DOCSLIB.ORG

Greek Civilization

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

150-151 CH5 CO-824133 3/10/04 5:29 AM Page 150 Roger Wood/CORBIS Greek Civilization The temple of Delphi was very important to ancient Greeks. Many people believed the priestess here could foretell the future. 400 B.C. 300 B.C. 200 B.C. 399 B.C. 330 B.C. c. 287 B.C. Socrates Alexander the Mathematician and sentenced Great conquers inventor Archimedes to death Persian Empire is born 150 Unit Title 150-151 CH5 CO-824133 3/10/04 5:30 AM Page 151 Chapter Overview Visit Chapter Preview jat.glencoe.com for a preview Many Greeks studied science, philosophy, mathematics, of Chapter 5. and the arts. When Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, he spread Greek culture and ideas throughout southwest Asia and the Mediterranean world. View the Chapter 5 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. The Culture of Ancient Greece The Greeks made great strides in the arts. Greek poetry, art, and drama are still part of our world today. Greek Philosophy and History The Greeks’ love of wisdom led to the study of history, politics, biology, and logic. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was only 25 years old when he conquered the Persian Empire. As a result of his conquests, Greek art, ideas, language, and architecture spread throughout southwest Asia and North Africa. The Spread of Greek Culture Greek cities became centers of learning and culture. Greek scientists developed advanced ideas about astronomy and mathematics. Organizing Information Make the following foldable to help you organize information about Greek culture and philosophy. Step 1 Fold two sheets of paper Step 2 Place glue Reading and Writing 1 in half from top to bottom. or tape along both —— As you read the chapter, 2 inch tabs. list the developments Fold both that occurred in ancient sheets to leave 1 Greece.Write the 2 inch tab on top. developments under the correct foldable category. Alexander the Great The Spread of Greek Culture Step 3 Fit both The Culture of Greek sheets of paper Step 4 Turn the Ancient Philo- together to make cube and label the Greece sophy a cube as shown. foldable as shown. 151 150-153 CH5 CO-824133 2/27/04 11:52 PM Page 152 Context Using Context Clues When you have trouble understanding the words in a pas- sage, it is very difficult to get the author’s message. You may know part of a word’s definition or even how to pronounce it, but you still may not understand its full meaning. Look at the word inspiration in the following paragraph. Use the highlighted words to help you understand its meaning. The key to Alexander’s courage may have been his childhood edu- Look at phrases around the word cation. Alexander kept a copy of to find clues to the Iliad under his pillow. Most its meaning. likely his inspiration was Homer’s warrior-hero Achilles. In the end, Alexander’s reputation outstripped even Achilles’, and today he is called Alexander the Great. —from page 177 When you don’t under- In this paragraph, the word stand a word or a inspiration means some- concept, reread the thing that influences or has sentence or paragraph. an effect on someone. Find other words that will give you clues to its meaning. 152 150-153 CH5 CO-824133 3/21/04 9:49 AM Page 153 What Does It Mean? Read to Write Turn to any page in this Read the following paragraph about Aesop. Write down chapter. Close your eyes all the words or phrases that help you fully understand the and point to a word. It meaning of the word fable. can be any word, even “a” or “the.” Now write a paragraph explaining how the rest of the About 550 B.C., a Greek slave words in the sentence or paragraph where that SAHP named Aesop (EE • ) made word appears helped up his now famous fables. A you to determine its fable (FAY• buhl) is a short tale meaning. that teaches a lesson. In most of Aesop’s fables, animals talk and act like people. These often funny stories point out human flaws as well as strengths. Each fable ends with a message, or moral. —from page 158 Aesop As you read the chapter, create five word webs. Put an important word or idea in a center circle. Surround it with circles containing words from the text that help explain it. 153 Alinari/Art Resource, NY 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:21 AM Page 154 The Culture of Ancient Greece What’s the Connection? Meeting People You have read that under Pericles, Homer (HOH•muhr) Athens became a center of beauty Aesop (EE• SAHP) and culture. During this Golden Age, Sophocles (SAH•fuh• KLEEZ) Greek thinkers, writers, and artists Euripides (yu•RIH•puh• DEEZ) contributed many new ideas to the world. Building Your Vocabulary myth (MIHTH) Focusing on the oracle (AWR•uh•kuhl) • The Greeks believed that gods and epic (EH pihk) goddesses controlled nature and • shaped their lives. (page 155) fable (FAY•buhl) drama (DRAH•muh) • Greek poetry and fables taught Greek tragedy (TRA•juh•dee) values. (page 157) comedy (KAH•muh •dee) • Greek drama still shapes entertain- ment today. (page 160) Reading Strategy • Greek art and architecture expressed Compare and Contrast Create a Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. Venn diagram showing similarities and (page 162) differences between an epic and a fable. Locating Places Mount Olympus (uh•LIHM•puhs) Epic Both Fable Delphi (DEHL• FY) 700 B..C.. 600 600 B..C.. 500 500 B..C.. c. 700s B.C. c. 550 B.C. c. 500s B.C. GREECE Homer writes the Aesop writes Greek architects Athens Iliad and Odyssey a series of begin using marble Olympia fables columns 154 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:24 AM Page 155 Greek Mythology Greek Gods and Goddesses The Greeks Art Library, believed that the gods and goddesses The Greeks believed that gods and controlled nature. According to Greek goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives. myth, the god Zeus ruled the sky and Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why crops threw lightning bolts, the goddess Art Library, Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS Wolfgang Art Library, grow or why the sun rises and sets? To get the answer, Demeter made the crops grow, and the you would read a science book. Read to learn how the god Poseidon caused earthquakes. Art Library, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Greeks used religion to explain nature. The 12 most important gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus Myths (MIHTHS) are traditional stories (uh • LIHM • puhs), the highest mountain about gods and heroes. Greek mythology in Greece. Among the 12 were Zeus, expressed the Greek people’s religious beliefs. who was the chief god; Athena, the The Greeks believed in many gods and god- goddess of wisdom and crafts; Apollo, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Peter Willi/Bridgeman Art Library, Giraudon/Bridgeman desses. They believed gods and goddesses the god of the sun and poetry; Ares, the affected people’s lives and shaped events. god of war; Aphrodite, the goddess of Art Library, seum Tarquina/Dagli Orti, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Tarquina/Dagli seum That is why the most impressive buildings in love; and Poseidon, the god of the seas Mu Greek cities were religious temples. and earthquakes. Museum Athens/Dagli Orti, The Art Archive/Achaeological enice/Dagli Orti, Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman The Art Archive/Archaeological Museum V Art The (cw from top)Bettman/CORBIS, The Art Archive/National Archaeological The Greeks believed their gods and goddesses were a large family—all related in some way. 1. Who was the twin sister of Apollo? 2. Explain How were Ares and Zeus related? 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 7/16/04 7:07 PM Page 156 The Greeks also believed in an afterlife. When people died, the Greeks believed their spirits went to a gloomy world beneath the earth ruled by a god named Hades. What Was a Greek Oracle? The Greeks believed that each person had a fate or des- tiny. They believed that certain events were going to happen no matter what they did. They also believed in prophecy. A prophecy is a prediction about the future. The Greeks believed that the gods gave prophecies to people to warn them about the future in time to change it. To find out about the future, many Greeks visited an oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl). This was a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. The most famous was the oracle at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (DEHL • FY). The oracle chamber was deep inside the temple. The room had an opening in the floor where vol- canic smoke hissed from a crack in the earth. A priestess sat on a tripod—a three- This painting shows a Greek man at the oracle legged stool—in the oracle chamber and lis- at Delphi receiving a prophecy. Why were these tened to questions. The priests translated prophecies often confusing? her answers. State leaders or their messen- But Greek gods and goddesses were not gers traveled to Delphi to ask advice from thought to be all-powerful. According to the oracle of Apollo. Greek myths, even though gods had special The priestess in the oracle often gave powers, they looked like human beings and answers in riddles. When one king, named (KREE•suhs) acted like them. They married, had children, Croesus , sent messengers to the quarreled, played tricks on each other, and oracle at Delphi, they asked if the king fought wars.
Recommended publications
  • Herakles Iconography on Tyrrhenian Amphorae

