Italian Alps): from Tradition to Scientific Approaches

Article Using Medicinal Plants in Valmalenco (Italian Alps): from Tradition to Scientific Approaches

Martina Bottoni 1,2, Fabrizia Milani 1,2, Lorenzo Colombo 1,2, Kevin Nallio 1,2, Paola Sira Colombo 1,2, Claudia Giuliani 1,2, Piero Bruschi 3 and Gelsomina Fico 1,2,*

1 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (F.M.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (K.N.); [email protected] (P.S.C.); [email protected] (C.G.) 2 Botanical Garden G.E. Ghirardi, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Milan, Toscolano Maderno, Brescia 25088, Italy 3 Department of Agricultural, Environmental, Food and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Florence, Florence 50144 code, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 7 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: date

Abstract: This ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Caspoggio (Valmalenco, SO, Italy) with the purpose of investigating the traditional uses of medicinal plants. Moreover, a bibliographic research meant to validate or refute the uses, focusing on the potentially responsible compounds, was performed. Fifty-nine species, attributable to 30 families (Asteraceae, Pinaceae, Malvaceae, and Lamiaceae the most cited), were mentioned. Arnica montana, anti-inflammatory for traumas and musculoskeletal pains; Pinus mugo, expectorant; Malva sylvestris, anti-inflammatory and soothing; Achillea moschata, digestive. The compounds, responsible for the therapeutic activities, are often polyphenols and terpenoids: helenanin in A. montana, α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene in P. mugo, gossypin and malvin in M. sylvestris, luteolin and apigenin in A. moschata. Scientific evidence for at least one of the traditional activities described was found for 50 species but only in 26 out of 196 works consulted, it is possible to make a comparison between investigated extracts and traditional preparations. This study is thus a stimulus to new phytochemical investigations, mimicking as much as possible the traditional preparations. This work is part of the European Interreg Italy- Switzerland B-ICE project, aimed at creating a management model for the ongoing climate change and searching for new sources of territory valorization as attractions for tourists.

Keywords: Valmalenco; ethnobotany; traditional uses; medicinal plants; climate change

Molecules 2020, 25, x; doi: www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules

Molecules 2020, 25, x 2 of 29

Table S1. Bibliographic research on plants used for human and animal healthcare. For the complete Reference list, please see the main text. Traditional uses in Valmalenco Bibliograph Bibliographic ic Bibliographic Latin name Part of the plant Field Category reference: reference: reference: Active Vernacular name Detailed use and preparation of use of use Ethnobotany Biological compounds activity Adoxaceae Fruits/infructescen Digestive Laxative, intestinal ces/accessory Med tract [3,15,153] [153] motility fruits (eaten raw) disorders Anthocyanins (Cyanidin- Gynecolog 3-sambubioside, ical Chrysanthemin, Cyanidin- Flowers/infloresce disorders, 3,5-diglucoside); nces/flowering Med obstetric Galactagogue Proanthocyanidins tops (infusion) and (epicatechin); Flavonoids Sambucus nigra L. puerperal (Rutin, isoquercetin); Sambuco nero problems Peptic polysaccharides; Sembüc Flowers/infloresce Bronchitis Lectins (SNA-IV, SNA-V) nces/flowering Asthmatic of berries extracts: tops (infusion in bronchitis immunostimulant, water or milk, Respirator Expectorant, [3,13,14,15,1 [154,155,15 antiviral (against flu), and syrup) Med y tract decongestant, 9,155,204,205 6] antimicrobic activities infections emollient ,206] [155] Fruits/infructescen Sorethroat and ces/accessory hoarseness fruits (eaten raw) Cough Apiaceae WHO Gastric WHO Foeniculum Monograph - Epigeal part Digestive antispasmodic Monograph - E.O.: antispasmodic, vulgare Mill. Fructus (Whole) Med tract Digestive Fructus carminative, anticolitic Finocchio Foeniculi (infusion) disorders Carminative Foeniculi [29] [69,70] selvatico, aneto [29] Stomachache [69,206,207] [31,69,70] Asteraceae Achillea Epigeal part Skin Anti-inflammatory, OMS [25] (Anti- Sesquiterpene millefolium L. (Whole) diseases disinfectant and Monograph - inflammatory Med santamarin: anti- Achillea millefoglio, (compresses with and wound healing, Herba Millefolii , inflammatory (OMS danedun infusion) traumas Emollient, soothing [23] antibacterial) Molecules 2020, 25, x 3 of 29

[3,13,15,18,2 [24] Monograph - Herba 5] (Antibacteria Millefolii [23]) l) Flowers/infloresce Dicaffeoylquinic acids, Circulator nces/flowering flavonoids, proazulenic Med y system Blood depurative [3,25] tops sesquiterpene lactone disorders (infusion) (matricin): anti- Flowers/infloresce Digestive WHO inflammatory activity; nces/flowering Digestive Abdominal pain Monograph - E.O. antibacterial activity; [3,13,15,19,2 tops (infusion) Med tract Stomachache Herba flavonoids (apigenina, 4,25] disorders Astringent, Millefolii [23] luteolin): estrogenic Leaves (infusion) antidiarrheal [19,24,25] activity [25] WHO Monograph - E.O. (terpinolene, 1,8- Epigeal part Herba cineol, thujone, γ- (Whole) Musculosk Contusions Millefolii terpinene, borneol, (compress or bath eletal Sprains and (Anti- camphor), rutin: with infusion) system Med dislocations inflammatory antibacterial, antioxidant, disorders Articolar pain and ) [23] and antinociceptive; Leaves (compress and Inflammations [25](Anti- apigenin 7-O-glucoside, or bath with traumas inflammatory luteolin 7-O-glucoside: infusion) ) anti-inflammatory; [24] quercetin, apigenin, and WHO luteolin antispasmodic; Flowers/infloresce Gynecolog Monograph - luteolin-7-O-beta-D- nces/flowering Anti-inflammatory ical Herba glucuronide: coleretic; tops (infusion) and soothing disorders, Millefolii dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl Rash Med obstetric [3,13] (Anti- alcohol, and 9-O-beta-D- Epigeal part Menstrual pains and inflammatory glucopyranoside: (Whole) (wash or Menopausal puerperal ) [23] estrogenic [24] bath with disorders problems [24,25] infusion)

