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Theorie-Et-Bases-De-La-M.A.O.Pdf Théorie et Bases de la M.A.O (musique assistée par ordinateur) Table des matières La musique assistée par ordinateur …………………………………………… 2 La chaîne audio (ou chaîne M.A.O)……………………………………………… 2 Mode enregistrement ………………………………………………………………. 2 Mode lecture ……………………………………………………………………………. 2 Les logiciels ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Les logiciels libres ……………………………………………………………………. 3 – 4 Les logiciels commerciaux ………………………………………………………. 5 La pratique de la M.A.O ………………………………………………………………… 6 • Installation basique………………………………………………………………… 6 Matériel……………………………………………………………………………. 6 Connectiques……………………………………………………………………. 6 Branchements…………………………………………………………………... 6 • L'acquisition audio…………………………………………………………………… 7 • La création de patterns ou séquences……………………………………. 8 • Le mixage multipiste……………………………………………………………… 9 • La finalisation………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Sauvegarde du projet ……………………………………………………… 10 Gravure sur un support numérique ………………………………… 10 Conversion pour lecteurs mp3 ………………………………………… 10 Ressources internet ……………………………………………………………………… 11 1 LA MUSIQUE ASSISTEE PAR ORDINATEUR La musique assistée par ordinateur (MAO) regroupe l'ensemble des utilisations de l'informatique comme outil associé à la chaîne de création musicale depuis la composition musicale jusqu'à la diffusion des œuvres, en passant par la formation pédagogique au solfège ou aux instruments. LA CHAINE AUDIO La chaîne audio, ou chaîne MAO, est l'ensemble des éléments nécessaires pour utiliser l'ordinateur comme outils d'édition audio. Chaque éléments de cette chaîne a une fonction bien précise permettant au son de passer de l'air à l'écran de l'ordinateur, et inversement: 1. La source audio (instruments, micro, entrée MIDI, ...) 2. La console (transfère le son de la source à la carte son) 3. Une carte son (convertit l'information audio) 4. L'ordinateur (reçoit l'information audio) 5. Les logiciel (permettent d'éditer les formes audio) 6. Les haut-parleurs (pour écouter le son depuis l'ordinateur) Ces éléments pourront être utilisés différemment, selon que l'on soit en mode enregistrement, ou en mode lecture. • Enregistrement Source audio Console Carte son Ordinateur • Lecture Ordinateur Carte son Console Haut-parleurs 2 LES LOGICIELS Pour éditer ou modifier des fichiers audio sur un ordinateur, il faut utiliser des logiciels prévus à cet effet. Les logiciels professionnels et/ou commerciaux sont généralement très complets, mais également très coûteux pour une utilisation ponctuelle ou amateur. Il est alors possible de se tourner vers des logiciels libres, avec lesquels on peut obtenir des résultats très satisfaisants. • Les logiciels libres Les logiciels "libres" ou "open source" sont des solutions informatiques dont l'utilisation, l'étude, la modification, la duplication et la diffusion sont universellement autorisées sans contrepartie. Ils représentent donc une alternative gratuite aux logiciels commerciaux, bien que n'étant pas pour autant des "freeware" ou "gratuiciels". Il existe beaucoup de logiciels libres dédiés à la MAO, mais plus principalement pour les plateformes Windows et Linux. En voici quelques-uns choisi parmi les plus populaires Editez rapidement vos fichiers audio. Supprimez les silences, ajoutez un écho ou un effet spécial, enlevez les parasites, mixez, etc. Une fois modifié, votre fichier est sauvegardé aux formats OGG, WAV ou MP3. L'éditeur intégré vous permet de copier, coller et assembler des extraits sonores, mais Audacity également d'ajuster la vitesse et la hauteur d'un enregistrement. KRISTAL Audio Engine est une table de mixage pour votre ordinateur. Elle peut reconnaitre jusqu'à 16 canaux, et prend en charge les fichiers aux formats WAV, AIFF, FLAC et OGG. De nombreux effets sont disponibles et l'application est capable d'enregistrer les sons des instruments de musiques branchés sur le Kristal Audio Engine PC. Linux Multi Media Studio est le plus puissant des logiciels de mixage et création musicale du monde Open Source, et qui se pose en alternative crédible face aux logiciels commerciaux tels que Cubase, Logic Pro ou Studio FL. Le logiciel dispose d'une très riche bibliothèque de sons (basses, batteries, cuivres, pianos, sons électro, etc) ainsi qu'un très grand nombre d'effets. Plutôt réservé aux grands amateurs et professionnels de la création musicale sur LMMS ordinateur, LMMS reste néanmoins très ludique pour les débutants. Ces derniers pourront passer de très longues heures à chercher et exploiter toutes les finesses et réglages proposés et même ajouter, plus tard, des plug-ins VSTi ou des effets LADSPA. Un must en matière de MAO. Quartz AudioMaster Freeware est un Séquenceur Audio (direct-to-disk) et Midi puissant et d'utilisation facile. Ce logiciel est destiné au gens qui désirent enregistrer, composer, mixer, jouer et partager des projets musicaux à l'aide d'un ordinateur et d'une simple carte son. Il inclut, entre autres, les Quartz Audio Master fonctionnalités suivantes : 4 pistes audio stéréo, 16 pistes Midi, des modules d'effet, un égaliseur par piste audio, des 'bus' auxiliaires, la synchro fichiers vidéo, un éditeur de partition, GM/GS/XG, 'piano-roll', etc. ainsi que de multiples fonctions qui permettent de facilement partager des projets à travers Internet grâce à son format de fichier multi-piste compressé. 