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Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Urban Community of Al-Fayha’, Lebanon

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Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Urban Community of Al-Fayha’, Lebanon Rapid Environmental Assessment of The Urban Community of Al-Fayha’, Lebanon Rapid Environmental Assessment of The Urban Community of Al-Fayha’, Lebanon December 2009 ii Disclaimers The contents and views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the agencies cooperating in this project. The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the view or carrying the endorsement of UNEP or cooperating agencies. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or cooperating agencies concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or area of its authorities, or the delineation of its frontiers and boundaries. Mention of a commercial company or product in this publication does not imply the endorsement of the United Nation Environment Programme or cooperating agencies. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising in not permitted. Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention of infringement on trademark or copyright laws. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. iii Acknowledgments The author acknowledges the contributions made by many individuals and institutions that have contributed to “Rapid Environmental Assessment of the Urban Community of Al- Fayha’, Lebanon”. Our special thanks go to the encouragement and support provided by Mr. AbdelKader Alameddine, Mayor of Al Mina Municipality, Mr. Rachid El-Jamali, Mayor of Tripoli and Chairperson of Al Fayha’ Union of Municipalities and Mr. Majed Ghomraoui, Mayor of Beddawi Municipality. We are also thankful for the coordination and support provided by Mr. Abdallah Abdulwahab, Director of the Urban Community Al Fayha’. Special thanks extended to: Lead Author: Ahmed O. El-Kholei UNEP Coordination: Adel Abdel-Kader UNEP Supporting Team Yasmina Adra, Hiba Sadaka Institutions Visited Al Mina Municipality BATCO Beddawi Municipality Center of Restoration and Conservation of Monuments. Dar Al Handasah-Nazih Taleb & Partners Deir Amar Power Plant Environmental Protection Committee (EPC) Health department, Governorate (Mohafaza) of North Lebanon LAVAJET Marine Research Center Ministry of Environment Port of Tripoli, Ministry of Public Works and Transport TEDO, Urban Community Al Fayha’ Tripoli Landfill Tripoli Municipality Tripoli Waste water Treatment Plant Urban Community Al Fayha’ Water Establishment in North Lebanon List of Interviewees Nisrin Abdalla, Bilal Abdulhai, Abdallah Abdulwahab, Abdelkader Alameddine, Mahmoud Al- Asaad, Hoda Al-Rifai, Rabii Asayran, Samira Baghdadi, Edward Bahout, Teddy Barhoum, Tony Boulos, Doha El-Beny, Fadi El-Hassan, Mervat El-Hoz, Rachid El-Jamali, Mahmoud El- Rashidi, Rola El-Sheikh,George Fadlallah, Azza Fatfat, Joseph Germanos, Majed Ghomraoui, Mohammad Ghomrawi, Amer Haddad, Fawaz Hamdi, Dima Homsi, Maha Kayyal, Gaby Khalaf, Rawia Majzoub, Karim Mikati, Marlene Najjar, Gaby Nasr, Alain Pouliquen, Mosbah Rajab, Rami Samaan, Ahmed Tamer iv List of Reviewers Abdallah Abdulwahab, Doha El Beny, Dima Homsi, Marlene Najjar, Mosbah Rajab, Amal Soufi Participants of the Consultation Meeting on the Rapid Environmental Assessment of The Urban Community of Al-Fayha’, Lebanon report Nisrin Abdalla, Bilal Abdelhai, Abdallah Abdelwahab, Mustafa Adib, Mustafa Agha, Elias Akel, Abdelkader Alameddine, Jamil Alameddine, Lama Alameddine, Riad Alameddine, Mahmoud Al-Assaad, Bassam Al-Ayoubi, Khawla Al-Barazi, Muna Al-Chami, Majid Al-Hachem, Rana Al- Jamal, Oussama Al-Kallab, Hind Al-Khatib, Nuha Al-Molla, Abdelrahman Al-Mouwass, Haissam Al-Mubayed, Mahmoud Al-Rashidi, Fayiza Al-Sankari, Antonios Al-Souri, Nizar Amin, Abdelrahman Annous, Rabii Asayran, Atef Atiyeh, Fatima Badawi, Muna Baderghanem, Samira Baghdadi, Edward Bahout, Tony Boulos, Giselle Chammas, Bilal Chhitah, Lina Daboussi, Toufic Daboussi, Michel Dib, Joseph El-Aam, Doha El-Beny, Nazih El-Hajj, Akram El- Hajj Hussein, Nada El-Helou, Mervat El-Hoz, Rachid El-Jamali, Rola El-Sheikh, Francis Estphan, Georges Fadelallah, Mohammad Faitrouni, Lina Fares, Muna Fares, Azza Fatfat, Sami Feghali, Majed Ghomrawi, Mohammad Ghomrawi, Amer Haddad, Zeina Haddad, Jalal Halawani, Zuhair