WHO Flowers/infloresce Respirator Expectorant, Monograph - nces/flowering Med y tract decongestant, [15,24,25] Herba tops (fumigation) infections emollient Millefolii [23] Flowers/infloresce General Infections Med [24,25] nces/flowering condition Relaxant footbath Molecules 2020, 25, x 4 of 29

tops (infusion, footbath) Flowers/infloresce WHO Disinfectant for nces/flowering Monograph - Vet Cattle cattle legs wounds [15] tops (wash with Herba Intestinal disorders infusion) Millefolii [23] WHO Flowers/infloresce Cattle Monograph - nces/flowering Vet Intestinal disorders Dogs Herba tops (infusion) Millefolii [23] Epigeal part Skin Anti-inflammatory, (Whole) diseases Antimicrobial Med disinfectant and [3,26] (compresses with and [26] wound healing infusion) traumas Flowers/infloresce Circulator nces/flowering Med y system Hypotensive [13,26] tops Phenolic and caffeic disorders (infusion) compounds (7-O-glucosyl Flowers/infloresce luteolin, 7-O-β-glucosyl nces/flowering Gastric apigenin, 3-O-β-glucosyl- tops antispasmodic kaempferol, Luteolin, Digestive (infusion) Digestive [3,13,14,15,2 Apigenin, 3-O-β- Med tract Carminative 2,26,208,209] Rutinosyl-isorhamnetin, disorders Achillea moschata Epigeal part Abdominal pain 3-O-β -Glucosyl- Wulfen (Whole) Stomachache isorhamnetin Erba iva, daneda (infusion) 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, Musculosk 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid): Epigeal part eletal antioxidant activity; (Whole) system Inflammations and E.O. (camphor, 1-8- Med [13] (footbath/bath disorders pain cineole, bornylacetate): with infusion) and antibacterial traumas [26] Gynecolog ical Flowers/infloresce disorders, nces/flowering Med obstetric Menstrual pains [13,15,26] tops (infusion) and puerperal problems Molecules 2020, 25, x 5 of 29

Epigeal part Nervous Sedative hypnotic, (Whole) Med system [3,15,26] promotes sleep (infusion) disorders Epigeal part Respirator (Whole) Med y tract Cough [3,15,26] (infusion) infections Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering General Med Anti-inflammatory [3,15,22,26] tops condition (infusion) Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering Intestinal Vet Cattle [2,3,13,15,26] tops problems, bloating (infusion) Underground organs Urinary Remineralizing Helenanin (sesquiterpene (roots/bulbs/tuber Med tract Urinary tract lactone): analgesic and s/rhizomes) disorders depurative anti-inflammatory (decoction) (WHO Monograph - Flos Flowers/infloresce Arnicae [29] [30,33,34] nces/flowering tops Helenanin (sesquiterpene WHO (exudate/EtOH Skin lactone): atimicrobial [31] Anti-inflammatory, Monograph - extract diseases [2,13,14,15,2 Med disinfectant and Flos Arnicae application) and 2,30] MeOH extract per os wound healing [29] Arnica montana L. traumas (quinic acids, inositol [30,36] subsp. montana Leaves esters, rutin, gallic acid): Arnica (boiled and antinflammatory applied) [32] Flowers/infloresce Contusions Musculosk WHO WHO nces/flowering Articolar pain and Helenanin and dihydro- eletal Monograph - Monograph - tops inflammations helenanin: anti- system Flos Arnicae Flos Arnicae (exudate/exudate Med Rheumatic pain inflammatory disorders [29] [29] in ointment or Muscle [30,31,36] and [2,3,13,14,15, [30,31,32,36 compresses with inflammations and traumas 30] ] infusion) pain Flavonoids and phenols: Flowers/infloresce Digestive Stomachache antioxidant WHO nces/flowering Med tract Stomach [30] Monograph - tops disorders depurative Molecules 2020, 25, x 6 of 29

(infusion) Flos Arnicae [29] WHO Flowers/infloresce Monograph - nces/flowering Anti-inflammatory General Flos Arnicae tops Med Analgesic [15,30] condition [29] (exudate Infections [30,31,33,34 application) ,35,36] Flowers/infloresce Digestive [31,37,38] nces/flowering [2,3,13,14,15, Med tract Digestive (Opposite tops 22,205] disorders effect - [40]) Bitter taste due to (infusion) sesquiterpenes lactones Artemisia Flowers/infloresce Nervous (absinthin, anabsinthin, absinthium L. nces/flowering Cephalea due to Med system [14] arthabsin, anabsin): Assenzio tops digestive disorders disorders digestive (infusion) [31,37,39] Epigeal part (Whole) Vet Cattle Promotes digestion [13,14,15] [31,37] (eaten raw) Epigeal part Digestive (Whole) Med tract Digestive [2,3,13,15,18] [39,41] (infusion) disorders Gynecolog Some of the ical sesquiterpenes lactones Artemisia genipi Epigeal part disorders, (such as santamarine) of Weber (Whole) Med obstetric Menstrual pains génépi may activate Genepì (infusion) and hTAS2R46 bitter taste puerperal receptors problems [39,41] Epigeal part Respirator (Whole) Med y tract Colds [15,18] [39,41] (infusion) infections WHO WHO Flavonoids (quercitin): Flowers/infloresce Anti-inflammatory, Monograph - Monograph - antioxidant nces/flowering Skin disinfectant and Calendula Flos Flos [45] tops diseases wound healing officinalis L. Med Calendulae Calendulae (compresses with and Sunburns, burns, Calendula [43] [43] Triterpenoid esters infusion, traumas frostbites, redness [3,13,14,15,4 [31,44,45,46 (faradiol-3-O-laurate, ointment) and rash 4,47,206] ,47] faradiol-3-O-palmitate e Molecules 2020, 25, x 7 of 29

