Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2013, 4(4), 290-303

A Review on Source of Dronpushpi - (Roth) Spreng and Spreng

Review article

Sachin Chavan1*, Nishteswar K2

1. M.D. Scholar, 2. Professor and Head, Dept. of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T & R.A ,G.A.U, Jamnagar.

Abstract Dronpushpi is a classical medicinal attributed with certain specific indications like Vishamjwara, Kamala. Two different plant of Leucas are taken in use in the name of Dronpushpi. Among them Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng has been accepted as an official equivalent to Dronpushpi by the Central Council for Research in Ayurveda in its official formulary. It has also been mentioned in Unani Materia Medica. Leucas aspera Spreng is the most widely used substitute of Dronapushpi and is also equally important ethnobotanically. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng and Leucas aspera Spreng grow as a weed on wastelands and roadsides all over from October to February. The plants are used as insecticides and indicated in traditional medicine for coughs, cold, painful swellings, chronic skin eruptions and rheumatism. Experimentally both the species have shown good antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antimicrobial activities. They contain β-sitosterol, triterpenoids, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, phenolic compounds, diterpenes, glucosides as major chemical constituents. The current review revealed that Leucas cephalotes and Leucas aspera have number of potentials in therapeutic field.

Key words: Dronapushpi, Leucas aspera, Leucas cephalotes, Hepatoprotective, Anti- oxidant.

Introduction:- Kutumbaka, Sugandhaka, Kurubaka. Dronapushpi is botanically Chakrapani in his commentary on Charak identified by two species of genus Leucas Samhita states Kutumbaka as Dronpushpi i.e. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng and and includes it in Shaka varga(edible leafy Leucas aspera Spreng, belonging to family vegetables). Dalhana in his commentary . Both grow as annual herbs on Shushrut Samhita mentions Dronpushpi throughout India, Bangladesh, as Sugandhaka and Kutumbaka. and Afghanistan, Philippines and some other includes it in Sursadi gana. According to Africo-asian countries, blooming between available literature Vrundamadhava was the months of October to February. There the first to quote its therapeutic indication, is no reference of Dronpushpi in vedic in Kamala in the form of collyrium, by the literature. Ayurvedic classics refer name Dronpushpi. This quotation has been Dronpushpi by various names like incorporated by Chakradatta in Kamala chikitsa. He also mentions its use in *Corresponding Author: Krimidant Chikitsa. Shodhala prescribed Sachin Chavan the Nasya of Dronpushpi in Patalgat M.D. scholar, rogas and as Anjana in Kamala. Dept. of Dravyaguna Sharangdhara has indicated the use of I.P.G.T &R.A,G.A.U., Jamnagar Dronapushpi swarasa along with Marich E-mail: [email protected] choorna in Vishamjwara. The plant is used

290 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Sachin Chavan et.al., A Review on source plants of Dronapushpi traditionally in fever , cold, rheumatism,  Chatrakutumbaka:- Flowers are psoriasis and chronic skin eruptions.(1) It arranged in a circle and are having has also been incorporated very frequently shape of a pot. in number of Siddha and Unani  Koudinya:- Useful in insect bite. preparations.(1)  Deerghapatra:- Leaves are linear and sharp Materials & Methods:-  Kutumbika:- Flowers look like a Ayurvedic classics, lexicons and pot. other compilatory treatises are reviewed  Chitrakshupa:-The plant is bright for documenting the information about coloured. Dronapushpi.  Supushpa:- Small, beautiful The published works on L flowers in bunches. cephalotes and L aspera from journals and  Chitrapatrika:- Leaves having web pages are consulted to review various various shapes. reported pharmacological activities.  Kusumbhaka:- Flowers white in

colour and are of cup shaped. Meaning of Synonyms :- (2)  Phalepushpa- Flowers and fruits  Kumbhayoni:- Flowers look like a are arranged together or the flowers pot or wide mouthed opening. will be on the fruit.  Droni:- looks like a vessel.  Kshavapatri:- Smell of leaves

 Dronapushpi:- Flowers are cup or causes sneezing. pot shaped.