Hallis, Fawaz Hamdi, Goreng Hamwi, Diran Harmendian, Rabii Harrouq, Dima Homsi, Mustafa Houalla, Hazem Iich, Johnny Ibrahim, Nazih Ibrahim, Georges Ida, Mohammad Awni Issa, Rock Jabbour, Omayma Chafic Jadaa, Ghassan Jaradi, Joseph Jirmanos, Abdallah Kabbara, Mohammad Kabbara, Yasmin Kabbara, Samar Karam, Zeina Karami, Mohammad Kassha, Maha Kayyal, Gaby Khalaf, Delvin Kompmen, Jamal Krayem, Anwar Kubaitri, Olivier Lavinal, Catherine Le Tuma, Saiid Maaliqi, Munib Maarabani, Riad Madani, Lina Majzoub, Rawia Majzoub, Muqbel Malak, Samir Massaad, Fadi Matar, Ghassan Abdelkader Merhebi, AbdulElah Mikati, Karim Mikati , Rabii Mohsen, Nabil Mouawad, Pierre Mouawad, Fahed Moukadem, Chafouq Murad, Manal Nader, Fawaz Nahass, Marlene Najjar, Gaby Nasr, Ghassan Nour-Elddine, Racha Osmani, Alain Pouliquen, Dania Raad, Grace Rachid, Mosbah Rajab, Dania Rifaii, Huda Rifaii, Ramzi Saadeh, Mahmoud Salhab, Rami Samaan, Rawia Sankari, Christine Sayegh, Bilal Shihayta, Sana Sirwan, Jumana Siyadi, Amal Soufi, Ahmad Tamer, Muna Qoozi, Viviane Zouroub v Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. xii Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... xiii Main Messages ......................................................................................................................... xv Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 GEO Methodology and IEA .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Focus of the analysis ................................................................................................. 2 1.1.2 Analytical framework: DPSIR matrix ......................................................................... 3 1.2 Key physical characteristics ............................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Location .................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2 Geography and topography...................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Geology ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2.4 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2 Social, economic and political contexts .................................................................. 13 2.1. Historic evolution of urbanization ................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Territorial occupation and land use over time ....................................................... 13 2.1.2 Distribution of economic activities ......................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Growth and distribution of the population ............................................................ 22 2.1.4 Infrastructures ........................................................................................................ 26 2.1.5 Social services ......................................................................................................... 27 2.2. Description of the local political-administrative structure .......................................... 29 2.3. Socio-economic context ............................................................................................... 32 2.3.1 Dynamics of demographics .................................................................................... 32 2.3.2 Dynamics of Economics .......................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Territorial occupation ............................................................................................. 33 2.3.4 Poverty and social inequity .................................................................................... 34 2.3.5 Patterns of consumption and production .............................................................. 35 Chapter 3 State of the Environment ....................................................................................... 50 3.1. Local ecosystems .......................................................................................................... 50 3.2. Analysis of ecosystem resources .................................................................................. 50 3.2.1 Air ........................................................................................................................... 50 vi 3.2.2 Water .....................................................................................................................
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