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Leucas Martinicensis (Jacquin) R American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2015, Vol. 2, No. 4 ISSN: 2348-9502 Available online at http://www.ajethno.com © American Journal of Ethnomedicine Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacognosy of Lamiaceae Species from Central Burkina Faso: Leucas martinicensis (Jacquin) R. Brown, Hoslundia opposita Vahl and Orthosiphon pallidus Royle Ex Benth Kansole Michelline Marie Regina*1, Hilou Adama1, Millogo Jeanne2 and Nacoulma Odile1 1University of Ouagadougou, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Chemistry (LABIOCA), Burkina Faso 2University of Ouagadougou, Laboratory of Biology and Plants Ecology (LEBEV), Burkina Faso *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Objective: The main objective of the current work is to assess the ethnobotany and ethnopharmacognosy of Lamiaceae species from central Burkina Faso, and especially to focuss on the biological activities of Leucas martinicensis (Jacquin) R. Brown, Hoslundia opposita Vahl and Orthosiphon pallidus Royle Ex Benth. Methods: Different methods have been used to reach the above objective such as the Ethnobotanical survey that concerned 13 Lamiaceae species of the study area, the phytochemicals screening, the antiradical activities via FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods. The Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was also performed. Results: The three species play an important role in the Burkinabe ethnomedicine as antibacterial since historical times. After some pharmacognostical surveys, the ethnobotanical investigation showed that these species are used in traditional medicine for different diseases treatment. All parts (stems, leaves, roots, flowers, fruits) of these species are used as antipyretic, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anti -diarrheic, eyes cleanser, and to heal rheumatic diseases, skin diseases, etc. Phytochemical investigation of these species showed the presence of compounds such as flavonoids (mainly for Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth), polyphenols, saponins and coumarins. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis allowed to get more insight into the polyphenolic compounds and led to the isolation of cafeic acid and two undetermined flavonoids. The in vitro biological activity showed high bioactivity of the extracts as free radical scavenger and anti-gout. Page 219 www.ajethno.com American Journal of Ethnomedicine ________________________________________ ISSN: 2348-9502 Conclusion: The current study is a boost up to recognize and to valorize scientifically the use of these three Lamiaceae species in the traditional medicines, particularly in Burkina Faso via the results obtained. Keywords- Ethnobotany, Lamiaceae, Phenolics, Flavonoids, Antioxidants, Gout, Burkina Faso. INTRODUCTION constituents and biological activities of some extracts. The use of plants for medicinal purpose has a long history in many indigenous societies MATERIAL AND METHODS and they are continuing to play important Study zone and inhabitants roles in the treatment of various diseases, Burkina Faso, usually known as the mainly in rural areas in Africa. The practices land of upright men is a landlocked country of traditional medicine are based on a long situated in the middle of West Africa and period of beliefs and empirical covers a surface of approximately 274 000 observations1. Lamiaceae or Labiatae are an km². It is located inside the loop of the River important family of plants which includes Niger between 10° and 15° north latitude about 6000 species and about 210 genera. and between 2° east and 5° 30' west This family is an important source of longitude. The climate is a dry season essential oils, infusion and natural (October to May) and a non regular rainy antibiotics for aromatherapy, perfumery season (June to September). The although synthetic fragrances tend to replace homogenous and seasonal dependent vegetal these species. Cosmetical firms use landscape is made of Parkia biglobosa Lamiaceae species usually for their (Néré), Vitellaria paradoxa (Karité), Cassia moisturizing and antiseptic properties. sp and Andasonia digitata ecosystems. Leucas martinicensis (Jacquin) R. Brown, Species such as Azadirachta indica (Neem) Hoslundia opposita Vahl and Orthosiphon and Eucalyptus sp., have been introduced to pallidus Royle ex Benth are three species of slow down desertification. The Mossi the Lamiaceae family growing in many plateau also called central plateau comprises regions of Burkina faso. In Ouagadougou, the central part of the country where is these plants are sold in medicinal drug located the Capital city, Ouagadougou. markets as ingredients of recipes for Mossi are the dominant ethnic group even treatment of infectious or inflammatory though other people with different