order to isolate quantum mechanical systems such that the system-environment interaction is effectively reduced. It has been realized, however, that the environment can also generate quantum resources such as entanglement and spin squeezing, provided that the system-environment interaction is engineered in a suitable way. In this talk, I will discuss the concurrence of two qubits and spin squeezing of N qubits interacting with a common environment using an exactly solvable pure dephasing model. It will be shown that the concurrence and spin squeezing generated via the interaction with the common environment depends on the properties of the environment. Consequently, the environmental properties are optimized in order to achieve the maximal quantum resource generation.
[1] D. Y. Tan, A. Z. Chaudhry and J. Gong, J. Phys. B 48, 115505 (2015).
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Resolution Enhancement using Simultaneous Couple Illumination Anwar Hussain1 and Jose Luis Martínez2 1Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
This work is based on superresolution imaging using a phase shifting technique. The optical technique is used to enhance the resolution of an optical 4f system. A square aperture is placed at the Fourier plane of the optical system in order to obstruct the high spatial frequencies of the object. To retrieve these high spatial frequencies of the object, a tilted beam illumination on the object is applied to divert these frequencies into the pass- band at the Fourier plane. In the 4f optical system an object is illuminated with coupled illumination created by a Spatial light Modulator (SLM). For one dimensional object one central beam and two symmetrical beams around the central are created with defined linear phase related to the dimension of square aperture. During illumination process the object first illuminated with each beam separately and later with each possible combination of two beams simultaneously. During such illumination to one of the beams are assigned four constant phases. As result of this process 15 interferograms are recorded at the CCD plane. As a result of the tilting, the recorded holograms carry the linear phase information which needs to be excluded to obtain only the object information. For this purpose the linear phases are calculated from the known dimensions of aperture. These interferograms are stored in computer memory for further process to extract the object information. After the post processing algorithm a resultant image is obtained which has three times higher resolution compared to the image obtained only with central beam. The resolution of the system can be further increased by increasing the number of tilted illuminations and ultimately by the signal to noise ratio. For two dimensional objects the same procedure is followed and recorded 153 interferograms of the object and also calculated the all linear phases. The similar post processing is follow to obtain the superresolved image.
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Accomplishments and Contributions of Ibn al-Haytham in the Course of Science Tabiba Tasneem Qureshi and Hakim Abdul Hannan Faculty of Medicine, Hamdard Universit, Islamabad, Pakistan
The list of accomplishments and contributions of Ibn al-Haytham goes on and on. The truly amazing thing is that he wrote over 200 books, but only around 50 have survived till today. What he discovered that we do not even know about probably far outshines even the amazing works that have made it to the present day.
The translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the same devices as he did, and understand the way light works. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, and cameras were developed.
As if revolutionizing the way humanity understands light and leading to the development of things we can’t live without in the 2000s wasn’t enough, Ibn al- Haytham also pioneered in other fields.
Ibn al-Haytham was able to build these pinhole cameras hundreds of years before the modern development of photography as we know it.
He also studied the way light is affected when moving through a medium such as water or gasses. From this, he was able to explain why the sky changes color at twilight (the sun’s rays hit the atmosphere at an angle, causing refraction). From this, he was able to calculate the depth of the earth’s atmosphere, 1000 years before it would be proven by spaceflight.
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Parity-Time Symmetry in Rydberg Atoms Ziauddin1,2, You-Lin Chuang1, Sajid Qamar2 and Ray-Kuang Lee1 1Institute of Photonics and Technologies, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan 2Department of Physics, COMSATS institute of information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
We propose a scheme to realize parity-time (PT)-symmetry in an ensemble of strongly interacting Rydberg atoms, which act as super-atoms due to the dipole blockade mechanism. We show that Rydberg-dressed 87Rb atoms in a four-level inverted Y -type configuration is highly efficient to generate the refractive index for a probe field, with a symmetric (antisymmetric) profile spatially in the corresponding real (imaginary) part. Comparing with earlier investigations, the present scheme provides a versatile platform to control the system from PT - symmetry to non-PT -symmetry via different external parameters, i.e., coupling field detuning, probe field intensity and control field intensity.
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Laser Cleaning of Historical and Model Papers by 213 nm and 532 nm Pulsed Laser Radiation Saira Arif1,2, Sergey Bushuk3, Andrei Kouzmouk3, Hennady Tatur3, Sergei Batishche3 and Wolfgang Kautek2 1Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2University of Vienna, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 3National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus, Institute of Physics, Minsk, Belarus
Laser cleaning has attracted great attention in cultural heritage. The treatment of organic materials such as paper is characterized by the limitation of photochemical and photothermal destruction. This is minimized when visible laser wavelengths are chosen such as the second harmonic (532 nm) of a Nd:YAG lasers [1]. Ultraviolet laser radiation, on the other hand, provides minimized light penetration depth and can serve as a quasi ultra-precise non-contact scalpel [2,3]. Yellowing is a side effect of laser treatments [4]. Paper cleaning studies showed that yellowing could be minimized choosing 532 nm [5].
Laser cleaning of charcoal particulates on various historical cotton linters paper, ground wood paper, and China paper and various new cellulose papers without destruction was demonstrated with 532 nm radiation at cotton linters paper, ground wood paper, and China papers. The difference between the destruction and the cleaning threshold fluence was one order of magnitude. The middle UV-laser treatment (213 nm) did not allow particle removal without substrate destruction.