Emollient, soothing faradiol-3-O-myristate): Insect bites anti-inflammatory. WHO Quercitin: partially WHO Monograph - inhibits collagen Epigeal part Monograph - Circulator Flos degradation and MMP2 (Whole) Promotes Flos Med y system Calendulae activity. (compresses with circulation Calendulae disorders [43] Quercetin-3-O-glucoside infusion) [43] and rutin stimulate [2,15] [46,48] primary fibroblasts. Flowers/infloresce [44] Urinary Cystitis and other nces/flowering Med tract inflammation of the tops Carotenoids or their disorders urinary tract (infusion) degradation compounds may promote wound healing more than Musculosk WHO triterpenes Flowers/infloresce eletal Monograph - [47] nces/flowering Contusions system Flos tops Med Articolar pain and [210] disorders Calendulae Terpenoids and (macerated oil, inflammations and [43] flavonoids: anti- ointment) traumas [13,15] inflammatory and antiedema [46] Flowers/infloresce Animal skin allergic nces/flowering Vet Alpacas reactions tops Flowers/infloresce Urinary Synergic activity of nces/flowering Med tract Depurative [211,212] different non-polar tops disorders compounds (i.e. palmitic, (infusion) oleic, and linoleic acids): Flowers/infloresce antiviral and anti- Carduus nutans L. nces/flowering Vet Cattle Galactagogue inflammatory [49] Cardo svizzero tops

(eaten raw) Flavonoids luteolin and Flowers/infloresce apigenin: anti- nces/flowering Vet Cattle Throat depurative [49] inflammatory and tops antioxidant [211,212] (eaten raw) Molecules 2020, 25, x 8 of 29

Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering Vet Cattle Galactagogue Carlina acaulis L. tops subsp. intybus (eaten raw) Carlina bianca, Flowers/infloresce Pane degli alpini nces/flowering Vet Cattle Throat depurative tops (eaten raw) Cichorium intybus Urinary [3,15,56,57,2 L. Leaves (infusion) Med tract Depurative [56,57] 06,213,214] Catalogna disorders WHO Apigenin: anti- Flowers/infloresce Monograph – inflammatory nces/flowering Flos [31,108,109]; ansiolitic Ophthalmi Ocular anti- tops Med Chamomillae [31,67] and antispasmodic c ailments inflammatory (compresses with [43] [31,108] infusion) [3,14,15,22,2 06,215] Bisabolol: antispasmodic WHO [108] Monograph – Flowers/infloresce Abdominal pain Digestive Flos Bisabolol, chamazulene: nces/flowering Stomachache [3,15,67,109, Med tract Chamomillae antibacterial and tops Gastric 111,205,206] disorders [43] antifungal [31]; Anti- (infusion) antispasmodic [31,108,109, inflammatory (WHO Matricaria 110] Monograph – Flos chamomilla L. WHO Chamomillae [43]; [31]) Camomilla Monograph – Flowers/infloresce Nervous [3,13,14,15,3 Flos Matricin: anti- nces/flowering Sedative hypnotic, Med system 1,109,111,112 Chamomillae inflammatory and tops promotes sleep disorders ,205,206] [43] spasmolytic (WHO (infusion) [31,108,109, Monograph – Flos 111,112] Chamomillae [43])

WHO Flowers/infloresce Flavonoids (apigenina and Monograph – nces/flowering luteolin): anti- General Flos tops Med Emollient, soothing [15] inflammatory (WHO condition Chamomillae (bath/washing Monograph – Flos [43] with infusion) Chamomillae [43]; [31] ansiolitic [111] Molecules 2020, 25, x 9 of 29

Apigenin-7-O-Glucoside found in aqueos extracts [216] Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering Ocular anti- tops Vet All inflammatory, [168] [31,67] (compresses with conjunctivitis infusion) Flowers/infloresce Circulator nces/flowering Med y system Blood depurative [157] Silymarin and silybin: anti tops (infusion) disorders hepatotoxic (WHO Monograph - Fructus Silybi Mariae [23]; [31,157,158]); anti- WHO Silybum marianum inflammatory and Monograph – (L.) Gaertn. antioxidant. Flowers/infloresce Digestive Fructus Cardo mariano (WHO Monograph - nces/flowering Med tract Liver depurative [22,157] Silybi Mariae Fructus Silybi Mariae tops (infusion) disorders [23] [23]; [31]) [31,157,158

] Silybin detected in inflorescences [217] Flowers/infloresce Oropharyn [163] (Anti- Bitter Sesquiterpene nces/flowering geal inflammatory Med Sorethroat glucosides 14-O-beta-D- tops cavity ) glucosyl-11,13-dihydro- (syrup) affections [162] taraxinic acid and 14-O- Flowers/infloresce beta-D-glucosyl-taraxinic nces/flowering Taraxacum spp. acid (from MeOH tops (applied raw) Acne, pimples, Tarassaco extract): anti- foruncles, skin Zicòria/dent de Skin inflammatory Latex or sap abscesses [163] (Anti- can diseases [166,218] (latex raw) Med Anti-inflammatory, [15,219] inflammatory and disinfectant and ) traumas Triterpene uvaol (from Epigeal part wound healing dried flowers): anti- (Whole) Insect bites inflammatory [168] (compresses with

infusion) Molecules 2020, 25, x 10 of 29

Underground Sesquiterpene lactones organs Circulator and phenylpropanoids: (roots/bulbs/tuber Med y system Blood depurative [2,19,165] anti-inflammatory. s/rhizomes) disorders Terpenoids and bitter (eaten) lactones: could be active Flowers/infloresce on the liver [163] nces/flowering tops (macerated in alcohol, eaten Gastric Digestive [13,14,15,22, raw sometimes antispasmodic [163,164,16 Med tract 164,165,205,2 with leaves, Digestive 5] disorders 06,220] infusion) Liver depurative

Epigeal part (Whole) (syrup) Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering tops (infusion)

