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Saltwater Intrusion and Quality of Water in the Floridan Aquifer System, Northeastern Florida

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Saltwater Intrusion and Quality of Water in the Floridan Aquifer System, Northeastern Florida SALTWATER INTRUSION AND QUALITY OF WATER IN THE FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM, NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA By Rick M. Spechler U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4174 Prepared in cooperation with the CITY OF JACKSONVILLE and the ST. JOHNS RIVER WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT Tallahassee, Florida 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services Suite 3015 Box 25286 227 N. Bronough Street Denver, CO 80225-0286 Tallahassee, FL 32301 800-ASK-USGS Additional information about water resources in Florida is available on the World Wide Web at http://fl.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Previous Investigations................................................................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Well-Numbering System ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Water Use..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Hydrogeologic Framework.................................................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrogeology ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Surficial Aquifer System ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Intermediate Confining Unit........................................................................................................................................ 15 Floridan Aquifer System ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Hydraulic Characteristics .................................................................................................................................. 16 Ground-Water Flow System .............................................................................................................................. 17 Long-Term Water-Level Trends .............................................................................................................. 17 Head Relations......................................................................................................................................... 19 Sub-Floridan Confining Unit....................................................................................................................................... 22 Quality of Ground Water ....................................................................................................................................................... 27 Wells Tapping the Upper Floridan Aquifer ................................................................................................................. 28 Specific Conductance ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Sulfate................................................................................................................................................................ 32 Chloride ............................................................................................................................................................. 32 Ionic Composition ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Multiaquifer Wells Tapping the Upper Floridan and the Upper Zone of the Lower Floridan Aquifer....................... 34 Wells Tapping the Upper Zone of the Lower Floridan Aquifer .................................................................................. 37 Wells Tapping the Fernandina Permeable Zone .......................................................................................................... 37 Saltwater Intrusion and Trends in Chloride Concentrations.................................................................................................. 43 Mechanisms of Saltwater Intrusion ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Relict Seawater ............................................................................................................................................................ 47 Lateral Encroachment.................................................................................................................................................. 47 Upconing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Upward Leakage through Wells .................................................................................................................................. 49 Upward Leakage through Structural Deformities........................................................................................................ 49 Water Management Considerations....................................................................................................................................... 53 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 56 Selected References ............................................................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix I--Chemical and physical analyses of water from the Floridan aquifer system in Nassau, Duval, St. Johns, and northeastern Clay Counties...................................................................................................................................... 63 Appendix 11--Records of wells completed in the Floridan aquifer system in Nassau, Duval, St. Johns, and northeastern Clay Counties .......................................................................................................................................................... 71 PLATE Map showing altitude of the top of the Ocala Limestone..........................................................................in back pocket FIGURES 1. Map showing location of study area........................................................................................................................ 3 2. Graph showing total ground-water use, 1965-88 .................................................................................................... 4 3. Diagram showing total ground-water use by category for 1988 ............................................................................. 5 4. Diagram showing generalized geology and hydrogeology of northeastern Florida................................................ 7 Contents iii 5. Map showing location of hydrogeologic sections................................................................................................... 8 6-8. Hydrogeologic sections: 6. A-A’ and B-B’......................................................................................................................................................... 9 7. C-C’......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 8. D-D’ ........................................................................................................................................................................ 10 9. Map showing altitude of the top of the Avon Park Formation................................................................................ 12 10. Map showing major structural features in (A) northern Florida and (B) the study area......................................... 13 11. Diagram showing summary of historical nomenclature applied to aquifer systems in the study area .................. 14 12-15. Maps showing: 12. Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in north-eastern Florida, September 1989.......................... 18 13. Estimated predevelopment
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