With 532 nm, the removal mechanism is mainly based on evaporation/ablation of the opaque particulates resulting in low cleaning threshold fluences of less than 0.2 J/cm² for two laser pulses. Differential DRIFT investigations showed that 532 nm-laser treatment led to destruction by dehydration reactions forming cross-links by ether bonds in the reductive atmosphere of the electron-rich and reductive laser plasma. Conjugated bond and carbonyl group generation could not be detected,
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which could have explained the yellowing phenomenon observed below and above the destruction threshold. Alternative mechanisms of discoloration such as soiling redeposition and scattering by nanostructure formation are discussed. A quantitative model has been developed in order to explain that it is more advanta- geous to use higher fluence values below the destruction threshold than applying higher number of pulses with low fluences.
Ground wood cellulose paper exhibits a practicable cleaning fluence window with middle-UV radiation treatment. In this case, a minimum dose volume density should be applied. However complete cleaning of bleached cellulose paper is accompanied by strong yellowing and destruction. The presence of the particulates shows substantial influence on the yellowing with increasing coverage.
[1] W. Kautek, Springer Series in Materials Science 130 (2010) 313.
[2] S. Arif, M. Forster, S. Bushuk, A. Kouzmouk, H. Tatur, S. Batishche, W. Kautek, Appl. Phys. A 110 (2013) 501-509.
[3] S. Arif, S. Bushuk, A. Kouzmouk, H. Tatur, S. Batishche, W. Kautek, in: The Unknown Face of the Art, (Eds.) R. Radvan, S. Akyüz, S. Simileanu, Istanbul Kültür University Publication 2012, p. 43-60.
[4] J. Kolar, M. Strlic, S. Pentzien, W. Kautek, Appl. Phys. A 71 (2000) 87-90.
[5] M. Forster, S. Arif, C. Huber, W. Kautek, S. Bushuk, A. Kouzmouk, H. Tatur, S. Batishche, in: Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2011, pp. 79-84.
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Trapping the Charge Carriers - An Unusual Way to Make Highly Efficient Polymer Light Emitting Diodes Muhammad Umair Hassan Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Fӧ rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and electrode modification are the two common pathways to enhance the luminous efficiency of polymer based light emitting diodes. Another avenue is by making the active layer very thick – all strategies generally aim to keep the emission zone away from the electrodes and avoid the surface quenching effects that deteriorate that device performance. We focused on the charge transport mechanism through the polymer emissive layer: slowing down the fast moving carriers and keeping the other almost unaffected (or even enhancing the mobility of the latter) create a charge balance within the active layer and push the emission zone within its bulk. This has been achieved via mixing two polymers having large energy difference between the respective energy levels of high mobility carriers. Thereby, surface / electrode quenching through nonradiative recombination is minimized in thin LEDs and bulk is exploited for the radiative output, resulting in high efficiency of such devices.
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Luminescence Spectroscopy of La-Doped TiO2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures Marjan Rajabi Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
The approach of building small smart, multifunctional, and sensitive devices leads to application of nanomaterials in optoelectronic devices. It is believed that one- dimensional nanostructures are excellent candidates for charge transportation due to their large surface area to volume ratio and high quality crystal structure.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most important wide band gap semiconductors which have a wide spread scientific and industrial applications such as photocatalytic glasses and dye sensitized solar cells. Its high band gap (for 3.2 eV for anatase and 3.0 eV for rutile phases) allows us to utilize it as a visible blind absorber in UV photodetectors. We investigate the structural and optoelectronic properties of TiO2 one- dimensional nanostructures as a photo electrode of dye sensitized solar cells and self-power UV photodetectors. We use photoluminescence spectroscopy as a nondestructive method to evaluate the photoelectrodes based on TiO2 nanorods grown on fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass substrate by low temperature hydrothermal method. The different excitation energies and intensities are chosen to verify the discrete electronic states of radiative recombination centers in nanorods. The photoluminescence studies show the profound effect of excitation light energy on emission spectra. The room temperature photoluminescence spectra of La- doped TiO2 nanorods show the effect of doping concentration on the luminescence emission intensity of some emission peaks compared with the undoped TiO2 nanorods. The short circuit current density and the energy conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cell based on La- doped nanorods are about 3.78±0.22 mAcm-2 and 1.92±0.15 %, respectively that are increased approximately by the factor of two compared with the undoped one.
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Long-range proximity effect between a spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 and a ferromagnetic metal SrRuO3 M.S. Anwar1,*, Y. Sugimoto1, Y. J. Shin2,3, S. J. Kang2,3, Y. Tano4, S.R. Lee2,3, R. Ishiguro4,5, S. Yonezawa1, H. Takayanagi4, T. W. Noh2,3 and Y. Maeno1 1Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 2Center for Correlated Electron Systems, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea 3Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea 4Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo Japan 5RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Saitama, Japan
Proximity effect between a spin-singlet superconductor (S) and a ferromagnet (F) results in many fascinating phenomena. Specially oscillating spin-singlet superconducting correlations are induced in the F-layer over a few nm. If magnetic inhomogeneity like domain-walls or collinear magnetic layers is present at S/F interface the spin-triplet correlations are induced over a micrometre into F- layer. This phenomenon is termed as long-range proximity effect [1]. In the past, a lot of experimental and theoretical work has been performed in this area [1-3]. Alternative novel and simple approach to realize the long-range proximity effect is to use junctions between a spin-triplet superconductor (T) and a F-layer. Theoretically, the proximity effect at T/F interface can be controlled by the magnetization direction of F relative to the spin direction of the spin-triplet Cooper pairs [4].
We study the long-range proximity effect between a ferromagnetic SrRuO3 (film) and a spin-triplet superconductor Sr2RuO4 (substrate) [5]. For this purpose, we prepared Au(600-nm)/SrRuO3(15-nm)/Sr2RuO4 double barrier junctions using pulsed laser deposition to grow SrRuO3, sputtering to grow Au-layer, and UV- optical lithography. Differential conductance (dI/dV) as a function of temperature illustrates the appearance of multiple superconducting gap-like structures. Such multiple gap-like structures are corresponding to two interfaces, Sr2RuO4/SrRuO3, and SrRuO3/Au because of occurrence of long-rang proximity effect. Magnetic effect suggests that this long-range proximity effect is a direct consequence of the
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p-wave spin-triplet state of Sr2RuO4. Our work would open-up a new field of research, which would be called “Superspintronics”.