Information about Dronpushpi available in various lexicons is tabulated here. Name of Nighantu Varga Pharmacological actions 1. Shodal Nighantu(3) Karviryadi Kaphaghna, Kamlahar, Krimighna, Shophajit, Pakshaghat- vinashini. 2. Kaiyadev Nighantu(4) Aushadi Kaphagna, Kamalahar, Shophahara, Tamakshwasahara, Kasahara. 3.Madhava Dravyaguna(5) Vividhoushadi Khaphaghna, Aamhara, Kamlahara, Shothahara, Krimihara 4.Bhavprakash Nighantu(6) Guduchyadi, Krimihara, Prahmehahara, Jwarahara, Shaka Pittakara 5. Raj Nighantu(7) Parpatadi Vaata-kaphahara, Agnimandyahara

6. Raja Vallabha(8) Nanaaushadi Kapha, Kamala, Krimi, Shophajit

7. Shaligrama Nighantu (9) Guduchyadi Same as Bhavaprakasha

8. Nighantu Adarsha(10) Tulasyadi . -

9. Madanpal Nighantu (11) Abhayadi Vaata-pittahara

10. Priya Nighantu(12) Shatpushpadi Vishaghna, Panduhara

11. Paryaymuktavalli Tikta-shaka -

12. Hridaya Dipaka Dwipada - Nighantu

291 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2013, 4(4), 290-303

13. Sidhamantra Prakash Kaphaghna -

13.Dravyaguna Vishamjwaraghna Pittashodhaka, Raktashodhaka, Vijnana(13) Shothahara, Aartavajanaka, Swedajanaka. 14. Madhav dravyaguna Vividha- - Aushadhi 15 Dravyaguna vignan(14) Tulasyadi -

Pharmacological properties of Dronapushpi Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Katu, Lavana, Tikshna,Guru, Ushna Madhura, Katu Madhura, Tikta Ruksha

Chemical constituents of Leucas contained 3-sitosterol and cetyl alcohol. aspera:- Shoot contained novel phenolic Preliminary chemical examination compounds (4-(24-hydroxy-1-oxo-5-n- of L. aspera revealed presence of propyltetracosanyl)-phenol), aliphatic triterpenoids in entire plant. Whole plant is ketols (28-hydroxypentatriacontan-2-one), reported to contain oleanolic acid, ursolic long chain compounds (1- acid and 3-sitosterol. Aerial parts are hydroxytetratriacontan-4-one, 32- reported to contain nicotine, sterols, α &ß methyltetratriacontane-8-ol), sitosterol, reducing sugars( galactose), nonatriacontane, 5-acetoxytriacontane, β- glucoside, diterpenens (leucasperosides A sitosterol and dotriacontanol. & B, leucasperols A & B, isopimarane Leucolactone(I), isolated from the root of glycosides (leucasperosides A, B & C) L aspera have been characterized as together with other compounds like 3,3,16c-dihydroxyoleanan-28-1, 3- asperphenamate, maslinic acid,(-)- olide.(15) isololiolide, linifoliside, nectandrin B, mesodihydroguaiaretic acid, macelignan, Chemical constituents of Leucas acacetin, apigenin 7-O-[6’-O-(p- cephalotes:- coumaroyl)-3-D-glucoside]’ chrysoeriol, Plant: apigenin, erythro-2-(4-allyl-3,6- β-sitosterol and its glycoside dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3- (Bahadur and Sen, 1969), new labdane, methoxyphenoxy)propan-1-ol, norlabdame and abietane type diterpenes myristargenol B, and machilin C, (-)- named leucasdins A, B and C respectively, chicanine, (7R,8R)-and(75,85)-licarin A. and two prostostane-type triterpenes Among the 25 compounds identified from named leucastrins A and B, oleanoic acid, the leaf volatiles, u-farnesene(26.4%), x- 7-oxositosterol, 7-oxostigmasterol, thujene(12.6%) and mentol (11.3%) were 7 , 7α- the major constituents. The flower is hydroxystigmasterol stigmasterol, 5- reported to contain 10 compounds, among hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone, pillion, them amyl propionate(15.2%) and isoamyl gonzalitosin I, tricin, cosmosin, apigenin propionate( 14.4%) were dominant. Seed 7-O-beta-D-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) is reported to contain palmitic glucopyranoside, anisofolin A and luteolin acid(6.25%), stearic acid( 2.84%), oleic 4’-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside acid(42.07%), linoleic acid(48.11%) and (Miyaichi et al., 2006). linolenic acid. The unsaponifiable fraction