Leaves (infusion Kidney stones or decoction) Cystitis and other

Urinary inflammation of the Epigeal part [2,13,19,163, [163,165,16 Med tract urinary tract (Whole) (infusion) 165,206,219] 6,167] disorders Urinary tract

depurative Underground Diuretic organs (roots/bulbs/tuber s/rhizomes) (infusion or decoction) Expectorant, decongestant, Flowers/infloresce emollient Respirator nces/flowering Flu and flu [13,15,163,16 Med y tract tops syndromes 5] infections (syrup, infusion) Sorethroat and hoarseness Cough Molecules 2020, 25, x 11 of 29

Flowers/infloresce General [3,15,163,165 [163,165,16 nces/flowering Med Anti-inflammatory condition ] 8] tops (syrup) [163,168] Flowers/infloresce Other Anti-inflammatory (Anti- nces/flowering Vet [219] animals for infected wounds inflammatory tops (applied raw) ) Betulaceae Circulator Hypocholesterolemi Acid betulinic: anti- Leaves (infusion) Med y system [42] c inflammatory and diuretic disorders [42] Urinary Urinary tract Betula pendula Leaves (infusion) Med tract depurative [3,15,42,221] [42] Roth Poliphenols (catechins, p- disorders Diuretic Pendula coumaric acid, myricetin, Leaves (infusion) quercetin, and General Tonic and Med [42] kaempferol): antioxidant Latex or sap condition corroborant [221] (drunk raw) Brassicaceae Arthrosis Contusions Musculosk Sprains and eletal dislocations Leaves (applied as system Med Rheumatic pain [3,205,206] Brassica oleracea a poultice) disorders Inflammations and L. and pain Verza traumas Articolar pain and inflammations Respirator Leaves (applied as Med y tract Improves breathing a poultice) infections Caprifoliaceae [189,190,19 Valepotriates, valerenic 1,192,193,1 acid and derivatives, Valeriana Epigeal part Nervous Sedative hypnotic, 94,195] E.O.: sedative officinalis L. (Whole) Med system [15,195,206] promotes sleep ([196] no [222] Valeriana (infusion) disorders statistically Valerenic acid and E.O. significant [194] Molecules 2020, 25, x 12 of 29

difference to Sesquiterpenes, valerenic placebo) acid [168,195] Cupressaceae Fruits/infructescen ces/accessory fruits Digestive [2,3,14,15,18, (infusion) Med tract Digestive 19,77,78,223, [77,78,79]

disorders 224] Epigeal part E.O.: digestive (Whole) [79] Juniperus (infusion) communis L. Fruits/infructescen E.O. (α-pinene 20-50%, Ginepro Nervous ces/accessory Sedative hypnotic, sabinene <20%, β-pinene Pedüli de càvar Med system [225] fruits promotes sleep 1-12%, β-myrcene 1- disorders (infusion) 30%) [77,78] Fruits/infructescen Colds ces/accessory Respirator Expectorant, [3,13,14,15,7 fruits Med y tract decongestant, 8,224] (infusion, infections emollient salve/ointment) Equisetaceae Diuretic High concentrations of Herbaceous Urinary Depurative [2,3,13,14,15, flavonoids, phenolic stems/scapes Med tract [60,61,62] Kidney stones 62] compound, and mineral (infusion) disorders Remineralizing salts: mild diuretic action; Musculosk silicon salts: may indicate Herbaceous eletal remineralisation Equisetum arvense stems/scapes system [60,61,63,64 properties Med Contusions [3] L. (applied as a disorders ,65,66] [62] Erba cavallina, poultice) and equiseto, coda traumas Kynurenic acid: anti- cavallina Gynecolog inflammatory and ical analgesic [64,66] Herbaceous disorders, stems/scapes Med obstetric Menstrual pains Β-sitosterol, campesterol, (infusion) and isofucosterol: anti- puerperal inflammatory steroidal problems effects Molecules 2020, 25, x 13 of 29

Herbaceous [65] General [61,63,64,65 stems/scapes Med Analgesic condition ,66] (infusion) Ericaceae WHO WHO Monograph - Monograph - Fruits/infructescen Fructus Myrtilli Phenolic compounds (in Fructus ces/accessory Ophthalmi Promotes eyesight [146] particular anthocyanins): Med Myrtilli [146] fruits c ailments and eyes health [3,13,14,15,1 improve ocular [177,178,17 (eaten raw) 87] microcirculation 9,180,181,1 (refuted by (WHO Monograph - 82,183,184] [185] ) Fructus Myrtilli) [146], Vaccinium WHO [183]); WHO myrtillus L. Fruits/infructescen Monograph - therapeutic properties Circulator Monograph Mirtillo nero ces/accessory Promotes Fructus (nonspecific) Med y system Fructus Myrtilli fruits circulation Myrtilli [146] [187] disorders [146] (eaten raw) [178,183,18 [3,13,15,187] 6] Cyanidin, delphinidin, and WHO malvidin: protect from Fruits/infructescen Urinary Monograph - retinal damage ces/accessory Promotes urinary Med tract Fructus Myrtilli [187] [179,181] fruits tract health disorders [146] (eaten raw) [3,187,204] Fruits/infructescen ces/accessory Ophthalmi Promotes eyesight Med [180,181] Compounds active on fruits c ailments and eyes health urinary tract: high (eaten raw) molecular weight Vaccinium vitis- Fruits/infructescen Circulator proanthocyanidins idaea L. ces/accessory Circulation, veins Med y system (condensed tannins) Mirtillo rosso fruits and blood vessels disorders [183]; Gaüdì (eaten raw) phenolic compounds Fruits/infructescen Urinary [226]; arbutin and ces/accessory Promotes urinary [3,13,187,204 [183,187,18 Med tract derivatives, tannins [187] fruits tract health ,226] 8] disorders (eaten raw) Gentianaceae Gentiana lutea L. Underground Circulator Bitter monoterpenes subsp. lutea organs Med y system Blood depurative (gentiopicroside, Riszanzana (roots/bulbs/tuber disorders swertiamarin, sweroside e Molecules 2020, 25, x 14 of 29