    Herakles Iconography on Tyrrhenian Amphorae

    HERAKLES ICONOGRAPHY ON TYRRHENIAN AMPHORAE _____________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia _____________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts ______________________________________________ by MEGAN LYNNE THOMSEN Dr. Susan Langdon, Thesis Supervisor DECEMBER 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Susan Langdon, and the other members of my committee, Dr. Marcus Rautman and Dr. David Schenker, for their help during this process. Also, thanks must be given to my family and friends who were a constant support and listening ear this past year. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS……………………………………………………………..v Chapter 1. TYRRHENIAN AMPHORAE—A BRIEF STUDY…..……………………....1 Early Studies Characteristics of Decoration on Tyrrhenian Amphorae Attribution Studies: Identifying Painters and Workshops Market Considerations Recent Scholarship The Present Study 2. HERAKLES ON TYRRHENIAN AMPHORAE………………………….…30 Herakles in Vase-Painting Herakles and the Amazons Herakles, Nessos and Deianeira Other Myths of Herakles Etruscan Imitators and Contemporary Vase-Painting 3. HERAKLES AND THE FUNERARY CONTEXT………………………..…48 Herakles in Etruria Etruscan Concepts of Death and the Underworld Etruscan Funerary Banquets and Games 4. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………..67 iii APPENDIX: Herakles Myths on Tyrrhenian Amphorae……………………………...…72 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..77 ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………………………………………82 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Tyrrhenian Amphora by Guglielmi Painter. Bloomington, IUAM 73.6. Herakles fights Nessos (Side A), Four youths on horseback (Side B). Photos taken by Megan Thomsen 82 2. Tyrrhenian Amphora (Beazley #310039) by Fallow Deer Painter. Munich, Antikensammlungen 1428. Photo CVA, MUNICH, MUSEUM ANTIKER KLEINKUNST 7, PL. 322.3 83 3. Tyrrhenian Amphora (Beazley #310045) by Timiades Painter (name vase).
  • Ancient Greece Webquest

    Ancient Greece Webquest

    Name ___________________________________ Pd _____ Ancient Greece WebQuest Part 1: The Life of Sophocles Directions: As you look through the web pages assigned for Part 1, answer the following questions. Website #1 - Sophocles Biography (http://www.online-literature.com/sophocles) 1. What was the City Dionysia? 2. In what year did Sophocles enter his first City Dionysia? How old was he at the time? 3. Besides being a playwright, name at least three other professions or positions Sophocles held in Greek society. 4. How many total plays did Sophocles write? How many still exist in their entirety? 5. What percentage of Sophocles’ works still exist? (This is a math question - use the equation: total still existing total works = percent that still exist) 6. What is considered Sophocles’ greatest work? Website #2 - Sophocles Timeline (http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/sophocles002.html) 1. In what year was Sophocles born? How many years ago was his birth from our current year? (HINT: Note that Sophocles lived during B.C.; the years from 0 to our current year are A.D.). 2. In what year did Sophocles presumably write Oedipus the King and Oedipus at Colonus? 3. In what year did Sophocles first exhibit Antigone? Part 2: Greek Life Directions: As you look through the web pages assigned for Part 2, answer the following questions. Website #1 – Greek Democracy (http://www.carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/GREECE/home.html) 1. From what two Greek words do we get the word democracy? 2. What is a polis, and what was the most powerful polis in ancient Greece? 3.
  • Hellenistic Greek Temples and Sanctuaries