292 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Sachin Chavan et.al., A Review on source plants of Dronapushpi

Seed Oil- Laballenic acid hematological parameters and induced any (Octadeca-5, 6-dienoic acid), lauric acid, noteworthy damage to the vital organs. glutaric acid, tridecanoic acid, adipic acid ( Hence, it can be concluded that at doses Sinha at al, 1978)(16). consumed in the traditional medicine, the ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera can be Ethno-botanical uses of Leucas aspera:- considered as relatively safe, as it did not Leucas aspera’s water extract is caused either mortality nor it produced any used orally as stimulant, anthelmintic, severe toxicological effects on selected laxative, and diaphoretic.(17) . It is also body organs, biochemical indices and used orally for the treatment of headache, hematological markers of rats during the asthma, and bronchitis.(18) Hot water acute and sub-acute periods of study.(31) extract of entire plant i.e Phanta is also used to treat inflammation, dyspepsia, and Anti-asthamatic activity:- jaundice.(18) The whole plant extract is The anti-asthamatic effect of whole used orally to treat scabies, psoriasis, and dried plant of Leucas aspera. This study snake bite. (19) The plant is externally showed that methanolic extract of the drug used as an insect repellant in the form of in the dose of 100mg/kg showed a Dhupan.(20) It is externally used to significant bronchodilatory, anti- fumigate dwellings.(20) The flowers are histaminic, anti-inflammatory, mast cell roasted in ghee and given orally (5-10 g stabilization, and anti-cholinergic activity once a day) for treatment of cough and in histamine induced bronchospasm. It colds.(21) The flowers are crushed and also showed convincing results in passive inhaled in the opposite nostril for the relief paw anaphylaxis, degranulation of of migraine.(22) The leaf juice is used for mesenteric mast cell and histamine and ear pain and for pus discharge from ear as acetylcholine induced contraction in a local application.(23) The leaf paste guinea pig tracheal chain and ileum ground with chalk is applied to tooth preparations models respectively. cavity (periodontal) to prevent However, significant anti-allergic effect decay.(24) The decoction of leaves is used was not observed in milk induced nasally as an anti-venum eosinophilia. Thus, this study requires drug.(25) Infusion of leaves is applied further evaluation to identify the active externally to treat scabies.(26) Leaf paste anti-histaminic component from along with turmeric is used to heal wounds methanolic extract of dried whole plant of and boils.(27) The decoction of whole Leucas aspera.(32) plant of Leucas aspera are used orally for high fevers(28), for influenza(29), and for Anti-hyperglycemic Activity:- malarial fevers(30). Evaluation of the anti- hyperglycemic effects of methanol extract Pharmacological Research studies of of leaves and stem of Leucas aspera in Leucas aspera:- oral glucose tolerance tests conducted with Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity study glucose-challenged Swiss albino mice was A study was carried out to evaluate carried out. It was found that the leaf the acute and sub-acute toxicity of Leucas extract of L aspera was more potent in aspera in established animal model. It was reducing serum glucose levels than stem found that EELA on oral administration extract.Hence the chemical constituents produced no mortality or toxic effects on which are present in greater amount in body up to a dose level of 2000 mg/kg leaves than stem should be found out and body weight in acute toxicity study model. studied further for their anti-glycemic It did not produced any change in effect.(33)