[1] F. S. Bergret et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4096 (2001).
[2] Y. Tanaka, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 037005 (2007).
[3] R. S. Keizer et al., Nature 439, 825 (2006). M. S. Anwar, et al., Phys. Rev. B 82, 100501(R) (2010). T. Khaire, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 137002 (2010). J. W. A. Robinson, et al., Science 329, 59 (2010).
[4] P. M. R. Brydon, et al., Phys. Rev. B 88, 054509 (2013).
[5] M. S. Anwar, et al., Appl. Phys. Ex. 8, 015502 (2015).
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Zero-index-Metamaterial using Dielectric Core-Shell Photonic Crystals Muhammad Faryad Department of Physics, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The Dirac-like cone dispersion induced by accidental degeneracy is demonstrated in twodimensional dielectric photonic crystals (PCs) of core-shell rods arranged in square and triangular lattices. The Dirac-like point (DLP) is achieved at the center of Brillouin zone with threefold degenerate state having two bands forming a Dirac cone and a third flat band intersecting the cone at the same frequency. This degenerate state is accidental and exists only for particular set of parameters of the PC. When the core region has higher refractive index than the cladding, the DLP has monopole and dipole field configurations. When the core region has lower refractive index than the cladding, the DLP is formed by quadrupole and dipole field configurations. The PCs exhibiting Dirac-like dispersion formed by monopole and dipole interactions can be mapped to effective medium with refractive index equal to zero, known as zero-index-metamaterial. The response of these zero-index PCs to electromagnetic source excitations considering their different geometric configurations was also investigated. The phase transformation effect, the focusing effect and the angular transmission of these PCs was demonstrated. Zero-index-metamaterials find applications in cloaking, wave-guiding, and photonic circuits.
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Photo-Polymerization of Acrylate Monomers Using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Asghari Gul, Muhammad Aslam Khan, Asma Batool and Saira Arif Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
A Q-switched Nd: YAG (2nd harmonic, 532nm) laser was used to polymerize n- butyl methacrylate (C8H14O2) and n-octadecyl methacrylate (C20H42O2) in solvent, ethanol in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (C14H10O4) which was used as an initiator. Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) at 630 nm was observed corresponding to a Raman active mode during photo-polymerization. Formation of polymer under laser irradiation was confirmed by using FTIR, 1HNMR and Raman spectroscopic techniques. Different parameters, like effect of laser intensity on the % yield of the polymer and exposure time for polymerization were investigated. SRS signals observed during the experiments were found to correlate well with the extent of polymerization and thus confirm real time monitoring of polymerization through SRS. Results proved that the 1B:1O was the best composition for the polymerization of the monomers under study. Hydrodynamic radius of the product was found to be 16 nm.
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Effect of Light on the Electron Beam Detection by Faraday Cup M. Z. Khan1,2, S. L . Yap2 and C. S. Wong2 1Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad, Pakistan 2University of Malaya, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
Experiments were carried out using a 2.2 kJ plasma focus operated in argon. The charging voltage was 12 kV and the operating pressure was in the range of 0.7–2.5 mbar. Several diagnostics were employed during the project, namely, high-voltage probe, five-channel PIN diode, Faraday cup, X-ray spectrometer, and scintillator– photomultiplier as detectors. In addition, the Lee model code was used for calculating X-ray yield and electron beam fluence for comparison with the measured results obtained from the University of Malaya-Dense Plasma Focus (UM-DPF) device. The main goal of our project is to conduct an in-depth investigation on electron beam emission from the UM-DPF device within a specific pressure range, as well as the X-ray emission in the same pressure range. The pressure of 1.7 mbar of argon is the optimum operating pressure for X-ray yield and electron beam emission for our plasma focus device.
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Sequential Accomplishments in Optical Networks S. F. Shaukat and Raja J. Amjad Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Passive optical networks (PONs) are the most aggressively pursued access network segments in optical communication systems and this is due to the fact that the main network performance bottleneck between the end user and virtually infinite bandwidth exists there. To exploit multitude of communications over a single platform and to provision smooth transition towards all-optical networking, research is focused in improving Time Division multiple access techniques over optical carrier. in order to suppress the influence of timing jitter on the OCDMA receiver, implementing time gating in ultra-high speed OCDMA networks over long distance transmissions require precise synchronization. It has been revealed in this research that the use of a network global clock distribution is not necessary if the receiver synchronization is done via optical clock recovery. The power budget improvement of ~7.5 dB has been achieved when using all-optical clock recovery compared to clock distribution.
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Design and Development of Mie Lidar System for Atmospheric Monitoring N. Yasmin, G. R. Mangi. N. Sarwar and S. Qureshi National Institute of Lasers and Optronics, Islamabad, Pakistan
Mie Lidar system at fundamental wavelength of Nd:YAG laser 1064 nm, with pulse power of 300mJ and rep rate of 1-20Hz, pulse duration of 5 nsec has been designed and developed at NILOP. The system is made operational for the detection of clouds and aerosols. The receiver is a Newtonian telescope with 254mm dia and 1525 mm focal length spherical mirror and an elliptical folding mirror. The detector is C659 PMT with thermoelectric cooler, in combination with a broad band pulse amplifier. A narrow band interference filter has been employed to suppress the day time background light. Additionally, a 1.0mm aperture is used to obtain better near-field performance at day time, and reduce the field of view of telescope. Elastic back scattered signal up to the range of 3.5 Km has been detected. This paper describes the experimental details of the elastic system.
