water Review Management of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers: A Review Mohammed S. Hussain 1 , Hany F. Abd-Elhamid 2,3, Akbar A. Javadi 4,* and Mohsen M. Sherif 5 1 Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Duhok, 1006 AJ Duhok, Kurdistan Region-Iraq;
[email protected] 2 Department of Water and Water Structures Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44519, Egypt;
[email protected] 3 Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Shaqra University, Duwadimi P.O. Box 11911, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Engineering, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK 5 National Water Center, United Arab Emirates Univ., Al Ain PO Box 15551, UAE;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected] Received: 25 October 2019; Accepted: 20 November 2019; Published: 24 November 2019 Abstract: Seawater intrusion (SWI) is one of the most challenging and widespread environmental problems that threaten the quality and sustainability of fresh groundwater resources in coastal aquifers. The excessive pumping of groundwater, associated with the lack of natural recharge, has exacerbated the SWI problem in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, appropriate management strategies should be implemented in coastal aquifers to control the impacts of SWI problems, considering acceptable limits of economic and environmental costs. The management of coastal aquifers involves the identification of an acceptable ultimate landward extent of the saline water body and the calculation of the amount of seaward discharge of freshwater that is necessary to keep the saline–freshwater interface in a seacoast position.