293 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2013, 4(4), 290-303

In another study of evaluating the Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas pyocyanea effect of Leucas aspera alcoholic and Dys. Flexneri.(38) extract on blood glucose level in This experiment suggested that normoglycemic and diabetic rats, it was essential oil of L. aspera showed no seen that the alcoholic extract of Leucas activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and aspera showed hypoglycemic activity in C. albicans (MIC ≥1250 μg/mL). L. aspera chronically treated normoglycemic and oil did exhibit good activity against S. diabetic rats. The blood glucose level did aureus (MIC = 625 μg/mL), B. cereus not show any changes on single (MIC = 313 μg/mL), and A. niger (MIC = administration of the plant extract on day 313 μg/mL), most likely attributable to the 0.There was an increase in levels at sesquiterpenes present in the oil. Both (E)- intervals of 30 and 60 min. But on chronic caryophyllene and α-humulene have administration the extract showed shown antibacterial activity against B. significant reduction in FBS levels, and cereus and S. aureus.(39) was comparable to the reference drug In another study, the Leucas aspera metformin.(34) acetone leaf extract showed good antimicrobial activity against the gram Antipyretic activity:- positive microorganisms..(40) In the following experiment the A study was planned to screen the extracts of Leucas aspera showed antimicrobial activity of different parts of significant antipyretic activity. The L aspera. For this crude extracts of root, researcher suggested further investigations flower, leaf and stem were used as to isolate active constituents responsible different group. The root extract showed for this activity and to elucidate the exact the highest mean zone of inhibition mechanisms of action.(35) ranging from 9.0–11.0 mm against tested microorganisms, at a concentration of 100 Antifungal activity:- mg/mL.(41) Leucas aspera has both fungistatic The above experiment give strong and fungicidal properties. In an vitro study evidences to accept its classical claim of of chloroform and ether extracts of L. being mentioned as Krimihara. It must be aspera it was revealed that L aspera noted that the potent anti-microbial possess strong antifungal activity against activity is attributed to root and leaf. It can Trichophyton and Microsporum gypseum have good therapeutic potential against at minimum inhibitory concentration of gram-positive organisms. 5mg/mL..(36) Anti-inflammatory effect:- Antimicrobial activity:- In a study anti-inflammatory In a study L. aspera flowers were activity was studied by formalin induced screened for its antibacterial activity in the rat hind paw edema method with crude form of its methanol extract , its fractions, extract, alkaloid fraction and non-alkaloid the alkaloid residue and the expressed fraction of L aspera and compared with flower juice. All the groups showed good Phenylbutazone. It was found that antimicrobial activity, with maximum Phenylbutazone showed highest anti- activity in alkaloidal residue group.(37) inflammatory activity followed by alkaloid Essential oils from L. aspera were fraction and crude extract. The non- used for the trial. Bacteriostatic activity alkaloid fraction did not show anti- was found against Staphylococcus aureus, inflammatory activity irrespective of the Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, time intervals.(42) Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli,

294 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Sachin Chavan et.al., A Review on source plants of Dronapushpi