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Tunable Millimeter Wave Synthesizer Using Optical Technology M. Irfan Memon1 and Habib Fathallah2 1Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad Pakistan 2College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Millimeter wave (mm-wave) technology is believed to become a cornerstone in future wireless communication networks. This promises to provide upto multi Gb/sec wireless connectivity for short distances. Mm-wave frequency band is almost 1000 times higher than those of FM radio. Recently, a significant growth has been observed to exploit optical technology in the generation of the ultra-high millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies. Moreover, the photonic phenomena are considered for the detection and transport of the high data rate radio frequency (RF) signals over long distances, amplification, probing and beam forming, etc. We propose an innovative approach that exploits optical injection locking and four-wave mixing (FWM) in optical nonlinear devices such as semiconductor ring laser (SRL), and semiconductor optical amplifier. When the high data rate modulated signal along with continuous wave (CW) signal at different wavelength are injected into a nonlinear optical device, due FWM several modes are enhanced in amplitude and locked in the phase. The distance between the enhanced modes is the mm-wave generation carrier. Conversion of high speed data onto this mm- wave carrier is be demonstrated.
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List of Unavailable Abstracts Heusler Alloys for Spintronic Devices Tanveer Ashraf
Electrospinning: Fabrication of Nanofibers for Advanced Engineering Applications Muhammad Rafi
Suppression of Multiphoton Intra-shell Resonances in Li Rydberg atoms Abdul Waheed
Wheeler's Delayed Choice Experiment: a proposal for Bragg regime cavity QED implementation Rameez ul Islam
Highly Efficient photoelectrochemical response by Sea-urchin shaped ZnO-TiO2 nano micro hybrid heterostructures co-synthesized with CdS/CdSe Zahid Ali
Epitaxial growth of GaN on c-Plane Sapphire by MBE technique: (Process Optimization) Atta ullah
The Race for GaN Blue Laser Diode: A Tribute to Akasalxi, Hiroshi & Nakamura Arshad Mahmood
Lasers in Agriculture and Biophotonics: Recent Research at NILOP Mushtaq Ahmed
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Poster Presentations
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A High Repetition Rate Light Source N. Khan and A. Kalair Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Electronic switching limitations impose constraints on data rate communication. Pulse repetition rates of a light source which emits pulses is defined as the number of emitted pulses per second. Mode-locked solid state lasers emit with pulse repetition rates between 50 MHz and a few GHz, but in extreme cases one obtains up to 10 GHz. High repetition rate feature is based on time interleaved multiplication of 166MHz Q-switched and mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. The Nd:YAG laser output consists of 10 pulse envelope each 6ps duration and 6.14ns apart from one another. The pump pulses were later split and added using ten stages of beam splitters, delay lines and mirrors so as to shorten inter-pulse period by half of the original 6.14ns. The repetition rate of resultant output after ten frequency multiplier stages became 166GHz. The signal was multiplied two times after each pass and the resultant optical pulses had repetition rate 1000 times the original signal. Three pairs of pump pulses were used to pump solution of Rh6G in ethanol to produce nine different wavelengths pulse trains leading to 9x166GHz (=1.494THz) repetition rate pulses. It produced an array of 90 multiple color pulses when pumped by 6.14ns delayed ten pulses and 900 when pumped by the pulse multiplied pumping source. The technique is very simple and the multiplication or inter-pulse period shortening may be limited by the laser pulse duration beyond which pulse intensity amplification is likely to occur due to constructive interferences of time delayed laser pulses within its coherence length. To measure a short duration pulses it may be stretched using grating and fiber expanders and compressed after measurement and amplification back to original size by a well designed and calibrated expander/compressor circuit. Electronic devices in range of 10 GHz frequencies are available which can be used in parallel to measure several GHz signals. Electronic materials do not support fast switching at terahertz speeds. Experimental devices under laboratory conditions work at 100 to 200GHz yet not ready for commercial applications. In the light of above
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material limitations high speed fiber optic networks have no option except optical THz repetition rate light sources. This paper report a simple method of MHz to THz repetition rate multiplion.
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Light Scattering from PEMC Cylinder Khawaja Masood Ahmed, Ahsan Illahi and Malik Mazhar Ali Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
The light scattering from a cylinder of PEMC material, having radius “a” and infinite length is analyzed using the approach of boundary value problem. In this approach scattered light is presented in the form of unknowns. These unknowns are found by using boundary conditions. Numerical results are given to show the effects of co-polarized and cross-polarized echo widths for some selected parameters.
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Scattering and Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation by a Sphere Sadia Khatoon and Ahsan Illahi Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
A plane wave is made incident on a sphere of radius a. The sphere is imbedded in an infinite, homogeneous medium. The classical Mie theory for the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a sphere is explored to find the expansion coefficients which represent the electric and magnetic oscillations of the amplitude of the fields. These coefficients are then utilized to the calculation of the physical parameters characterizing the sphere and its surroundings. The obtained numerical results are then compared with the published literature and found in good agreement.
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Study of Light Scattering from Nihility Cylinder Malik Mazhar Ali, Ahsan Illahi and Khawaja Masood Ahmed Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Scattering of light from cylindrical structure composed of nihility medium has been observed. Radius of cylinder is taken as “a” and length is taken as infinite. Response of the scattering width has been obtained by using method of boundary value. The numerical results are compared with the published literature under some special conditions results reduced to published results.
