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Flow and Distribution of Fresh and Salt Water in the Flemish Coastal Plain: a Comparative Study Between Saint-Pierre-Brouck (France) and Mannekensvere (Belgium)

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Flow and Distribution of Fresh and Salt Water in the Flemish Coastal Plain: a Comparative Study Between Saint-Pierre-Brouck (France) and Mannekensvere (Belgium) FACULTY OF SCIENCES Master of Science in geology Flow and distribution of fresh and salt water in the Flemish coastal plain: a comparative study between Saint-Pierre-Brouck (France) and Mannekensvere (Belgium) Pieter Winters Academic year 2013–2014 Master thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Science in Geology Promotor: Prof. Dr. L. Lebbe Tutor: G.J. Devriese Jury: Prof. Dr. S. Louwye, Mr. D. Vandevelde SUMMARY Historically, the coastal zones around the world have always been the most heavily populated regions; mainly due to the abundance of food and the ability to execute economic activities. The increase in population and the economic growth will ensure that these regions will come under even more pressure in the (near) future. On top of this, coastal aquifers are often very sensitive to salinization, with possible salt damage to crops and unsuitable surface water for irrigation as a result. The projected climate change, and the associated sea level rise, will only enhance this effect. To be able to offset these problems in the future, it is vital that we understand the processes involved in the salinization of coastal aquifers down to the smallest detail. It is self-evident that these salinity problems are not limited by national borders. Therefore it was chosen to perform a comparative hydrogeological study in two different areas, in two different countries. For that reason two density dependent groundwater flow models were formed. These models were created using the numerical code MOCDENS3D. This code incorporates two important and commonly used modules: (1) the three-dimensional computer code MOC3D which was adapted for density differences, and (2) MODFLOW-96, in which the groundwater flow calculations were performed. Two areas were chosen that exhibit strong similarities in terms of genesis on the one hand and in the field of hydraulic parameters on the other hand. The final choices were: (1) the Belgian village Mannekensvere, a district of the town Middelkerke, and (2) the French village Saint-Pierre-Brouck, located in the department called Nord (part of this second study area is located in the adjacent department, namely Pas-de-Calais). Both areas are located in the Flemish coastal plain, this region is a part of the North Sea coastal plain, stretching from Cap Blanc Nez in northern France to Skagen in Denmark. The coastal plain is a very complex and dynamic region that has formed through the many interactions between ocean and landscape forming processes throughout the Holocene. Although one was previously convinced that this Holocene infilling was only dependent on changes in sea level, nowadays one follows the idea that the complexity of the Holocene infilling, which has given shape to the coastal plain, is due to the following factors: (1) the geomorphological conditions and local topography of the base of the Holocene, (2) changes in sea level, by which the rate of sea level variations is also intended, (3) the supply of new sediment, (4) the changing influence of the various tidal channels, (5) the compaction of the deposited sediments and (6) the human influence. In the formation and the comparison between the two groundwater flow models, of Mannekensvere and Saint- I Pierre-Brouck, the focus was mainly on the fresh-to-salt interactions and the flow patterns of groundwater reservoir. The first study in Mannekensvere, located on the Belgian side of the border, is a polder situated near the IJzer river. The IJzer river is the main river in the study area, and also the only navigable watercourse within the investigated area. By weirs, the IJzer river is shielded from possible tidal influences by the North Sea. The area is located at a distance of about 6 km from the coast. The formation of the numerical groundwater model of Mannekensvere went fairly smoothly. This is mainly because the different data sets that contain information about the subsurface of Flanders are collected centrally and what's more, they are freely accessible. The data sets that were used for the preparation of the groundwater model of Mannekensvere include, among others: (1) the literature, (2) different drilling reports, (3) the profile type map, (4) the base and permeability of the polder deposits, (5) the HCOV units in the area, (6) the salinity map (7) the Flemish Hydrographic Atlas and (8) a very detailed topographical map. Clear insights can be obtained from the groundwater and solute transport model that was formed. The most striking observation is the strong dependence of groundwater flow and solute transport in relation to the different rivers. First, there is the only navigable watercourse (the IJzer river). Since the water level (which is kept constant through the weirs) in the river is much higher than the groundwater level in the nearby