The aqueous and alcoholic extracts treated arthritic rats. The researcher of Leucas aspera were investigated for suggested that the anti-arthritic activity of their action on experimental inflammation EELA may be due to catechins and on mast cell degranuatlion. Both the (epicatechin, beta epicatechin), flavonoids extracts exhibited significant anti- (procyanidin), phytosterols (beta- inflammatory action of acute and chronic sitosterol) apart from glycosides, phenolic inflammation. The mast cell degranulation compounds and tannins.(45) induced by proprancolol and Carbachol was effectively prevented by pretreatment Antihelminthic activity:- with Leucas aspera extract.(43) The anthelminthic property of Leucas aspera was evaluated using Antioxidant activity:- Pherithema posthuma as an experimental A study was conducted to evaluate model. Piperazine citrate was used as the the anti-oxidant activity of different parts standard reference.This investigation of Leucas aspera It was found that revealed that ethanol extract of Leucas alcoholic extracts of the plant showed aspera showed significant anthelminthic moderate to potent antioxidant activity, activity against Pheretima posthuma when among which the root extract compared aqueous extract. Ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant also proved to be efficient than the activity with the IC50 value of standard drug. This investigation 6.552μg/mL. Methanolic extract of root supported the ethnomedical claims of possessed antioxidant activity near the Leucas aspera as anthelminthic plant.(46) range of vitamin E.(41) In another study the ethanolic Anti-ulcer activity:- extract was subjected to acetic acid The alcoholic extract of Leucas induced writhing inhibition, 1,1-diphenyl- aspera (ALA) was investigated for its 2- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical antiulcer effect by two experimental scavenging assay and brine shrimp models. A significant reduction in acid lethality bioassay for screening of secretion and ulcer score was observed in antinociceptive, antioxidant and cytotoxic rats after ALA treatment. The observer activity, respectively. The researcher was of the opinion that the antiulcer effect found that the ethanolic extract of L. of ALA may be due to a combination of aspera root produced significant inhibition anti-secretary effect and a protective effect in acetic acid induced writhing in mice at on gastric mucosa.(47) the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. The extract showed a notrworthy free radical Cytotoxic activity:- scavenging activity with an IC50 of 8 The cytotoxic properties of μg/ml and a significant lethality to brine ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera shrimp.(44) (Family-Lamiaceae) were investigated in this study. The cytotoxic potential of the Anti-arthritic:- L. aspera ethanolic extract was assessed A was carried out to evaluate anti- by brine shrimp lethality bioassay method. arthritic activity of L aspera . Its ethanolic In this method LC50 value of L. aspera extract exhibited significant anti- ethanolic extract was found 181.68 μg/ml inflammatory (p < 0.001) and antioxidant with 95% confidence limit where the activity (p < 0.001). The drug was found lower and upper limits were 125.12 and safe upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg body 265.96 μg/ml respectively. This indicated weight. Histopathological studies also that the extract had promising cytotoxic revealed cartilage regeneration in EELA2 properties.(48)

295 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2013, 4(4), 290-303

Prostaglandin inhibitory and From this can be concluded that L aspera antioxidant activities:- could be used for the development of Leucas aspera was tested for its phytomedicines against hepatic disorders. prostaglandin (PG) inhibitory and The hepatoprotective nature could be antioxidant activities. The extracts showed attributed to the presrnce of β- sitosterol, both activities, that is, inhibition against alkaloids and flavonoids in it.(52) PGE1- and PGE2- induced contractions in guinea pig ileum at 3-4 g/mL and a 1,1- Larvicidal Activity:- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical The present study was carried to scavenging effect.(49) evaluate larvicidal activity of aqueous and In another study on the inhibitory chloroform leaf extract of Leucas aspera action of Leucas aspera on prostaglandin- (willd.) against mosquito larvae Culex induced contraction in guinea pig ileum , it quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal effect on I, II, provided four new diterpenes, III and IV instar larvae of mosquito leucasperones A (1) and B (2) and species Culex quinquefasciatus was leucasperols A (3) and B (4), and three investigated in a dose dependant manner new isopimarane glycosides, for 48 hours. The concentration of the leucasperosides A, B, and C (5−7), Leucas aspera extracts used was 1.0%, together with the known compounds 3.0% and 5.0%. The Lethal concentration asperphenamate, maslinic acid, (−)- (LC50 and LC90) of both aqueous and isololiolide, and linifolioside. chloroform extract were recorded. The Leucasperone A (1), leucasperosides A (5) results indicated that 100% mortality of I, and B (6), and linifolioside which showed II, III instar larvae of C.quinquefasciatus inhibition of prostaglandin-induced was observed at 5% concentration of contractions.(50) Leucas aspera extract whereas, 1.0% concentration of chloroform extract Hepato-protection:- exhibited 100% mortality rate against all To investigate the hepatoprotective the four instar larvae of Culex action of methanolic extract of Leucas quinquefasciatus. The results were aspera on CCl4 induced liver damage in statistically significant at P< 0.05 level. male Wistar rats a study was carried out. It From the results it was inferred that the was observed that the groups pretreated chloroform extract of Leucas aspera with L aspera and slymarin showed showed good larvicidal activity even at significantly decreased elevation of marker low concentrations compared to aqueous enzymes than the other groups. Hence it leaf extract of Leucas aspera.(53) can be inferred that methanolic extract of Another study concluded that the L aspera showed hepatoprotective activity smoke of leaves of Vitex negundo and L. against CCL4 induced toxicity. It also aspera are more toxic to the filarial vector suggested that the flavonoids present in L mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus than the aspera is responsible for this activity.(51) synthetic mosquito mats, which contain 4% d-allethrin.(54) In another study of validating the In another study it was investigated hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential for larvicidal and pupicidal activity against of methanolic extract of L aspera in the first to fourth instar lavae and pupae of CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity, convincing the laboratory-reared mosquitoes, A. results were found supporting its stephensi. The plant extract showed hepatoprotective activity. Histological larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h studies also supported the good recovery of exposure. All larval instars and pupae in MELA and standard pre-treated groups. had considerably moderate mortality;