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Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation in Liquid Medium Afsar Bano and Yasir Jamil 1Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
The capability of laser ablation in liquid medium for the synthesis of nanoparticles was analyzed. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and 532 nm was used to ablate the Al and Ag targets in deionized water. Equal energies 102.4mJ for 1064 nm and 51.2mJ for 532 nm of the laser were used in the two cases of Al and Ag. It was observed that after laser beam interaction with Al and Ag the colorless solution was converted into opaque and grayish green solution. The colors of the solutions reflect the particle size of the synthesized nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were characterized by SEM. To check the stability after 20 days of preparation, the solution of Ag nanoparticles was again characterized by SEM. It was concluded that the Nd:YAG laser irradiation in liquid medium is a very good tool for the synthesis of Stable nanoparticles.
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Photoluminescence Effect on Phosphorous Irradiated ZnO Nanotetrapods Synthesized by Simple Thermal Oxidation Method Bushra Aziz, Abdul Majid and Nasar Ahmad Department of Physics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
ZnO nano tetrapods were synthesized by simple thermal oxidation method in a furnace through the vapors solid mechanism. The effects of irradiation on the tetrapods of Zinc Oxide for phosphorous ion beam doses (1x1014), 1x1015ions/cm2) having irradiation energy of 1MeV delivered with the help of Pelletron Tandom Accelerator at room temperature were studied. After irradiation these samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and photoluminescence (PL). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of our samples show that before irradiation there were only two peaks related to band edge (3.28eV) and deep level emission (2.85eV). After irradiation near band emission and deep level emission were seen, these emission peaks increase with increasing dose value. These emission peaks are defects related peaks due to phosphorous atom. The PL spectra suggests that the emission lines at 3.31 and 3.34 eV can be attributed to a conduction band to the phosphorus-related acceptor transition and a donor to the acceptor pair transition, respectively. The defects nature is shallow defects.
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Entanglement Dynamics of a Single Three Level V-Type Atom Interacting with Two Mode Cavity Field. Ikhlaque Ahmed, Maiyda Arshad and Samia Qadeer Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Two goals are considered in this work. (i) to generate the entanglement between different modes of cavity field, (ii) to observe the collapse and revival phenomena in the system. For this we have considered the three level v-type atom initially in the superposition of upper two levels, interacting with the two mode cavity field which are initially in vaccum state. After interaction the atom is determined in the ground level and as a result the two cavity modes got entangled. In our further research, we have studied Rabi frequencies and their collapse and revival phenomenon.
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Spectroscopic Studies of Soil from the Junction of Indian and Eurasian Tectonic Plates Imran Rehan1, Sami Ul Haq2, Kamran Rehan3 and Riaz Muhammad1† 1Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Islamabad, Pakistan 2National Institute of Laser and Optronics, P.O Nilore-Islamabad, Pakistan 3Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
We report the spectroscopic analysis of soil samples collected at different equidistant locations on both sides of the joint of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates in the Kashmir valley. Nd:YAG laser has been used to generate plasma on the target surface and the emission spectra were recorded using LIBS2000 spectrometer. We have detected Al, Fe, Mg, N, S, Si, C and Ca in the emission spectra and their relative concentration has been determined by normalizing with Ca line at 422.67nm and intensity ratio method. It is shown that the concentration of carbon varies in a systematic way with increasing tendency towards the centre of the fault line. However, a random variation is observed in the concentrations of other elements like Al, Fe, Mg, N, S and Si across the fault line. Furthermore, the laser induced soil plasma has been characterized by measuring plasma temperature (Te) and electron number density (Ne). The plasma parameters and other measurements are made under the assumption that the plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE).
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Laser ablation: An effective method to synthesize nanoparticles Kamran Amin1, Rizwan Ahmed2, Muhammad Javed Iqbal1 and M. A Baig2 1Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2Atomic and Laser Physics, National Center for Physics (NCP), Islamabad
The laser ablation has proved an efficient way to fabricate nanomaterials of metal, semiconductor and polymers with ease and versatility. Silicon is an important substance widely used in solar cells and has diverse optical properties, which make it interesting and potential material for researchers. In this work four samples of silicon nanoparticle were synthesized by the well-known laser ablation method using an Nd:YAG laser. The effect of different Laser Fluence (energy/cm2) on the particle size formation was studied. Both the wavelength of the laser and Ablation Time of bulk silicon sample were kept constant during the synthesis. After synthesis the samples were subjected to the UV/VIS spectroscopy, DRS and XRD analysis. The Ablation Efficiencies were found to be higher at higher Laser Fluence. Similarly, the average particle size of silicon nanoparticles also decreased with increase in Laser Fluence. Band gap was also calculated and it was noted that band gap increases as decrease in particle size or increase in Laser Fluence.
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Effects of Light in Society and Daily Life Muhammad Shahzad Shifa and Muhamamd Azhar Iqbal Department of Physics, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
The light in nature is the subject that unifies humanity. It is the universal resources by which humanity perceives itself and where human beings see their place in the world. It was late nineteenth century that scientists try to revealed the exact identity of light. Maxwell showed that electric and magnetic fields travel in the manner of waves and that those waves move essentially at the speed of light. This allowed Maxwell to predict that light itself was carried by electromagnetic waves – which means light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Albert Einstein, who was inspired by Maxwell, said that he changed the world forever. We observe many things in our daily life eye catching man made sights even the nature sceneries lost their beauty, despite of all the inventions and discovers of world everything is dark in the absence of light. Lightning of roads and traffic lights on motorway saving many precious lives. Moreover light exposure: on bio-life, behaviors, and health is a rapidly advancing field.