s/rhizomes) amarogentin): digestive (decoction) and eupeptic WHO WHO Monograph - Radix Digestive WHO Underground Monograph - Gentianae Scabrae [29]) Stomach anti- Monograph - organs Radix Digestive inflammatory Radix (roots/bulbs/tuber Gentianae Gentiopicroside, Med tract Liver anti- Gentianae s/rhizomes) Luinfusione amarogentin: disorders inflammatory Luinfusione (decoction, [29] gastroprotective Stomachache [29] grappa) [2,14,15,22,2 [71,227] Vermifuge [31,37,71] 27] Underground organs Urinary Urinary tract (roots/bulbs/tuber Med tract [15,227] depurative s/rhizomes) disorders (decoction) Musculosk Underground eletal organs Contusions system (roots/bulbs/tuber Med Inflammations and disorders s/rhizomes) pain and (macerated oil) traumas WHO Monograph - Flowers/infloresce Immunomodulant Radix nces/flowering General Med Tonic and Gentianae tops condition corroborant Luinfusione (decoction) [29] [15] Underground organs (roots/bulbs/tuber Vet Cattle Carminative s/rhizomes) (decoction) Hypericaceae Sunburns, burns, WHO WHO Hyperforin, hypericin, and Flowers/infloresce Skin Hypericum frostbites, redness Monograph – Monograph – pseudohypericin: nces/flowering diseases perforatum L. Med and rash Herba Hyperici Herba antimicrobial; tops and Iperico Anti-inflammatory, [23] Hyperici [23] hyperforin and flavonoids: (macerated oil) traumas disinfectant and Guarrera 2005 [31,72] antioxidant and anti- Molecules 2020, 25, x 15 of 29

wound healing [2,3,13,14,15, inflammatory Psoriasis 19,22,72,205, [72,73] Insect bites 206] hyperforin and hypericin: Epigeal part antidepressant Digestive (Whole) (WHO Monograph - Herba Med tract Abdominal pain (macerated oil Hyperici [23], [31]) disorders rubbed) WHO Epigeal part Urinary Monograph – Urinary tract (Whole) Med tract Herba Hyperici depurative (infusion) disorders [23] [72] Contusions Flowers/infloresce Musculosk Sprains and nces/flowering eletal dislocations tops system Articolar pain and [2,3,13,14,15, Med [72,73] (macerated oil, disorders inflammations 22,72] compresses with and Muscle infusion) traumas inflammations and pain WHO Lumbago and WHO Epigeal part Monograph – Nervous neuralgia Monograph – (Whole) Herba Med system Antidepressant Herba Hyperici (macerated oil, Hyperici [23] disorders Sedative hypnotic, [23] infusion) [31,73,74,75 promotes sleep [3,13,15,72] ,76] Epigeal part General Lymphatic system (Whole) Med condition anti-inflammatory (macerated oil) Iridaceae Crocus vernus (L.) Epigeal part Observed a thrill- Hill (Whole) Vet Cats like effect when Croco, bucaneve (eaten raw) ingested Lamiaceae Urinary Lamium album L. Leaves (infusion) Med tract Diuretic [13,80] [80,81] Ortica bianca disorders Molecules 2020, 25, x 16 of 29

Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering Afflictions Med Otitis [3] tops of the ear (macerated oil) WHO WHO Monograph – Skin Monograph - Leaves Anti-inflammatory, Flos and E.O.: anti-inflammatory diseases Aetheroleum (compresses with Med disinfectant and Aetheroleum (WHO Monograph - Flos and Lavandulae infusion) wound healing Lavandulae Lavandulae [29]); wound traumas [29] Lavandula [29] healing ([228], [82,84,85] angustifolia Mill. [15] [229]- Flowers, Lavanda WHO [82]- Leaves); sedative Flowers/infloresce Monograph - (WHO Monograph - Flos Nervous nces/flowering Sedative hypnotic, Flos Lavandulae [29]; Med system [3,15,206] tops promotes sleep Lavandulae particularly linalool [31]) disorders (infusion) [29] [31,86] Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering General Med Anti-inflammatory [83,84] tops condition (salve/ointment) Gynecolog Flowers/infloresce ical WHO Melissa officinalis nces/flowering disorders, Monograph - L. tops Med obstetric Menstrual pains Folium [113,114] Melissa (applied as a and Melissae [23] poultice) puerperal [230] problems Mentha longifolia General Tonic and (L.) Huds. Leaves (infusion) Med condition corroborant Menta E.O. (menthol 30,69%, Mentha x piperita Leaves menthone 14,51%, and General [115,116,11 L. (gargles/washings Med Anti-inflammatory [115] menthyl acetate condition 7] Menta piperita with infusion) 12,86%): anti- inflammatory [116] Epigeal part Nepeta cataria L. Given to the kittens (Whole) Vet Cats Erba gatta by the mother (eaten raw) Molecules 2020, 25, x 17 of 29

Epigeal part Digestive Carvacrol: anti- [2,15,121,206 (Whole) Med tract Promotes digestion inflammatory ,231] (infusion) disorders [118,119]

High carvacrol E.O.: anti- Origanum vulgare inflammatory; E.O.: L. Epigeal part antimicrobial against Origano (Whole) Ophthalmi [118,119,12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Med Conjunctivitis (compresses with c ailments 0,121] Staphylococcus aureus, infusion) and Escherichia coli (often found in ocular infections bacterial profiles [232]) [120] E.O. (α-pinene 18–26%, camphene 8– 12%, β-pinene 2.0–6.0%, β-myrcene 1.5–5.0%, limonene 2.5–5.0%): (WHO Monograph Aetheroleum Rosmarini WHO and Folium Rosmarini Monograph [146]) Aetheroleum Rosmarini E.O. (1,8-cineole 43.77%, Rosmarinus Epigeal part Digestive and Folium camphor 12.53%, and α- officinalis L. (Whole) Med tract Liver depurative [141] Rosmarini pinene 11.51%): Rosmarino (infusion) disorders [146] antioxidant and hepatoprotective [141,142,14 [142] 3,144,145] In the aqueous extract with antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties catechin, coumarin, cinnamic acid, and rutin are detected [144] Salvia officinalis L. Leaves Oropharyn [2,3,14,15,15 Flavonoidic fraction, Med Gingivitis [149,150] Salvia (applied raw) geal 0,207,231] rosmarinic acid, manool, Molecules 2020, 25, x 18 of 29

cavity carnosol, and ursolic acid: affections anti-inflammatory Digestive [152] Leaves Depurative and Med tract [150,151,152] [150] (infusion) abdominal bloating disorders E.O. (1,8-cineol, thujone, Urinary and camphor), non- Leaves Med tract Depurative [15] volatile compounds in (infusion) disorders MeOH extract: Musculosk antimicrobial and eletal antifungal (i.e. for oral Leaves Anti-inflammatory system cavity affections) and (compresses with Med for pains and [152,231] [152] disorders anti-inflammatory infusion) sprains and ([150,231]) traumas Respirator Ursolic acid and other Leaves [3,15,150,207 Med y tract Colds diterpenes: anti- (infusion) ,231] infections inflammatory [150]