3 Psycle est un studio modulaire de création musicale. Vous pouvez utilisez des instruments virtuels et des effets, les combiner en les assemblant comme module.avec Psycle, il est simple de créer tout type de musique électronique. Mais il ne se limite pas uniquement à ce genre. Des enregistrements Psycle) acoustiques sont également possibles. Psycle supporte les instruments et effets vst2 comme des instruments intégrés. Ce logiciel est de type tracker, dans le respect des anciens FastTrackers, ImpulseTraker. Mais il est aussi compatible avec les nouvelles technologies. Psycle fonctionne sous windows mais est en version GPL. TuxGuitar prend en charge la création de partitions complètes, mais aussi de partitions en tablatures. Vous pourrez gérer plusieurs instruments en même temps, et visualiser la position des doigts sur le manche de la guitare. L'application permet également d'éditer les partitions en un format imprimable, et est capable de jouer pour vous le morceau affiché à l'écran. De plus, l'import et l'export de fichiers aux formats GP3, GP4 et GP5, sont possibles. Tux Guitar Piano Virtuel Midi vous permet de transformer votre ordinateur en véritable piano de 88 touches. Vous pourrez jouer, au choix, via votre clavier ou votre souris. L'application offre la possibilité de composer ses propres morceaux puis de les enregistrer au format Midi. Il permet en outre d'utiliser des centaines Piano Virtuel MIDI d'instruments. Un jeu de reconnaissance des notes est également disponible pour entraîner votre oreille musicale. Guitools est le "couteau suisse" du guitariste: il regroupe un tuner (qui s'accorde à l'aide d'un micro), une boîte à rythme (métronome), un éditeur d'accords et un éditeur de gammes. Guitools BonkEnc est un utilitaire de transcodage audio efficace et gratuit. On découvre au menu plusieurs fonctions personnalisables : • Extraction des pistes d'un CD Audio, • Récupération des tags ID3 via CDDB, BonkEnc • Conversion en mp3, m4a, ogg, wav, flac, bonk, wma, aac. Infra Recorder vous permet de graver des CD audio, des CD de données, des images disque (ISO, BIN/CUE), etc. Vous pourrez également copier un CD à la volée ou enregistrer votre compilation sur votre disque dur. L'application dispose d'un module complémentaire pour effacer les CD réinscriptibles ainsi que d'autres fonctionnalités intéressantes à découvrir. Infra Recorder 4 • Les logiciels commerciaux Généralement dédiés à une utilisation professionnelle, les logiciels commerciaux proposent une gamme très complète d'outils pour éditer et mixer des fichiers audio. Leur utilisation parfois complexe est principalement destinée à un public ayant des notions avancées en MAO et en théorie musicale d'une manière générale. Voici une liste de logiciels commerciaux parmi les plus utilisés: • Adobe Audition (éditeur multipiste audio) http://www.adobe.com/fr/products/audition/ • Pro Tools (éditeur multipiste audio) http://www.digidesign.com/index.cfm?navid=24&langid=2 • Cubase (éditeur mustipiste audio-MIDI) http://www.steinberg.fr/ • Sound Forge (éditeur audio) http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com/soundforgesoftware • Acid (éditeur audio-MDI) http://www.sonycreativesoftware.com/acidpro • Live Ableton (éditeur séquenceur audio-MIDI) http://www.ableton.com/ • Reason http://www.reasonfrance.fr/ • Fruity Loops (séquenceur audio-MIDI) http://flstudio.image-line.com/ • Band in a Box (editeur-générateur de partitions MIDI) http://www.band-in-a-box.com/fr/ 5 LA PRATIQUE DE LA M.A.O Pour pouvoir enregistrer des sons sur un ordinateur, les différents éléments de la chaîne M.A.O doivent être connectés. Installation basique: Matériel 1 capteur de son 1 console de 1 une carte son 1 ordinateur logiciels d'édition 2 hauts parleurs (micro) ou mixage disposant (celles des musicale et/ou 1 casque instrument équipé de quelques ordinateurs d'une sortie JACK entrées JACK suffisent pour une utilisation amateur) Connectiques 1 câble XLR/JACK 1 câble JACK/JACK 1 cordon stéréo (si le micro n'est (guitare, claviers…) RCA/mini JACK pas équipé de câble) Branchements 1. branchez la prise JACK de la source (micro, instrument) sur une piste d'entrée de la console 2. reliez la console à l'ordinateur avec le cordon stéréo RCA/mini JACK • branchez les prises RCI sur
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