groundwater reservoir, water will infiltrate from the IJzer river towards the groundwater reservoir. Since the water in the IJzer river is fresh water, there will be a locally thicker fresh water lens compared with the rest of the study area which is not characterized by infiltration. The opposite situation occurs at locations where unnavigable watercourses are present. In these unnavigable watercourses, the water level is systematically lower than the water table of the surrounding groundwater reservoir. Therefore, opposite to an infiltration process, a drainage process will take place towards the navigable watercourses. Since the groundwater reservoir is characterized by a high content of salt water from a certain depth, the unnavigable watercourses will attract salt water after a time. This induces a (strong) salinization of the water of the unnavigable watercourses. The hydraulic parameters of the substrate, and then mainly in the upper layers of the groundwater model, play the most important role in these interactions towards the rivers. This is explained by the fact that in areas where the soil is characterized by sediments with higher hydraulic permeability, the drainage towards the watercourses is much more effective. Because of the higher hydraulic conductivity of the subsurface, water will be able to flow much easier in the direction of the river, so that an II equilibrium will take place much faster between the local groundwater level and the water level in the river. This will result in a decrease of the head difference between the river and the reservoir, and thus less visible effects. The second study, in the village of Saint-Pierre-Brouck, is located on the French side of the border. The study area is located about 17 km inland, between the cities of Calais and Dunkerque. The polder area is traversed by a navigable river, namely the river Aa. At present, this watercourse is strongly channelized. Within the study area a second navigable watercourse is present, namely the "Canal de Calais à Saint-Omer”. This watercourse is a branch of the river Aa. The coastal deposits that occur in this area correspond to a large extent with the deposits found in the neighbouring regions in Belgium. The formation of the groundwater model of this second study area went less smoothly than in the first study. The reason is that fewer freely available data about the subsurface of northern France was available. For this study following datasets were used: (1) literature, (2) drilling reports and (3) a topographical map of a relatively low resolution. In order to obtain the hydraulic parameters of the surface, a field study was performed. In this field study, the following measurements were performed: a pumping test, groundwater level and quality measurements and an EM39 survey. The results of these measurements were used subsequently in the formation and optimization of the numerical groundwater model. The most important test that was used to get an insight into the hydraulic parameters of the study was the pumping test. Through the interpretation of the response data from the pumping test, with the aid of the inverse numerical model HYDPARIDEN (or 'Hydraulic Parameter Identification'), it is possible to deduce the optimal values of the hydraulic parameters. It also returns the joint confidence interval calculated for each hydraulic parameter(group), as well as the deviation between the measured and calculated drawdowns. Resulting from the other measurements, the groundwater quality and the EM39 measurements, the main conclusion is that the studied groundwater is fresh water. Important to note is that this situation applies only to the sites where the field measurements were carried out. It is thus a difficult situation to draw conclusions about the entire area, with only some information that is based on the results of the field study. Due to the lack of data, which has been partially resolved by the execution of the field study, assumptions were made to circumvent these shortcomings. The main assumptions that have been made to build the model are: (1) the assumption that the lithological layers run horizontally across the study area and (2) the calculation of the initial groundwater level, the location of the fresh-to-salt transition zone and the permeability of the III first two layers of the model directly from the topography. Additionally, certain characteristics from the groundwater model of Mannekensvere were adopted, examples are: the average sea level, the properties of the unnavigable watercourses, the drainage properties and the properties of the groundwater recharge. Even with these assumptions, an efficient groundwater model could be formed from the study area in Saint-Pierre-Brouck. From this model, some interesting conclusions can be drawn. The main observation is that the groundwater flow and solute transport in the model of Saint-Pierre-Brouck is dominated by the topography. Also, less infiltration and drainage processes were observed within the model. The principal groundwater flow process is a regional groundwater flow process from higher elevated areas toward lower areas, characterized by a high level of lateral flow.
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