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Role of Light in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis Rafia Rehman1, Muhammad Asif Hanif1, Muhammad Zahid1, Zahid Mushtaq1, Rabeea Muzaffar1 and Afsar Bano2 1University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Electromagnetic radiations, including light, have characteristics of waves and particles. Each particle of light i.e. Photon has a discrete amount of energy that can be transferred to a molecule present in chemical or biochemical sample. A constantly changing magnitude of electric and magnetic fields is associated with the transverse waves of electromagnetic radiation in directions that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. These changes in the electric and magnetic fields can cause changes in molecules. Electromagnetic radiation can be transmitted, absorbed, or reflected by matter, and each region of the spectrum can be used to investigate different aspects of the structure and properties of molecules present in chemical or biochemical samples, depending on the amount of energy imparted to the molecule. The absorption of radiation by matter is a quantized process, in that a molecule will only absorb radiation of certain discrete frequencies. These frequencies are determined by well-defined energy levels in the molecule under investigation.
A group of analytical techniques which is based on the measurement of interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter is spectroscopy. Many spectroscopic techniques are being used on a daily basis to gain insight into the structure of molecules or the concentration of atoms or molecules in a chemical or biochemical sample. The radio waves and infrared radiation are used to determine the structure of a new molecule. Ultraviolet radiations are used to determine the concentration of a particular element in a rock or mineral or organic samples. The regular spacing of atoms in a molecule can create a diffraction pattern of x rays. By examining the diffraction pattern, the arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be accurately determined. Fluorescence spectroscopy uses higher energy photons to excite a sample, which will then emit lower energy photons. This technique has
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become popular for its biochemical and medical applications, and can be used for confocal microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and fluorescence lifetime imaging.
The conventional microscope uses visible light to illuminate and produce a magnified image of a sample. A fluorescence microscope, on the other hand, uses a much higher intensity light source which excites a fluorescent species in a sample of interest. This fluorescent species in turn emits a lower energy light of a longer wavelength that produces the magnified image instead of the original light source. Thus light is playing a significant role in chemical and biochemical analysis.
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Fast Response n-GaN metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) Photodetector T. Munir1, Z. Muhammad2, M. Fakhar-e-Alam1, A. Shahzad1, N. Amin1 1Physics department, Govt College University Faisalabad. Pakistan 2Microelectronics Division/Center of Excellence in Solid State Physics,University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
The low dark current and fast response speed are the current challenges of MSM photodetector. The metallization on MSM structure is a crucial factor, since it strongly influences on the performance of a device. The various high work function Schottky metal Pt, Pd and Ni on n-GaN MSM photodetector have been simulated under various temperatures from 300K ~500K to study the electrical (I- V) and optical transient behavior. It was found that Pt metal on n-GaN shows lowest dark current and fast response to optical signal compared to Pdand Ni metals at room temperature.
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Scattering of Plane Wave by a Conducting Cylinder Poonam Khan and Ahsan Illahi Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
A plane wave is made incident on a cylinder of radius a. The cylinder is imbedded in an infinite, homogeneous medium. Using the classical scattering theory, the incident and scattered fields are formulated. The unknown coefficients in the scattered fields are found by solving the boundary value problem. Numerical results are obtained by plotting the far zone scattered fields. Furthermore, these coefficients are then utilized for the calculation of the physical parameters characterizing the cylinder and its surroundings. The obtained numerical results are then compared with the published literature and found in good agreement.
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Three-Dimensional Atom Localization Rahmat Ullah, Muqaddar Abbas and Sajid Qamar COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
The interaction of hot atoms with laser fields experiences a Doppler shift which can severely affect the precise spatial measurement of an atom. We suggest an experimentally realizable scheme to address this issue in three-dimension position measurement of a single atom in vapors of rubidium atoms. Three-level type atom-field configuration is considered where a moving atom interacts with three orthogonal standing-wave laser fields and spatial information of the atom in 3D space is obtained via upper-level population using a weak probe laser field. The atom moves with a velocity ‘v’ along the probe laser field and due to the Doppler broadening the precision in the spatial information deteriorates significantly. It is reported that via a microwave field the precision in the position measurement of the single atom can be obtained in the hot rubidium atom overcoming the limitation posed by the Doppler shift.
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Effect of Ambient Gas Pressure on Directed Velocities and Line Profiles in the Expanding Laser Produced Aluminum Plasma Sadia Haleem, Saira Arif and Mohammad Aslam Khan Physics Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Laser produced plasmas from an aluminum target in air and Ar gas ambience varying from vacuum, subatmospheric to atmospheric pressures in the transverse and axial direction of incident laser beam were investigated. The plasmas were produced by focusing the second harmonic of a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (λ = 532nm) on an Al target placed inside a vacuum chamber using a 40 cm focal length lens. Behavior of spectral line intensities and line profiles in laser produced plasmas belonging to Al I, Al II, Ar I, Ar II, O I, O II, N I and N II as a function of ambient pressures and different laser energies were studied. Different excited states showed different behavior under different experimental conditions of ambient pressure and laser intensity. Electron temperatures and electron densities inside these plasmas were also determined that ranged from to 7109 K to 11514 K and from 3.2×1017 cm-3 to 4.91 × 1017 cm-3 respectively. The velocities of atoms and ions in fast expanding plasmas at low pressures were determined from the measured Doppler shifts of central frequencies and ranged between 1.90 × 106 cm/s and 3.27 × 106 cm/s.