ethnic diseases. backgrounds have settled in the area. The overall objective of the current Cultivation of crops like sorghum and study is to document the ethnobotanical pastoralism are the major economic knowledges on medicinal lamiaceae species activities of the local people2. Because of the in the region surrounding Ouagadougou. weakness of the modern health system and This region called Kadiogo Province services, but mainly due to the cultural comprises many ethnical groups of the beliefs the majority of the population use country, because Ouagadougou is the capital traditional medicine and particularly city of Burkina Faso. From the most used medicinal plants as primary health care. species, we aim to screen the phyto- Page 220 American Journal of Ethnomedicine ________________________________________ ISSN: 2348-9502 Sites and informants selection names have been verified from the Based on information from the literature4. Direction Générale de la Pharmacie, du Médicament et des Laboratoires Laboratory material and methods (DGPML), the national administration in Stems with leaves of the three most charge of traditional medicine, and the cited species were collected: Leucas mayor office of Ouagadougou, sampling martinicensis Jacquin) R. (Collected at sites for ethnobotanical data collection were University of Ouagadougou and deposited selected from seven sites that are located in as LM 01.), Hoslundia opposita Vahl the administrative department of (collected at the Bangr - Weoogo urban park Ouagadougou (Koubri, patte-d’oie, of Ouagadougou and deposited as HO 01.) Gounghin, Pissy, Cissin, Tanghin dassouri, and Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth yagma). (harvested at the University of A total of 39 traditional medicine Ouagadougou and deposited as OP 01.). The practitioners and 67 users of the traditional plant material was washed and dried in the medicine products were systematically laboratory away from sunlight and dust. chosen according to the method of Martin3. They are then finely grinded and stored in clean plastic bags. In addition, some fresh Semi-structured interview plants were kept for botanical investigations The survey was based on a (histochemistry). questionnaire model. A confidence relationship was established with the Histochemical characterization traditional medicine practitioners. No money In order to characterize was given to informers. Interviews were biochemically the different tissues of the conducted in French or in moore (the plant (parenchyma, collenchyma, phloem, language spoken by Mossi people) xylem, sclerenchyma), histochemical sometimes with the help of translators who sections were performed on freshly were conversant with the local language. harvested leaves, stems and roots of Leucas The survey focused on following martinicensis (Jacquin) R. Brown, Lamiaceae species: leucas martinicensis (J.) Hoslundia opposita Vahl and Orthosiphon R. Br, Hoslundia opposita Vahl., pallidus Royle ex Benth. The sections were Orthosiphon pallidus R. ex B., Mentha treated with green Carmino after successive viridis L., Mentha piperita L., Mentha passages in bleach and acetic acid 1%. aquatica L., Ocimum americanum L., Tannins and alkaloids have been Ocimum basilicum L., Solenostemon characterized using aqueous solution of rotundifolius (Poir.) J. K. Morton, FeCl3 1% and lugol 3%, respectively. Solenostemon monostashyus (P.Beauv.) Specific reagents are then used to identify Brig, Hyptis spicigera Lam., Hyptis other secondary metabolites in the tissues5. suaveolens (L.) Poit.) and Tinnea barteri Sections have then been observed and Gürke. imaged under a light microscope at X 10. The mentioned plants were harvested according to the interviewed persons and Extraction identified by Prof. Millogo J., from The plant powder (25 g) was University of Ouagadougou biodiversity extracted using a Soxhlet system with 250 center where voucher herbarium specimens ml chloroform and then 250 ml methanol were deposited. The correspondences (until clear supernatant; 3 to 8 h cycling). between the Moore names and scientific Page 221 American Journal of Ethnomedicine ________________________________________ ISSN: 2348-9502 The extracts were then dried using a colorimetry of aluminium complexes. The Rotavapor system. results are expressed in mg quercetin equivalents per 100 mg of extract (mg Phytochemical screening EQ/100 mg). The phytochemical screening Flavonols were assayed using the consisted of a qualitative analysis of metal-chelation colometry method by secondary metabolites present in the plant Abarca et al.8. The results are expressed as samples using classical color or precipitation Quercetin Equivalent for 100 mg of dry reactions. Reactions were carried out (i) in extract. chloroform extracts, for sterols, triterpenes, Tannins were measured by flavonoid and coumarinaglycone; and (ii)
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