296 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Sachin Chavan et.al., A Review on source plants of Dronapushpi however, the highest larval mortality was 421.3μg/ml. A significant (p<0.0005) found with ethanolic extract of whole plant analgesic activity was observed at 60 min of L. aspera against all the stages. The with 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg exhibited present study suggested that the ethanolic maximum activity. The maximum anti- extracts of L. aspera and B. sphaericus can inflammatory response was produced at 3 provide an excellent potential for hr and 2 hr with doses of 200 and 400 controlling of malarial vector, A. mg/kg, respectively. These results suggest stephensi.(55) that the methanolic extract from Leucas cephalotes exerts significant analgesic and Ethno-botanical uses of Leucas anti-inflammatory effects, which were cephalotes:- comparable with standard drugs.(68) The decoction of dried aerial parts of L cephalotes cures diarrhea and Anti-Inflammatory activity:- fever(56), (57). The water extract of entire Another study evaluated the anti- plant (India) acts as a good appetizer.(58) inflammatory activity of different fractions The Poultice of its flowers and leaves are and extracts of L cephalotes in dose- applied externally to treat headache.(59) dependent manner. The results showed The decoction of flower heads is used that alkaloidal fractions of the leaves orally in Nepal to treat jaundice.(60) Its causes significant reduction in flower’s decoction is used orally in India inflammation i.e 80 % (100 mg/kg) as an emmenagouge.(61) Hot water extract followed by crude methanol extract i.e 61 of dried flowers in India is used orally for % (100 mg/kg), aqueous extract i.e 58 % cough and cold.(62),(63) The juice of (100 mg/kg) compared to standard anti- unripe fruits (India) is applied externally to inflammatory drug aspirin i.e 68.62% (25 treat scabies.(64) The juice of leaves is mg/kg). This study provided evidence that used nasally as an antivenin.(65) The juice the alkaloidal fraction and methanol of leaves is used externally as an extract of Leucas cephalotes acts as potent antivenin.(66) The dried leaves when anti-inflammatory agent in rats in acute administered internally act as a blood inflammation model.(69) purifier.(67)

