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Kahak Earthquake, Damghan Earth Dam Journal of Civil Engineering Research 2012, 2(1): 1-6 DOI: 10.5923/j.jce.20120201.01 Comparison of Nonlinear Time Domain Site Response Analysis Subjected to Earthquake Provokes-Case Study Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri1,*, Bizhan Esfandiyari2, Katayoun Behzadafshar3, Mohammad Amin Vares4 1Department of Geophysics, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran 2Department Engineering, Engineering faculty of Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran 4Department Engineering, Islamic Azad Universty, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Abstract The present paper aims to characterize the nonlinear time domain seismic site response analysis taking into consideration geomorphological conditions, geotechnical and geophysical parameters by use of generated geotechnical based GUI computer software. In this paper a case study on ground response analysis of a seismic geotechnical site response analysis on Damghan earth dam in Semnan province of Iran during the Kahak earthquake (Ml5.7, 2007) after the magnitude-scaling factor is presented. For site characterization, deep site investigations have been undertaken and the nonlinearity on site response for the selected site with assumption of elastic and rigid half space bedrock by use of nonlinear standard hyperbolic model was evaluated. The modeling was implemented using the combination of several computer codes with MATLAB programming tool and their results over a number of geotechnical areas were compared to each other. The key factor in this work was to develop and use “Abbas Converter” and the present research shows its ability on site response analyses procedure. Keywords Abbas Converter, Kahak Earthquake, Damghan Earth Dam response. Idriss (1991) indicates that if PGA is more than 1. Introduction 0.4g at soft soil sites, the effect will be noticeable. Midorikawa (1993) and Beresnev (2002) also estimate Site response analysis is usually the first step of any nonlinear site response if PGA exceeds 200gal, or peak seismic soil-structure interaction study and the problem ground velocity (PGV) exceeds 15cm/s. refers to predict soil response at selected locations of the profile such at the free surface or foundation depth, resulting from the prescribed seismic excitation. On mathematics 2. Geological Setting of Semnan point of view, the problem is wave propagation in a Province continuous medium. Modeling of nonlinear soil behavior in The portion of Alpine belt from Iran in the west to Burma 3D wave propagation exactly is extremely difficult and for in the east, seismically, is one of the most active this reason, the main response in the soil deposit can properly intercontinental regions of the world. Semnan region is part approximated with 1D or 2D vertical propagation of shear of the Iranian plateau that is subjected to many tectonic waves (Vs). There are large varieties of computer programs activities, including active folding, faulting and volcanic available for solving the 1D wave equation. eruptions. Semnan province is placed in southern flank of Nonlinear site response has discussed by Seed and Idriss Alborz Mountains and north of Kavir desert of Iran, so its (1970). However, linear theory has generally been used to geology setting belongs to Alborz and central Iran structural estimate site response (Borcherdt, 1970; Aguirre et al., 1994). zones. Semnan fault (passes from north of Semnan) and With more data being recorded in the near source areas of Attari fault (30 km east of Semnan) are two major structural recent large earthquakes, it has become clear that nonlinear features with general NE-SW trend which pass through the site response can have a major effect (Idriss, 1991; Aki, 1993; northern part of Semnan province. Geological data specially Iwasaki and Tai, 1996; Field et al., 1997, 1998; Bonilla et al., the comparison of geological characteristics of northern part (2005). Several studies have estimated at what level of (Alborz) and southern part (Central Iran) have demonstrated shaking one should expect a noticeable nonlinear site that in fact there are not contrasting differences between * Corresponding author: northern and southern parts, in other words northern parts of [email protected] (Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri) this province is in fact the folded margin of central Iran. Published online at http://journal.sapub.org/jce However, block tectonics has caused creation of sedimentary Copyright © 2012 Scientific & Academic Publishing. All Rights Reserved basins in tectonic realms of these fault zones so that the 2 Abbas Abbaszadeh Shahri et al.: Comparison of Nonlinear Time Domain Site Response Analysis Subjected to Earthquake Provokes- Case Study lithology and thickness of lithostratigraphic units of the same Insitu measurement of Vs using geophysical methods is the age have some differences in both sides of these fault zones. best method for measuring the Gmax (Rolling et al. 1998). Geophysical methods are based on the fact that the velocity Alborz domain 1. Abbassabad volcanic belt of propagation of a wave in an elastic body is a function of 2. Torud metamorphic the modulus of elasticity, Poisson ratio and density of 1. Belongs to southern flank of Alborz complexes material (Hvorslev 1949). range 2. Rough and high morphology 3. 