MeOH extract with high Leaves contents of rosmarinic, General [150,151,15 (washings with Med Anti-inflammatory [150,231] ursolic, caffeic, and condition 2] infusion) oleanolic acids; borneol: anti-inflammatory [151] Epigeal part (Whole) Med Other Depurative (infusion) Phenolic compounds, Epigeal part Circulator carvacrol, thymol, and (Whole) Med y system Blood depurative [199,204] [144] others (high variability): (infusion) disorders antibacterial and Thymus spp. Flowers/infloresce antioxidant Timo nces/flowering [170,234,202] tops (infusion) Digestive Emollient, [170,171,204, Med tract E.O. and thymol: stomachache 207,199] Epigeal part disorders antibacterial [171] (Whole) (infusion) Molecules 2020, 25, x 19 of 29

[15,18,170] Epigeal part Urinary ([199] (Whole) Med tract Diuretic traditionally (infusion) disorders used as anti- diuretic) Epigeal part Nervous (Whole) Med system Relaxant [3,170,171] (infusion) disorders Flowers/infloresce nces/flowering Balsamic tops Cough (infusion) Respirator Colds and flu [2,13,14,15,1 [169,170,17 Med y tract symptoms 8,19,170,171, 1,172] Leaves (infusion) infections Expectorant, 199,204,206] decongestant, Epigeal part emollient (Whole) (infusion) Epigeal part ([170] General (Whole) Med Anti-inflammatory [170] antioxidant) condition (salve/ointment) [171] Lauraceae Fruits/infructescen ces/accessory Antiacid, gastritis, Digestive [3,15,31,89,9 fruits acid reflux Med tract 0,206,235,236 [89,90,91] (infusion) Carminative 1.8 cineol and terpinene: disorders ] Abdominal pain gastroprotective activity Leaves (infusion) [89,90] Laurus nobilis L. Gynecolog Alloro ical E.O.: anti-inflammatory disorders, and analgesic Leaves (infusion) Med obstetric Menstrual pains [92,93] [92,93] [92,93] and puerperal problems Linaceae Seeds Linum Digestive Oil and mucilages: (boiled or left in Laxative, intestinal usitatissimum L. Med tract [2,3,13,15,96] [94,95,96] laxative water overnight, motility Lino disorders [95] then drunk) Molecules 2020, 25, x 20 of 29

Epigeal part (Whole) Respirator Expectorant, [2,3,13,14,15, (boiled and Med y tract decongestant, [97] 18,206] applied as a infections emollient poultice) Malvaceae Oropharyn Oral cavity Leaves geal inflammation [3,14,100,205 [98,99,100,1 (gargles with Med cavity Toothache ,206,237,238] 01] infusion) affections Gingivitis Skin Leaves Anti-inflammatory [2,3,15,22,10 [100,101,10 diseases (compresses with Med Emollient 0,205,206,207 2,103,104,1 and infusion) Regenerative ,237,238] 05] traumas Leaves Ophthalmi Anti-inflammatory, (compresses with Med [3,100] [100,101] Anti-inflammatory c ailments Eye irritations leaves) activity: flavonoids and Leaves Early Soothing, anti- mucilages (bath/washing Med infancy inflammatory for [14,100,237] [100,101] [100,238]; with infusion) ailments diaper rash polysaccharide of Anti-inflammatory, mucilaginous complex Leaves (infusion, Malva sylvestris L. refreshing, [3,100,237,23 [237]; washing with Med Other [100,101] Malva allergies, relaxant 8] polyphenols [98]; infusion) footbath Malvidin-3-glucoside Stomachache, [105] Digestive Abdominal pain, [2,14,15,22,1 Leaves (infusion) Med tract Intestinal anti- 00,205,237,23 Phenolic compounds: disorders inflammatory, 8] protect kidney function promotes digestion [106] Urinary Leaves (infusion) Med tract Depurative [2,15,100] [106,107] disorders Musculosk eletal Leaves Anti-inflammatory system (compresses with Med for sprains, tired [3,100] disorders infusion) legs and traumas Molecules 2020, 25, x 21 of 29

Gynecolog ical Leaves disorders, Anti-inflammatory, [3,15,100,206 (bath/washing Med obstetric [101] facilitates childbirth ] with infusion) and puerperal problems Nervous Leaves Med system Relaxant, sedative [100] (bath) disorders Respirator [15,100,206,2 Leaves (infusion) Med y tract Colds 38] infections Leaves (compresses, General Anti-inflammatory, [3,100,205,23 Med [100,101] Bath/washing with condition soothing 7,238] infusion) Flowers/infloresce Digestive nces/flowering [15,239,240,2 Med tract Promotes digestion tops 41] disorders Tilia spp. (infusion)

Tiglio Flowers/infloresce Respirator [2,13,14,15,2 nces/flowering Med y tract Cough 2,204,206,239 tops infections ,240,241] (infusion) Oleaceae Digestive Laxative, intestinal Fraxinus excelsior Leaves (infusion) Med tract motility L. disorders Frassino, Frassino Urinary Diuretic, Urinary maggiore Leaves (infusion) Med tract [15,22] tract depurative disorders Onagraceae Urinary Anti-inflammatory Urinary tract Leaves (infusion) Med tract [31,58,59] [59] activity: myricetin-3-O- depurative Epilobium sp. disorders glucuronide [58,59]; Epilobio oenothein B, myricetine- General Leaves (infusion) Med Anti-inflammatory [58,59] [58,59] 3-O-glucoside, condition myricetine-3-O- Molecules 2020, 25, x 22 of 29

galactoside, myricetine-3- O-rhamnoside and 3-O- glucuronides of quercetin e keampferol [58]