Anti-bacterial:- Pharmacological study on Leucas The anti-bacterial activity of L cephalotes:- cephalotes was evaluated. It showed that

organic leaf extracts from methanol, Antioxidant, analgesic and anti- hexane, ethylacetate and dichloromethane inflammatory activities:- showed prominent antibacterial activity. Evaluation for the Antioxidant, The methanol and hexane extracts were analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities found more potent against pathogenic of L cephalotes was carried out. strains of S.aureus, E.coli and Ps. Methanolic extract from the whole plant of Aeruginosa as compared to dichlomethane the Leucas cephalotes was screened for in and ethylautate.(70) vitro antioxidant (using the DPPH method), in vivo analgesic (using hot plate Anthelmintic activity:- test in mice) and anti-inflammatory (using In a study preliminary rat paw edema test) activities. The phytochemical screening of alcoholic methanolic extract of Leucas cephalotes extract was done which revealed the (MELC) scavenged the DPPH radicals in a presence of anthraquinone glycosides, dose-dependent manner. The IC50 value to phenolic compounds and steroids. The scavenge DPPH radicals was found to be aqueous extract showed presence of

297 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 2013, 4(4), 290-303 glycosides and phenolic compounds. The glucose and lipid profiles and improved alcoholic extract of leaves of Leucas the antioxidant status of both types of cephalotes demonstrated paralysis as well diabetic rats. The extract administration as death of worms in lesser time as improved hepatic glycogen content and compared to Piperazine citrate especially hexokinase activity, decreased glucose-6- at higher concentration of 100 mg/ml. phosphatase activity, blood urea, Water extract also showed significant creatinine contents and decreased lipid activity. It is assumed that phenolic peroxidation in diabetic rats.The dose of content in the extracts of Leucas 450 mg kg(-1)bw dose was found to be cephalotes is responsible for its more potent in its effects as compared to antihelminthic effects.(71) glibenclamide and metformin. Hence it can be said that L cephalotes produces a Hepatoprotective effect:- pronounced effect on carbohydrate and fat 1. This study investigated Leucas metabolism.(74) cephalotes for its anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective activity against CCL4 Carbonic Anhydrase I and II induced hepatitis. It concluded that the Inhibition:- plant of Leucas cephalotes produced a The methanolic extract of Leucas variety of antioxidants against cephalotes was tested for human carbonic molecular damage from reactive anhydrase (HCA) I and II inhibition study. oxygen species [ROS], produced by The study concluded that Leucas macrophages. The researcher is of the cephalotes is a weak inhibitor of carbonic opinion that hepato-protective and anhydrase.(75) antioxidant activity of Leucas cephalotes might be due to the Discussion:- presence of flavonoids in the Dronapushpi is a classical methanolic extract.(72) ayurvedic herb indicated in various ayurvedic works which were documented 2. According to another study on L during 1000 BC to 1800 AD. The herb is cephalotes, it possessed significant indicated in conditions namely Kamala degree of hepato-protective effect (Jaundice), Jwara (Fever), Krimi (worm against carbon tetrachloride induced infestation), Shopha (painful inflammatory hepatotoxicity. The drug probably conditions), Kasa (cough), Tamakashwasa produced effect by inhibition of (Bronchial asthama), Pandu (Anaemia) oxidative stress, because it is proposed and Prameha (Urinary disorders). that carbon tetrachloride causes hepatic Dronapushpi is attributed with Vatahara, damage via oxidative Kaphaghna, Vishaghna and Swedala degeneration.(73) activities. Botanical source includes two Diabetes mellitus:- varieties of Leucas genus i.e L cephalotes The study was aimed at evaluating and L aspera. While majority of floras the hypoglycaemic effect of ethanol compiled during the 20th century extract of leaves of Leucas cephalotes. suggested L aspera is the source plant of EELA was administered in increasing dose Dronapushpi, the official formulary of of 150, 300 and 450 mg/ kg of bw to Ayush quoted Leucas cephalotes as the diabetes induced (IDDM and NIDDM) rats classical Dronapushpi. Various compendia and carbohydrate, lipid, antioxidant, urea indicate internal administeration of and creatinine profiles were assessed. All Dronapushpi in Vishamajwara (fever the three doses of extract decreased plasma including malaria) and its corryllium for

