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Bolstering the National Project: Competitive Nation Building and Immigration Policies in Catalonia, Israel and Quebec Yoav H. Duman Dissertation to be submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2015 Reading Committee: Joel Migdal, Co-Chair Michael McCann, Co-Chair Kathie Freedman Stephen Hanson Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Political Science ©Copyright 2015 Yoav H. Duman Universiry of Washington II Abstract Bolstering the National Project: Competitive Nation Building and Immigration Policies in Catalonia, Israel and Quebec Yoav H. Duman Co-Chairs of Supervisory Committee: Professor Joel Migdal Jackson School of International Studies Professor Michael McCann Department of Political Science This study examines elite preference formation with regard to immigration and incorporation policies in contentious spaces. The latter category encompasses states, federal units, and regions in which competing nationally-defined autochthonous groups or central states promote national projects that espouse divergent visions of the polity’s overall identity and institutional structure. I posit that the existing theories of immigration are insufficient to account for the policy preferences that emerge in these polities. In order to bridge this gap, the study traces and analyzes evidence from the cases of Israel, Quebec, and Catalonia for the purpose of examining the determinants of temporal change in elite preferences vis-à-vis immigration. I argue that despite the significant differences among these three polities with regard to their level of autonomy, the nature of inter-group competition, and the particular forms of immigration they have experienced, all three cases demonstrate a strong reciprocal relationship between the nation- building strategies that are employed by dominant groups on the one hand and the immigration III policies they implement on the other. Examining evidence from the three cases, this study advances four principal arguments. First, in all three cases, the dynamics of competitive nation building constitute a primary lens through which domestic elites perceive immigration and formulate immigration policies. Second, dominant elites in contentious spaces view immigration and incorporation policies primarily in instrumental terms as a means of bolstering their nation- building projects, increasing their autonomy, or promoting conflict management. Third, the temporal variation in immigration policies that occurs in these contentious spaces is also substantially shaped by intra-group competition among political parties within the dominant group itself that promote divergent visions of the national project. Finally, migrant settlement policies that are initially devised in order to bolster or preserve the dominant group’s national project can profoundly transform both the very nature of that national project and the contours of the host society’s social boundaries. IV Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... III Dedication ................................................................................................................................ IX Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. X Chapter 1: Immigration in Spaces of Contention .................................................................. 1 Spaces of Contention ............................................................................................................ 11 Competitive National Projects and International Migration ................................................. 20 Explaining Immigration Policies .......................................................................................... 30 The Argument – A Political and Ideological Approach to Immigration .............................. 42 Case selection ........................................................................................................................ 46 Empirical Approach and Methodology ................................................................................. 53 The Structure of the Study .................................................................................................... 57 Section 1: Israel – From Ethnic Exclusion to Non-Jewish Immigration ............................... 62 Chapter 2: Jewish immigration to Palestine and Israel: Intergroup Conflict and the Construction of a Jewish Majority ........................................................................................ 65 The Ideological and Material Foundations of Zionist Immigration and Demography ......... 65 Zionist Immigration to Palestine 1881-1948 ........................................................................ 74 The Demographic Transformation of 1948 .......................................................................... 82 The Legal Construction of Immigration ............................................................................... 86 Immigration to an Independent Israel: 1948-1989 ................................................................ 89 Demography in Decline? ...................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 3: Between Separation and Integration: The Recruitment of Labor Migrants in Israel ....................................................................................................................................... 103 V The Proto Labor Migrants: Palestinian Citizens and Non-Citizens in the Israeli Labor Market ................................................................................................................................. 105 The Intifada and the Recruitment of Labor Migrants ......................................................... 113 Ambivalent Inclusion? The Unexpected Consequences of Labor Migration in Israel ....... 150 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 165 Section 2: Quebec – From Ethnic Exclusion to Ambivalent Inclusion ................................ 172 Chapter 4: From Canadiens to Québécois - Religion, Language, Immigration, and the Evolution of Intergroup Competition ................................................................................. 174 The role of the Church and ‘La Survivance’ ...................................................................... 184 The British North America Act and Inter-Group Competition over Power ....................... 190 World War II and its Aftermath: The Shift from Anglophone to Allophone Immigration 200 A New Quebec: Neo-Nationalism, the Quiet Revolution, and Immigration ...................... 203 Preliminary Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 215 Chapter 5: The Evolution of Quebec’s Instromental Immigration Policies: Between Recruitment, Devolution, Integration, and Assimilation .................................................. 218 Recruiting the “Right” Immigrants ..................................................................................... 218 From Foreigners to French Québécois? The Politics of Integration ................................... 235 The Outcomes of Immigrant Integration and the National Project ..................................... 255 The Consequences of Immigration: Transformations, Challenges and Responses ............ 269 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 280 Section 3: Catalonia – Integration in the Context of Limited Autonomy ............................ 284 Chapter 6: From a Principality to a Nation – The Foundations of the Catalan National Project .................................................................................................................................... 287 VI Political Mergers and the Decline of Catalonia .................................................................. 290 Catalonia’s Industrial Revolution and Cultural Renaixença ............................................... 297 From Catalanism to Catalan Nationalism: The Emergence of the Catalan National Project ............................................................................................................................................. 301 Demography and Immigration in the Context of Catalan Nationalism .............................. 306 The Post War Period: The Franco Regime and Mass Migration from Spain ..................... 312 The Post-Franco Period ....................................................................................................... 324 Preliminary Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 330 Chapter 7: The Catalan National project and International Migration – Threat or Opportunity? ......................................................................................................................... 332 Immigration to Catalonia in the new millennium ............................................................... 336 Who Makes the Rules? Immigration Competencies and Inter-group Competition between Catalonia and Spain ...........................................................................................................
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