Antioxidant activity: phenols [58,59] Orobanchaceae Flavonoids: antioxidant [67]; anti-inflammatory [67,68]

Polyphenols: anti- Flowers/infloresce inflammatory [68] Euphrasia nces/flowering Ophthalmi Ocular anti- [3,13,15,68,2 rostkoviana Hayne tops Med [31,67,68] c ailments inflammatory 42] Active substances of the Eufrasia (compresses with Euphrasia herb: infusion) iridoglicozoids (aucubin), tannins, phenolic acids, etheric oils, resin substances and flavonoids [68] Oxalidaceae Oxalis acetosella L. Digestive Cücülì, pan del Leaves (infusion) Med tract Digestive [3,15] cucù disorders Papaveraceae Anti-inflammatory Chelidonium majus Skin activity: alkaloids [2,3,13,14,15, L. Latex or sap diseases [55,132,243]in particular Med Skin tags and warts 55,132,205,20 [54,55] Celidonia, Erba dei (applied raw) and sanguinarine, chelidonine, 6] porri traumas chelerythrine, berberine e coptisine [243] Parmeliaceae Cetraria islandica Expectorant, Polysaccharides (lichenan (L.) Ach. subsp. Epigeal part Respirator decongestant, [2,3,13,15,18, and isolichenan especially islandica (Whole) Med y tract emollient [50,51,52] 22,51] active): antitussive [50]; Lichene (infusion) infections Sorethroat and immunomodulating [52]; Nichel hoarseness Molecules 2020, 25, x 23 of 29

Epigeal part (lichenan only) anti- General (Whole) Med Anti-inflammatory [51] [51,53] inflammatory [51] condition (salve/ointment) Passifloraceae Epigeal part Nervous Passiflora spp.. Flavonoids and perhaps (Whole) Med system Promotes sleep [124,125] [122,123,12 Passiflora GABA: ansiolitic [125] (infusion) disorders 4,125,126] Pinaceae Oropharyn Gingivitis, Resin (topical geal toothache, mouth Med application) cavity ulcers and affections abscesses Anti-inflammatory, Skin disinfectant and diseases wound healing Resin (ointment) Med [2,3,14,244] [31,87,88] and Sunburns, burns, traumas frostbites, redness Procyanidins and larixinol: and rash antioxidant [244] Musculosk

Resin (melted, eletal Lignans and flavonols Larix decidua Mill. mixed with red system Med Broken bones [2,13,15] (wood-bark): anti- Larice wine and applied disorders inflammatory [87,88], to put in plaster) and abietane, pimarane, and traumas labdane type diterpenes: Fruits/infructescen anti-inflammatory [87] ces/accessory fruits Expectorant, Respirator (syrup) decongestant, [2,3,13,14,19, Med y tract [88] emollient 87,244] infections Buds (syrup) Cough

Resin (inalation) General Resin (ointment) Med Anti-inflammatory [244] [31,87] condition Oropharyn Gingivitis, Antibacterial activity: Picea abies (L.) Resin (topical geal toothache, mouth [88,131,132 bark flavonoids [88]; H.Karst Med [15] application) cavity ulcers and ] piperidine alkaloids Abete rosso affections abscesses (epidihydropinidine) [131] Molecules 2020, 25, x 24 of 29

Skin Antifungal activity: Anti-inflammatory, Resin (topical diseases epidihydropinidine Med disinfectant and [3,132] application) and [131] wound healing traumas Antimicrobial: buds E.O. [132]

Anti-inflammatory activity: bark stilbens and buds E.O. [132]; lignans and bark flavonols Respirator [88] Buds (syrup) Med y tract Cough [3,13,15,242] [31,88] infections Activity antioxidant: bark flavonoids [88]

Mucolytic, hyperemic and antiseptic activities: E.O. [31] Phenolics, flavonoids, and Respirator Pinus cembra L. [133] proanthocyanidins: Pine cones (syrup) Med y tract Cough, Sorethroat [2] Pino cembro Antimicrobial antimicrobial activity infections [133] Anti-inflammatory, Skin disinfectant and Resin (topical diseases wound healing application, Med [134] and Sunburns, burns, ointment) traumas frostbites, redness E.O. needles, twigs and and rash cones: anti-inflammatory. Pinus mugo Turra Resin (topical Other (Prevalence of α-pinene in Med Anti-inflammatory [134] Pino mugo, Pino application) medicinal needles, δ-3-carene in montano Digestive twigs and cones, Immature pine Med tract Digestive [3] limonene in twigs) cones (infusion) disorders [134] Musculosk Resin (melted, Sprains and eletal filtered and used Med dislocations system to put in plaster) Broken bones disorders Molecules 2020, 25, x 25 of 29

and traumas Expectorant, decongestant, Buds (syrup) Respirator emollient

Med y tract Sorethroat and [2,3,13,15,19] [135,136] Immature pine infections hoarseness cones (syrup) Colds Cough Resin (topical General Med Infections [134] application) condition Resin (topical Disinfectant and Vet Cattle application) wound healing Plantaginaceae Oropharyn Gingivitis, Therapeutic properties Leaves (washing geal toothache, mouth [127,128,12 due to Med with infusion) cavity ulcers and 9] flavonoids, alkaloids, affections abscesses terpenoids, Acne, pimples, phenolic compounds foruncles, skin (caffeic acid derivatives), Skin abscesses iridoid glycosides, [2,3,13,15,19, Leaves (applied diseases Anti-inflammatory, [127,128,12 fatty acids, Med 22,127,128,13 raw) and disinfectant and 9,130] polysaccharides, and 0,205] traumas wound healing vitamins. Skin tags and warts In particular, polyphenols Plantago major L. Insect bites (plantamajoside) and Porceléra/ciantàna Respirator Asthmatic polysaccharides: wound [13,15,127,13 [127,129,13 /plantàna Leaves (infusion) Med y tract bronchitis healing activity; 0] 0] infections Cough Flavonoids (plantaginin, Leaves (applied as General Anti-inflammatory [127,128,12 baicaleina, and Med [3,13,15,127] poultice) condition Infections 9] hispidulin): antioxidant (may contribute to wound healing) Iridoid glycosides Leaves (applied All Leaves as wound [13,18,22,127 [127,128,12 (aucubin) and flavonoids Vet raw) animals healing ,128,130] 9,130] (baicalein and hispidulin): anti-inflammatory; Pectin Polysaccharide II (PMII) antibacterial Molecules 2020, 25, x 26 of 29