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Spectroscopy of Laser Induced Zinc Plasmas under Different Experimental Conditions of Laser Irradiance and Ambient Pressures Kamran Rehan and Mohammad Aslam Khan Physics Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Laser induced plasma from a zinc target was produced in air at atmospheric pressure and under different experimental conditions including vacuum conditions, different sub-atmospheric air pressures and different laser energies. Second harmonic @ 532 nm of Nd:YAG laser was used. The laser pulse energy was varied from 240 mJ to 400 mJ per pulse whereas the ambient pressure was varied from 2x10-4 mbar to 800 mbar. Variations of spectral emission intensities with ambient pressures and laser energies were studied. Electron temperature was found to vary form 7345 K to 11870 K for zinc plasma created under different experimental conditions. Similarly electron number density was determined under different conditions of pressure and laser pulse energies and found to vary in the range of 4.028 x 1016 cm-3 to 1.17 x 1018 cm-3. Calculations of Inverse- Bremsstrahlung absorption coefficients were carried out to study its variations with laser energy and ambient pressure and showed variations from 0.95 x 10- 3 cm-3 to 26.236 x 10-3 cm-3 under different experimental conditions. Emitting atoms/species velocity was investigated and found of the order of 1.4623 x 106 cm/sec.
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Author Index
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A C I
Abbas, M. 80 Chaudhry, I. 22 Ikram, M. 30 Ahmad, N. 71 Chaudry, A. Z. 44 Illahi, A. 68, 69, 79 Ahmed, I. 72 Chuang, Y-L. 47 Illahi, A. I 67 Ahmed, K. M. 67 Coskun, F. M. 39 Iqbal, M. A. 75 Ahmed, M. 29, 61 Iqbal, M. J. 74 Ahmed, M. A. 69 Ishiguro, R. 52 D Ahmed, R. 74 Ishihara, K. N. 38 Ali, G. B. 35 Islam, R. 61 Degirmenci, F. D. 39 Ali, M. M. 67, 69 Ali, S. B. 27 J Ali, Z. 61 E Allegrini, M. 12 JAMIL, Y. 70 Altan 23 Elsayed-Ali, H. E. 7 Jan, M. 43 Altan, H. 23 Amin, K. 74 F Amin, M. Y. 35 K Amin, N. 78 Fakhar-e-Alam, M. 78 Amjad, R. J. 57 Kalair, A. 36, 65 Faryad, M. 54 Anwar, J. 33 Kang, S. J. 52 Fathallah, H. 59 Anwar, M. S. 27, 52 Kautek, W. 48 Arif, A. 81 Khan, M. A. 55, 81, 82 Arif, S. 48, 55 G Khan, M. Z. 56 Arshad, M. 72 Khan, N. 36, 65 Ashraf, T. 61 Ge, G. 18 Khan, P. 79 Aziz, B. 71 Ghafoor, F. 34 Khan, S. 43 Goldoni, A. 13 Khatoon, S. 68 B Gul, A. 55 Köse, M. E. 39 Kouzmouk, A. 48
Baig, M. A. 74 H Bano, A. 76 L BANO, A. 70 Haleem, S. 81 Batishche, S. 48 Hanif, M. A. 76 Lee, R-K. 47 Batool, A. 55 Hannan, H. A. 46 Lee, S. R. 52 Bhutta, M. K. 6, 21 Haq, S. 73 Bushuk, S. 48 Hassan, M. U. 50 M Hussain, A. H. 45 Hussain, Z. 9 Maeno, Y. 52
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Mahmood, A. 61 R Tano, Y. 52 Majid, A. 71 Tatur, H. 48 Mangi, G. R. 58 Rafi, M. 61 Martínez, J. L. 45 Raja, M. Y. A. 4, 25 U Memon, M. I. 59 Rajabi, M. 51 Muhammad, R. 73 Rashid, A. K. 40 ullah, A. 61 Muhammad, Z. 78 Rassem, M. A. 35 Ullah, R. 80 Munir, T. 78 Rehan, K. 73, 82 Mushtaq, Z. 76 Rehan, R. 73 Muzaffar, R. 76 Rehman, R. 76 W Riza, N. A. 3, 20 N Waheed, A. 61 Wong, C. S. 56 S Nauman, M. 40 Ng, S. X. 17 Sandner, W. 10 Y Noh, T. W. 52 Sarwar, N. 58 Shaban, E. A. 35 Yamasue, E. 38 O Shahzad, A. 78 Yap, S. L. 56 Shaukat, S. F. 57 Yaqoob, Z. 24, 28 Yasmin, N. 58 Okumura, H. 38 Shifa, M. S. 75 Yonezawa, S. 52 Omer, O. M. 42 Shin, Y. J. 52 Sugimoto, Y. 52 Z Q T Zahid, M. 76 Qadeer, S. 72 Zaidi, S. M. H. 26 Qamar, S. 19, 47, 80 Tabassum, S. 38 Ziauddin 47 Qureshi, S. 58 Takayanagi, H. 52 Qureshi, T. T. 46 Tallents, G. 11
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List of Participants LAST NAME: FIRST NAME: Email: Affiliation/ Address ABAS NAEEM [email protected] Electrical Engineering/ Renewable Energy Lab, Engineering Block COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad, Pakistan ABBAS TASAWAR [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ABBAS MUQADDAR [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ABBASI SHAHAB [email protected] Department of Physics, University of AJ&K, AHMED Chelah Bandi Campus, Muzaffarabad, AJ&K, Pakistan AHMED IKHLAQUE [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan AHMED MUSHATQ [email protected] National Institute of Laser & Optronics, Lehtarar Road, Post Office Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan AHMED KHAWAJA [email protected] Department of Physics, MASOOD COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan AHSAN MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan AKHTAR MAHMOOD [email protected] Department of Physics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur AJ & K, Pakistan Ali ARSLAN [email protected] Department of Physics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur AJ & K, Pakistan ALI NAZAKAT [email protected] Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ALI SHAHID [email protected] Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan ALI MALIK [email protected] Department of Physics, MAZHAR COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ALI ISKHAR [email protected] Department Of Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. AMEER MUHAMMAD [email protected] Physics Department, KHADIM Govt. College University Faisalabad, Pakistan AMIN TARIQ [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan AMIN GUL [email protected] Department VSD, AWC, Wah Cantt. Pakistan AMIN KAMRAN [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan AMIR MOMINA [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan ANIS SIDRA [email protected] International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan ANWAR JAVAID [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ANWAR MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics SABIEH Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Opposite Sector U, DHA Lahore 54792,Pakistan ANWAR NADIA [email protected] Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan ARIF SAIRA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ARSHAD MAIYDA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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ASHRAF RIZWAN [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ASIF TAIMOOR [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan AYUB MUHAMMAD [email protected] Linac Project, PINSTECH P. O. Nilore, Islamabad Pakistan AZAM SEHRISH [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan AZIZ BUSHRA [email protected] Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Bagh, Pakistan AZIZ LIAQUAT [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan BANO AFSAR [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan BATOOL ASMA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan BHATTI ARSHAD [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan CHAUDHRY MADEEHA [email protected] Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan DEGIRMENCI FATIH [email protected] TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Materials Institute, P.O. Box 54, 41470, Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey EHSAN ZAHIDA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan FARYAD MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Opposite Sector U, DHA Lahore 54792,Pakistan FARYAL [email protected] Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan FATIMA MAHNOOR [email