    Hellenistic Greek Temples and Sanctuaries

    Hellenistic Greek Temples and Sanctuaries Late 4th centuries – 1st centuries BC Other Themes: - Corinthian Order - Dramatic Interiors - Didactic tradition The «Corinthian Order» The «Normalkapitelle» is just the standardization Epidauros’ Capital (prevalent in Roman times) whose origins lays in (The cauliculus is still not the Epudaros’ tholos. However during the present but volutes and Hellenistic period there were multiple versions of helixes are in the right the Corinthian capital. position) Bassae 1830 drawing So-Called Today the capital is “Normal Corinthian Capital», no preserved compared to Basse «Evolution» (???) of the Corinthian capital Choragic Monument of Lysikrates in Athens Late 4th Century BC First istance of Corinthian order used outside. Athens, Agora Temple of Olympian Zeus. FIRST PHASE. An earlier temple had stood there, constructed by the tyrant Peisistratus around 550 BC. The building was demolished after the death of Peisistratos and the construction of a colossal new Temple of Olympian Zeus was begun around 520 BC by his sons, Hippias and Hipparchos. The work was abandoned when the tyranny was overthrown and Hippias was expelled in 510 BC. Only the platform and some elements of the columns had been completed by this point, and the temple remained in this state for 336 years. The work was abandoned when the tyranny was overthrown and Hippias was expelled in 510 BC. Only the platform and some elements of the columns had been completed by this point, and the temple remained in this state for 336 years. SECOND PHASE (HELLENISTIC). It was not until 174 BC that the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who presented himself as the earthly embodiment of Zeus, revived the project and placed the Roman architect Decimus Cossutius in charge.
  • Athens & Ancient Greece

    Athens & Ancient Greece

    ##99668811 ATHENS & ANCIENT GREECE NEW DIMENSION/QUESTAR, 2001 Grade Levels: 9-13+ 30 minutes DESCRIPTION Recalls the historical significance of Athens, using modern technology to re-create the Acropolis and Parthenon theaters, the Agora, and other features. Briefly reviews its history, famous citizens, contributions, a typical day, and industries. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History - Era 3 – Classical Traditions, Major Religions, and Giant Empires, 1000 BCE – 300 CE Standard: Understands how Aegean civilization emerged and how interrelations developed among peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia from 600 to 200 BCE • Benchmark: Understands the major cultural elements of Greek society (e.g., the major characteristics of Hellenic sculpture, architecture, and pottery and how they reflected or influenced social values and culture; characteristics of Classical Greek art and architecture and how they are reflected in modern art and architecture; Socrates' values and ideas as reflected in his trial; how Greek gods and goddesses represent non-human entities, and how gods, goddesses, and humans interact in Greek myths) (See Instructional Goals #3, 4, and 5.) • Benchmark: Understands the role of art, literature, and mythology in Greek society (e.g., major works of Greek drama and mythology and how they reveal ancient moral values and civic culture; how the arts and literature reflected cultural traditions in ancient Greece) (See Instructional Goal #4.) • Benchmark: Understands the legacy of Greek thought and government
  • The Medici Aphrodite Angel D

    The Medici Aphrodite Angel D

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2005 A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite Angel D. Arvello Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Arvello, Angel D., "A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite" (2005). LSU Master's Theses. 2015. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2015 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HELLENISTIC MASTERPIECE: THE MEDICI APRHODITE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The School of Art by Angel D. Arvello B. A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 1996 May 2005 In Memory of Marcel “Butch” Romagosa, Jr. (10 December 1948 - 31 August 1998) ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the support of my parents, Paul and Daisy Arvello, the love and support of my husband, Kevin Hunter, and the guidance and inspiration of Professor Patricia Lawrence in addition to access to numerous photographs of hers and her coin collection. I would also like to thank Doug Smith both for his extensive website which was invaluable in writing chapter four and for his permission to reproduce the coin in his private collection.
  • Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)

    Archaeology and History of Lydia from the Early Lydian Period to Late Antiquity (8Th Century B.C.-6Th Century A.D.)