298 Published online in http://ijam.co.in ISSN: 0976-5921 Sachin Chavan et.al., A Review on source plants of Dronapushpi the management of Kamala (jaundice) and 2. J.L.N. Shastry, Ayurvedokta Oushadha Patalgata rogas (eye disorders like Niruktamala, Varanasi, Chaukhambha cataract). A scientific validation has Orientalia,2001, p-59. already documented with regard to its role 3. Shodhala, Shodhala Nighantu, edited in ccl4 induced Hepatitis. by Sharma P.V, I edition, Baroda, Ethomedicinal uses of L cephalotes Oriental institute, 1978, p-93,128. include the usage of entire plant in the 4. Kaiyadeva, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, treatment of diarrhoea and fever. Flowers edited by Sharma P.V, Guruprasad are employed as emmenagouge and Sharma, I edition, Varanasi, prescribed for flu. Fruits are externally Chowkhamba Orientalia, 1979, p-123. applied for scabies and leaves for snake 5. Madhav, bites. L aspera leaf is administered Madhavdravyaguna(Paryayratnamala), internally in skin diseases like scabies and edited by Sharma P.V, I edition, psoriasis, snake bite poison, bronchial Varanasi, Chowkhamba asthma, headache and cough. Roasted Vidhyabhavan, 1973, p-7 flowers are administered to treat cold and 6. Bhavmishra, Bhavprakasha Nighantu, cough. The paste of leaves is applied on commentry by Chunekar K.C edited by wound along with turmeric. Leaf paste is Pandey G S Varanasi, Chowkhamba also ground with chalk and filled in tooth Bharti Academy, 2002, p-263. cavity to prevent its decay. 7. Narhari, Raj Nighantu, Dravyaguna The information of ethno-medicine Prakashika, Indradev Tripathi, III clearly indicates that the two species edition, Varanasi, Chowkhamba which are considered as the botanical Krishnadas Academy,2003, p-132. sources of Dronapushpi are applied in 8. Rajavallabh, Rajvallabh Nighantu, various conditions which are all referred in redacted by Narayan Das, Shaligram Ayurvedic texts. This part of information Vaishya, Dravyachandrika, Varanasi, is a good source to explore the kalyan, Lakshmivenkateshwara potentialities of these plants scientifically mudranalaya, 1952, p-187. which may contribute new herbal leads in 9. Shaligram Vaishya, Shaligram medicine. Nighantu, Mumbai, Khemraj, Shrikrishnadas Prakashan, 1998, p- Conclusion:- 350. Leucas cephalotes and Leucas 10. Vaidya Bapalal G, Adharsha Nighantu, aspera have been evaluated extensively for Vol-II, II edition, Varanasi, different pharmacological activities like Chowkambha Bharti Academy.1999, p-279. anti-bacterial, antipyretic, 11. Madanpala, Madanpala Nighantu, hepatoprotective, analgesic activities and Ramprasad, Tatvaprakashika Tika, studies reported significant effect. Its Bombay, Khemraj, Shrikrishnadas ethno-botanical claims also suggest its use Prakashan, 2004, p-52. in fever, jaundice, rheumatism and skin 12. P.V. Sharma, Priya Nighantu, disorders. Varanasi, Chowkhamba Surbharti Prakashana, I edition, 2004, p-111. References:- 13. Yadavji Trikamji, Dravyaguna 1. Kirtikar, K. R., and Basu, B. D. 1990. vidyanam part-2,Sharma Ayurved "Indian medicinal plants” (Ed) Bidtter, mandir, 4th edition, pg-305-306. E. caius.J. F., and Mhaskar K. S. 14. P.V. Sharma, Dravyaguna Vignan, 2019.Periodical Expert’s Book Varanasi, Chowkhamba Bharti Company. Academy, vol 2, 2011, p-709-711.

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