[129]

(Anti urticaria treatment) Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and α-linolenic acid: inhibition of COX-2 Luteolin: suppresses leukocyte migration and inhibits mast cell degranulation [130] Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa L. Leaves (eaten Vet Cattle Improves milk taste Acetosa raw) [147] Skin (antibacterial Leaves (applied as diseases Wound healing, ) Med [15,18] poultice) and wounds [148] traumas (antibacterial ) Leaves (Unknown) Med Other Anti-inflammatory Circulator Nepodin (2-Acetil-3- Leaves (applied as Med y system Varicose vein [3,15] methylnaphthalene-1,8- poultice) Rumex alpinus L. disorders diol): antibacterial Slavàzza Musculosk [147,148] Leaves eletal Anti-inflammatory (macerated oil, system Med for joints, [13] applied as disorders Contusions poultice) and traumas Leaves (applied as General Med Soothing poultice) condition Leaves (boiled Vet Pigs Boiled leaves [3,15] and eaten) Polypodiaceae Polypodium Underground Digestive Laxative, intestinal Resins of the rhizome: [15,22,137,24 vulgare L. organs Med tract motility [137] anthelmintic; glycosides 5,246,247] Feles (roots/bulbs/tuber disorders Vermifuge (polydin): laxative Molecules 2020, 25, x 27 of 29

s/rhizomes) [137] (eaten raw) Underground organs (roots/bulbs/tuber General Med Immunomodulant [137] s/rhizomes) condition (cooked and eaten) Rosaceae Epigeal part Digestive Quercetin-3-O-b-D- (Whole) Med tract Digestive [27,28,248] glucopyranoside, (infusion) disorders quercetin-3-O-b-D- Musculosk rutinoside, quercetin-3-O- eletal Muscle a-D-arabinofuranoside, Epigeal part Anti- Alchemilla vulgaris system Inflammations and and 3-O-kaempferol-6-O- (Whole) Med [3] inflammatory L. disorders pain (p-coumaroyl)-b-D- (macerated oil) [28] Alchemilla and Hernia glucopyranoside: anti- traumas inflammatory [27]

Epigeal part Nervous Sedative hypnotic, Phenols: anti- (Whole) Med system [13] promotes sleep inflammatory and (infusion) disorders antioxidant [28] Flowers/infloresce Crataegus Respirator nces/flowering [250] monogyna Jacq. Med y tract Cough [249] tops Antibacterial Biancospino infections (infusion) Fruits/infructescen Urinary ces/accessory Diuretic, Urinary [138] Med tract [2,14,15,138] fruits tract depurative (only stalks) disorders (infusion) Prunus avium L. Musculosk

Ciliegio eletal Muscle [251] Seeds (put in a system Inflammations and Med [15] (heat pillow and heated) disorders pain therapy) and Rheumatic pain traumas Rosa canina L. Flowers/infloresce Medicinal properties of R. Fròsole/Frösuli nces/flowering Med Other Depurative [15] canina (in particular anti- (false fruits) tops inflammatory and Molecules 2020, 25, x 28 of 29

(infusion) antioxidant activities) due Digestive to flavonoids, Laxative Leaves (infusion) Med tract [3,15] carotenoids, fatty acids, Promotes digestion disorders vitamin C [140] Urinary [3,13,139,140 Leaves (infusion) Med tract Depurative [139] Particularly: FAs (linoleic ] disorders and α-linolenic acids); Flowers/infloresce GOPO® (Galactolipid Nervous nces/flowering (2S)-1,2-di-O- Med system Relaxant tops [(9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca- disorders (infusion) 9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-O−B- D-galactopyranosy Fruits/infructescen Respirator glycerol); oleanic, ursolic, ces/accessory Decongestant [3,14,15,139, Med y tract [139,140] and betulinic acids: anti- fruits Sorethroat 140] infections inflammatory activity (infusion) [140] Solanaceae Anti-inflammatory activity: glycoalkaloids (α-chaconine, α-solanine, Underground and solanidine) organs Anti- [159,160]; isolated Solanum (roots/bulbs/tuber Ophthalmi Ocular anti- inflammatory peptides [161] tuberosum L. Med [3,15,205] s/rhizomes) c ailments inflammatory [159,160,16 Patata (tubers sliced and 1] Antioxidant activity: applied) phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid), proteins (patatins), and peptides [160] Urticaceae Circulator Leaves (cooked [13,14,174,17 Med y system Blood depurative [173,174] Anti-inflammatory activity and eaten) 5] disorders against muscle pain and Digestive rheumatism: Urtica dioica L. Digestion, Liver [2,3,15,22,17 Leaves (infusion) Med tract [173,174] acetylcholine, serotonine, Ortica depurative 4,206] disorders formic acid [173]; Urinary terpenes and phenols [2,3,13,15,18, Leaves (infusion) Med tract Depurative [173,174] [176] 173,174,175] disorders Molecules 2020, 25, x 29 of 29

Musculosk eletal Rheumatism, [3,13,14,15,2 Leaves (applied as system [65,173,174, Med Contusions, 2,173,174,175 a poultice) disorders 175,176] Hematoma ,205] and traumas Epigeal part General Anti-inflammatory, [173,174,17 (Whole) Med [174] condition Corroborant 6] (infusion)