Protein Purification Process Engineering. Freeze Drying: a Practical Overview
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Gatlin, L. A. and Nail, S. L. (1994). Protein purification process engineering. Freeze drying: A practical overview. Bioprocess Technol. (18): 317-367. Jay, J. M., Loessner, M. J. and Golden, D.A. (2005). Food protection with high temperature, and characteristics of thermophilic microorganisms. Pp. 415-441 in Modern food microbiology, 7th ed. SpringerScience+Business Media: New York. Komiyama, N. H., Miyazaki, G., Tame, J. and Nagai, K. (1995). Transplanting a unique allosteric effect from crocodile into human haemoglobin. Nature 373 (6511): 244-246. Merchant, M., Roche, C., Elsey, R. M. and Prudhomme, J. (2003). Antibacterial properties of serum from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., B. 136: 505-513. Merchant, M., Thibodeaux, D., Loubser, K. and Elsey, R. M. (2004). Amoebacidal effects of serum from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). J. Parasitol. 90: 1480-3. 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Siruntawineti, J., Chaeychomsri, W., Vajarasathira, B. and Temsiripong, Y. (2005). Evidence for primary immune response to Salmonella paratyphi A in Wistar rats after feeding by crocodile blood. Pp 1-3, F0032 in Proceeding of the 31st Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand. Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, 18-20 October 2005. 81 Study And Conservation Crocodilians In Africa Feeding Ecology Of The Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) In The Okavango Delta, Botswana Kevin M. Wallace and *Alison J. Leslie Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa [email protected] and *[email protected] Abstract: The stomachs of 286 crocodiles (17 cm to 166 cm snout to vent length) were lavaged over a two year period. Crocodylus niloticus has a similar ontogenetic shift in diet to that of other crocodilians. Yearlings primarily predated primarily on aquatic insecta and arachnida, as crocodile size increased (juvenile) the diet became more diverse including crustacea, amphibia and fish. The largest size class (sub-adult) consumed primarily fish. Yearlings fed consistently throughout the year, however a higher proportion of empty stomachs occurred within the juvenile and sub-adult size classes during the winter months. A captive experiment with wild caught crocodiles (0.7 kg – 20 kg) indicated a decrease in satiation rate (maximum mass of food eaten as a percentage of crocodile body mass) from 11.3 % to 6.5 % with an increase in crocodile size. The percentage of stomach stone mass to crocodile body mass increased with crocodile size. Seven species of nematodes were found within the stomachs, four of which represent new geographic records. ----- Nesting Ecology Of The Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) In The Okavango Delta, Botswana. 1Alison J. Leslie, S.L. Bourquin and V. Shacks Department of Conservation Ecology, P/Bag X1, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, 7600.1([email protected]) Abstract : The Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) population of the Okavango Delta has undergone three major periods of human-induced decline in the past century. Combined, these periods have lead to an estimated 50% reduction in the breeding population of the Okavango Nile crocodile. Although the possibility of population recruitment from two neighboring countries, namely Angola and Namibia, may exist, both countries are currently experiencing a period of major agricultural and economic development. This situation is likely to lead to an increase in crocodile- human conflict and further reduce the likelihood of recruitment into the Okavango Delta from further upstream. Therefore, knowledge concerning the breeding ecology of the Okavango Nile crocodile population and the impact of human disturbance is of critical importance for the long-term survival of this population. 82 This paper presents data collected over three consecutive nesting seasons in the “panhandle” region of the Okavango Delta, the primary breeding area for this population of crocodiles. Data was collected on nest location, hatching success and other physical nest site parameters. Results indicate that 50-80% of previous nesting sites are no longer in use. Additionally, nest sites are being selected on the basis of minimal human disturbance, rather than on optimal nesting parameters. Through the use of GIS techniques we propose a nesting sanctuary for Nile crocodiles in the Okavango Delta, highlighting the importance of such an area for the long-term survival of the population. ----- The Reproductive Cycle Of The Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) In The Okavango Delta, Botswana. Audrey S. Detoeuf-Boulade1, Alison J. Leslie 2 and Etienne Hurter3 Stellenbosch University, Private bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa ([email protected]; [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ) Abstract: Blood samples were collected from wild Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) between January 2002 and December 2005 in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Samples were analyzed for seasonal variations in Estradiol (E2), Progesterone (P), vitellogenin (VTG) and testosterone (T) concentrations in females and testosterone concentrations in males. In addition, plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol (CHO) were measured. VTG was detected in females with a total length (TL) = 236 cm. In males, spermatozoa were detected at the end of June (total length = 196cm) when T starts rising and peaks in Jul-Aug (15.9 ng/ml) coinciding with courting and mating behavior. CHO and PL fluctuation followed the same seasonal pattern as T, but TAG peaked later in Sep-Oct. In adult females, E concentration was highest in July-August (4.3 ng/ml) as well as VTG concentration (1.5 µg/ml) coinciding with vitellogenesis while testosterone started rising to reach its peak in nov-dec (18 ng/ml). Progesterone would rise steadily until nov-dec were it reached its maximum (45 ng/ml) and then dropped abruptly in January when nests started hatching. The seasonal pattern in TAG concentration mirrored that of estradiol but there was no relations between estradiol patterns and CHO or PL. CHO and PL did not fluctuate significantly throughout the year. ----- 83 Human-Crocodile Conflict (Nile Crocodile: Crocodylus niloticus) In The Okavango Delta, Botswana. 1Georgina D. Thomas and 2Alison J. Leslie Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa 1 [email protected] and 2 [email protected] Abstract: Human-Crocodile Conflict (HCC) is becoming an increasing social and conservation problem in most African countries, as many predator species are under threat due to conflict situations where predation of livestock and humans is occurring. The extent and severity of HCC in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, was investigated through conducting questionnaires with the aid of translators in 35 villages surrounding this unique inland delta (N=483). Perceptions towards crocodiles, the degree of utilization of river resources and traditional beliefs of the local people were also investigated. A high incidence of attacks was expected to occur where human and livestock populations were high, with an increasing number of attacks over recent years. Fifty percent of the people fear crocodiles and remarked that the brain is poisonous when consumed. Most human attacks occurred when people were fishing, swimming and collecting water. Total human attacks (N=125) were positively correlated with human population (p<0.01, r2=0.40) and total livestock attacks (p<0.01; r2=0.32) [N=3405, average of 3.5 livestock attacked per interviewee]. The rate of attack on humans is increasing linearly