    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19.
  • Life in Two City States--- Athens and Sparta

    Life in Two City States--- Athens and Sparta

    - . CHAPTER The city-states of Sparta (above) and Athens (below) were bitter rivals. Life in Two City-States Athens and Sparta 27.1 Introduction In Chapter 26, you learned that ancient Greece was a collection of city- states, each with its own government. In this chapter, you will learn about two of the most important Greek city-states, Athens and Sparta. They not only had different forms of government, but very different ways of life. Athens was a walled city near the sea. Nearby, ships came and went from a busy port. Inside the city walls, master potters and sculptors labored in work- shops. Wealthy people and their slaves strolled through the marketplace. Often the city's citizens (free men) gathered to loudly debate the issues of the day. Sparta was located in a farming area on a plain. No walls surrounded the city. Its buildings were simple and plain compared to those of Athens. Even the clothing of the people in the streets was drab. Columns of soldiers tramped through the streets, with fierce expressions behind their bronze helmets. Even a casual visitor could see that Athens and Sparta were very different. Let's take a closer look at the way people lived in these two city-states. We'll examine each city's government, economy, education, and treatment of women and slaves. Use this graphic organizer to help you compare various aspects of life in Athens and Sparta. Life in Two City-States: Athens and Sparta 259 27.2 Comparing Two City-States Peloponnesus the penin- Athens and Sparta were both Greek cities, and they were only sula forming the southern part about 150 miles apart.
  • Influence of Science on Ancient Greek Sculptures

    Influence of Science on Ancient Greek Sculptures

    www.idosr.org Ahmed ©IDOSR PUBLICATIONS International Digital Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2579-0765 IDOSR JOURNAL OF CURRENT ISSUES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES 6(1): 45-49, 2020. Influence of Science on Ancient Greek Sculptures Ahmed Wahid Yusuf Department of Museum Studies, Menoufia University, Egypt. ABSTRACT The Greeks made major contributions to math and science. We owe our basic ideas about geometry and the concept of mathematical proofs to ancient Greek mathematicians such as Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes. Some of the first astronomical models were developed by Ancient Greeks trying to describe planetary movement, the Earth’s axis, and the heliocentric system a model that places the Sun at the center of the solar system. The sculpture of ancient Greece is the main surviving type of fine ancient Greek art as, with the exception of painted ancient Greek pottery, almost no ancient Greek painting survives. The research further shows the influence science has in the ancient Greek sculptures. Keywords: Greek, Sculpture, Astronomers, Pottery. INTRODUCTION The sculpture of ancient Greece is the of the key points of Ancient Greek main surviving type of fine ancient Greek philosophy was the role of reason and art as, with the exception of painted inquiry. It emphasized logic and ancient Greek pottery, almost no ancient championed the idea of impartial, rational Greek painting survives. Modern observation of the natural world. scholarship identifies three major stages The Greeks made major contributions to in monumental sculpture in bronze and math and science. We owe our basic ideas stone: the Archaic (from about 650 to 480 about geometry and the concept of BC), Classical (480-323) and Hellenistic mathematical proofs to ancient Greek [1].
  • Transcript of “The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization” Episode One: “The Birth of Democracy”

    Transcript of “The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization” Episode One: “The Birth of Democracy”

    Transcript of “The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization” Episode One: “The Birth of Democracy” Transcript of PBS Video - The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization Part 1 – The Birth of Democracy 0:00 – Series Introduction: The Significance of the Greeks The Greeks. A people glorious and arrogant, valiant and headstrong. These were the men and women who laid the very foundations of Western Civilization. Their monuments still recall perhaps the most extraordinary two centuries in history, a time that saw the birth of science and politics, philosophy, literature and drama. [A time that] saw the creation of art and architecture we still strive to equal. And the Greeks achieved all this against a backdrop of war and conflict, for they would vanquish armies, navies, and empires many times their size, and build an empire of their own which stretched across the Mediterranean. For one brief moment, the mighty warships of the Greeks ruled the seas, their prosperity unequalled. These achievements, achievements which still shape our world, were made not by figures lost to time, but by men and women whose voices we can still hear, whose lives we can follow, men such as Themistocles, one of the world’s greatest military generals; Pericles, a politician of vision and genius; and Socrates, the most famous philosopher in history. This is the story of these astonishing individuals, of the rise and fall of a civilization that changed the world. 2:35 – Episode Introduction: The Revolution 508 BC. Five centuries before the birth of Christ. In a town called Athens, a tiny city in mainland Greece, pandemonium ruled the streets.
  • The Ancient Greeks and Modern Realism: Ethics, Persuasion, and Power