protected] GHAFOOR FAZAL [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan GHOURI MUHAMMAD [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology DANIYAL (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan GUL ASGHARI [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HAIDER AWAIS [email protected] Quaid-i-azam university Islamabad, Pakistan HALEEM SADIA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HAMID NAIRA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HANIF MUHAMMAD [email protected] Pharmacy/ Akson College of Health Sciences, Department of Physics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur AJ & K, Pakistan HASHMI FAHEEL [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HASSAN MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, UMAIR COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HASSNY GULTIAZ [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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HAYAT AAMIR [email protected] Department of Physics, SBASSE Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Opposite Sector U, DHA Lahore 54792,Pakistan HAYEE IRFAN [email protected] COMSATS Headquarters, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan HUSSAIN ANWAR [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan HUSSAIN SAFDAR [email protected] Physics Department, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Pakistan IFTIKHAR POONAM [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan IKRAM MASROOR [email protected] Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, P. O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan ILYAS IFFAT [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan IQBAL MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics AZHAR Govt. College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad IQBAL MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, WAQAR COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan JAFAR FARZANA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan JAMIL MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of VSD, AWC, Wah Cantt, Pakistan JAN ABID [email protected] COMSATS Headquarters, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan JAVED FAIZA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan JAVEDD MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK KAINAT RIMSHA [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan KALAIR ANAM [email protected] Electrical Engineering Department, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KALAIR NASRULLAH [email protected] Electrical Engineering Department, KHAN COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KAMRAN MUHAMMAD [email protected] Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Opposite Sector U, DHA Lahore 54792,Pakistan KHALID RAMEEZA [email protected] Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan KHAN MOHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, ASLAM COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KHAN MUHAMMAD [email protected] / Department of Applied Physics, ZUBAIR [email protected] Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad, Pakistan KHAN WALIULLAH [email protected] COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KHAN SALMAN [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KHATOON SADIA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan KHAWAJA IMTIAZ [email protected] Hazara University Mansehra (KPK), Pakistan ULLAH
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KHIZAR MUHAMMAD [email protected] Whirlpool Corporation, World Headquarter, m Research & Engineering Technology Center, 750 Monte RD. MD5130, Benton Harbor, MI 49022, USA
MAHMOOD SHAUKAT [email protected] Department of Physics, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur AJ & K, Pakistan MUBASHIR TALHA [email protected] Preston Institute of Nano Science and Technology (PINSAT) Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan MUJTABA ABID [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan MUNIR TARIQ [email protected] Physics Department, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Pakistan MUSADIQ MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan NAEEM MUHAMMAD [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering, CEET, AZHAR Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan NAEEM MUHAMMAD [email protected] COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, MUGHAL Islamabad, Pakistan QADEER SAMIA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan QAMAR SAJID [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan QURESHI ABDUL MAJID [email protected] COMSATS Headquarters, Shahrah-e-Jamhuriat, G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan RAJA M. YASIN [email protected] Physics & Optical Science, AKHTAR University of North Carolina, Charlotte,USA/ Center for Optoelectronics & Optical Communications, 9201 University City Blvd. Charlotte, NC, 28223-0001, USA RATTU KHIZAR [email protected] Department of Physics, HAYAT COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan RAZA AADIL [email protected] COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan REHAN KAMRAN [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan REHAN IMRAN [email protected] Department of Applied Physics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad, Pakistan REHAN MUHAMMAD [email protected] Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan REHMAN RAFIA [email protected] Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan SADIQ SANA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan SAEED FAISAL [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan SHAHZAD FARRAKH [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan SHAUKAT SALEEM [email protected] Department of Physics COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan SHEHZAD NAUMAN [email protected] Huqooq-ul-Ebad Development Foundation SHIFA MUHAMMAD [email protected] Physics Department, SHAHZAD Govt. College University Faisalabad, Pakistan SIDDIQI MADIHA [email protected] Department of Physics, SABEEN COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan SOHAIL MUHAMMAD [email protected] International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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SUMMER FAIZA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan TAHIR MUHAMMAD [email protected] COMSATS Institute of Information Technology SULEMAN Islamabad TARIQ SIDRAH [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan UDDIN ZIA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ULLAH RAHMAT [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan WAQAS MUHAMMAD [email protected] COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan YAQEEN SAMAYYA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan YAQOOB ZAHID [email protected] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA YASIN HAFIZ [email protected] Department of Physics, MOHAMMAD COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan YOUSAF MADIHA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ZAFAR WAJIHA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ZAFAR WAJIHA [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan ZAMAN ALI [email protected] Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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