3. Dasht-e-Kavir depression By consideration, a uniform soil layer lying on an elastic Exist anticlinal and synclinal long and 4. Formation ophiolitic zone layer of rock that extends to infinite depth and the subscripts tight folds 4. Oldest rocks of this s and r refer to soil and rock, the horizontal displacement due domain are shale, green sandstone and to vertically propagation harmonic S wave in each material tuffs of Kahar formation with limited can be written as: Geological aspects of ω + * ω − * outcrop in the core of some anticlinal u(,) Z t= A ei( t Ks Z s ) + B ei() t Ks Z s (1) Semnan province at a s s s s structures. 6. These rock sequence are * * i(ω t+ Kr Z r ) i(ω t− Kr Z r ) composed of limestone, dolomites, quick glance ur(,) Z r t= Ar e + Bs e (2) siltstone, shale, sandstone u: displacement, ω: circular frequency of the harmonic wave, k*: complex wave number Faults No shear stress can exist at the ground surface (zs=0), so * * ∂us (0, t ) (3) τt),0( =GG s γ t),0( = s = 0 ∂zs * Name of fault strike Lengt Other characteristics Where Gs = G (1+2iξ) is the complex shear modulus of the h (km) soil. Schnabel et al. (1972) explained that within a given layer (layer j); the horizontal displacements for two motions Damghan NE-SW >100 Active , Compressional (A and B) may be given as: * * mechanism ikiz i −ikiz i iω t ur(,)( z i t= Ai e + Bi e) e (4) Garmsar E-W >100 ----- Thus, at the boundary between layer j and j+1, Kavir Chah Jam ---- >92 Quaternery , compatibility of displacements requires that: * * ik jh j −ik jh j Compressional Aj+1+ B j+ 1 = A j e + Bj e (5) mechanism Continuity of shear stresses requires that: ** G k * − * Semnan NE-SW --- Biased j j ik jh j ik jh j (6) ABj+1+ j+ 1 = (Aj e− Bj e ) G* k * Anjirloo thrust NE-SE-SW 22 East of Damghan j+1 j +1 The effective shear strain of equivalent linear analysis is Deraz kouh NE-SW 35 Parallel to Semnan fault computed as: Figure 1. quick glance of geological features of Semnan province γeff = Rγ γ max (7) M −1 (8) The historical context of earthquakes in this region has Rγ = been compiled by Ambraseys and Melville (2005). 10 First-motion data indicate that these earthquakes are almost γmax: maximum shear strain in the layer, Rγ: strain all generated by reverse slip and subsidiary strike-slip reduction factor, M: magnitude of earthquake movements (Dehghani and Makris, 1983). The strike-slip The motion at any layer can be easily computed from the component of deformation probably has a complex origin. motion at any other layer (e.g. input motion imposed at the Earthquakes are characteristically shallow, of large bottom of the soil column) using the transfer function that magnitude but are discontinuous, with long recurrence relates displacement amplitude at layer i to that the layer j: periods (Berberian 1977). Figure1 shows the general u a()()ω+ b ω F ()ω =i = i i (9) geological aspects of the Semnan province. ij ω+ ω u j aj ()() b j The nonlinear hyperbolic model used in this paper was 3. Mathematical Modeling of Nonlinear developed by Konder and Zelasko (1963) to model the Soil Behavior stress-strain soil behavior of soils subjected to constant rate of loading. The hyperbolic equation is defined as: In site response analysis, soil properties including shear G γ G γ (10) modulus and cyclic soil behavior are required. Shear τ = mo = mo G γ modulus is estimated using field tests such as seismic down 1+ (mo γ ) 1+ ( ) τ γ hole or cross hole tests. Cyclic soil behavior is characterized mo r using laboratory tests such as resonant column, cyclic τ: shear stress, γ: shear strain, Gmo: initial shear modulus, triaxial or simple shear tests. The maximum shear modulus is τmo: shear strength, γr = τmo/ Gmo: reference shear strain defined as Gmax and corresponds to the initial shear modulus. The reference shear strain is strain at which failure would Journal of Civil Engineering Research: 2012; 2(1): 1-6 3 occur if soil were to behave elastically. It has been built over Cheshmeh Ali River, 12 km northwest of considered a material constant by Hardin and Drnevich Damghan city. About 200 billion rials have been invested in (1972). The reference strain can also be represented as the project and 135 billion rials are needed for building function of initial tangent modulus and undrained shear irrigation and drainage network of the dam.
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