    The Ancient Greeks and Modern Realism: Ethics, Persuasion, and Power

    978–0–19–955627–4 02-Duncan-Bell-ch02 OUP299-Duncan-Bell (Typeset by SPi, Delhi) 26 of 40 June 9, 2008 16:4 2 The Ancient Greeks and Modern Realism: Ethics, Persuasion, and Power Richard Ned Lebow 2.1. INTRODUCTION There is widespread recognition that the realist tradition reached its nadir in neo- realism. In his unsuccessful effort to transform realism into a scientific theory, Kenneth Waltz, father of neorealism, denuded the realist tradition of its complex- ity and subtlety, appreciation of agency, and understanding that power is most readily transformed into influence when it is both masked and embedded in a generally accepted system of norms. Neorealism is a parody of science.1 Its key terms like power and polarity are loosely and haphazardly formulated and its scope conditions are left undefined. It relies on a process akin to natural selection to shape the behaviour of units in a world where successful strategies are not necessarily passed on to successive leaders and where the culling of less successful units rarely occurs. It more closely resembles an unfalsifiable ideology than it does a scientific theory, and its rise and fall has had little to do with conceptual and empirical advances. Its appeal lay in its apparent parsimony and superficial resemblance to science; something that says more about its adherents that it does about the theory. Its decline was hastened by the end of the Cold War, which appeared to many as a critical test case for a theory that sought primarily to explain the stability of the bipolar world.
  • Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.) by Louis Godbout

    Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.) by Louis Godbout

    Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.) by Louis Godbout Encyclopedia Copyright © 2015, glbtq, Inc. Entry Copyright © 2004, glbtq, inc. Reprinted from http://www.glbtq.com An ancient bust of Alexander the Great. Photograph by Andrew King of Macedonia and conqueror of a kingdom extending from Greece to Persia, Egypt Dunn. and India, Alexander the Great is one of the most fascinating men of all times. He was Image appears under the not only a great soldier, but he was also renowned for his love of his comrade-in-arms Creative Commons Hephaestion. Attribution ShareAlike License. The handsome and courageous Alexander was already, in antiquity, the subject of many histories, some written by people who had known him, most unfortunately lost. The irrefutable achievements of his short life are so extraordinary that they seem almost legendary. It is therefore difficult to distinguish the truth from the many myths that coalesced around such an appealing figure. Alexander's father Philip was himself a brilliant general who had greatly strengthened his kingdom and brought it to dominate the Greek city-states; his dream was to lead them against the Persian Empire, the arch-rival under whose rule Greek colonies on the coast of Asia had fallen. Philip undoubtedly felt very early on that his son, who was born in 356 B.C.E., had exceptional potential, for he hired Aristotle to be the boy's tutor, even though the cost incurred was the rebuilding of Stagira, the philosopher's hometown, which had been razed and its population sold into slavery. Examples of Philip's trust in Alexander's abilities abound.
  • Collins Magic in the Ancient Greek World.Pdf

    Collins Magic in the Ancient Greek World.Pdf

    9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page i Magic in the Ancient Greek World 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page ii Blackwell Ancient Religions Ancient religious practice and belief are at once fascinating and alien for twenty-first-century readers. There was no Bible, no creed, no fixed set of beliefs. Rather, ancient religion was characterized by extraordinary diversity in belief and ritual. This distance means that modern readers need a guide to ancient religious experience. Written by experts, the books in this series provide accessible introductions to this central aspect of the ancient world. Published Magic in the Ancient Greek World Derek Collins Religion in the Roman Empire James B. Rives Ancient Greek Religion Jon D. Mikalson Forthcoming Religion of the Roman Republic Christopher McDonough and Lora Holland Death, Burial and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt Steven Snape Ancient Greek Divination Sarah Iles Johnston 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page iii Magic in the Ancient Greek World Derek Collins 9781405132381_1_pre.qxd 30/10/2007 12:09 Page iv © 2008 by Derek Collins blackwell publishing 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Derek Collins to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.