sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aeschylus, Ancient Greece, Greeks, Ionia, Sophocles, Stagira (ancient city)

150-151 CH5 CO-824133 3/10/04 5:29 AM Page 150 Roger Wood/CORBIS

The temple of was very important to ancient . Many people believed the priestess here could foretell the future.

400 B.C. 300 B.C. 200 B.C.

399 B.C. 330 B.C. c. 287 B.C. the Mathematician and sentenced Great conquers inventor to death Persian Empire is born

150 Unit Title 150-151 CH5 CO-824133 3/10/04 5:30 AM Page 151

Chapter Overview Visit Chapter Preview jat.glencoe.com for a preview Many Greeks studied , , , of Chapter 5. and . When conquered the Persian Empire, he spread Greek and ideas throughout southwest and the Mediterranean world. View the Chapter 5 video in the World : Journey Across Video Program. The Culture of Ancient The Greeks made great strides in the arts. Greek poetry, art, and are still part of our world today. Greek Philosophy and History The Greeks’ of led to the study of history, , , and logic. Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was only 25 years old when he conquered the Persian Empire. As a result of his conquests, , ideas, , and spread throughout southwest Asia and North . The Spread of Greek Culture Greek became centers of learning and culture. Greek developed advanced ideas about and mathematics.

Organizing Information Make the following foldable to help you organize information about Greek culture and philosophy.

Step 1 Fold two sheets of paper Step 2 Place glue Reading and Writing 1 in half from top to bottom. or tape along both —— As you read the chapter, 2 inch tabs. list the developments Fold both that occurred in ancient sheets to leave 1 Greece.Write the 2 inch tab on top. developments under the correct foldable category. Alexander the Great

The Spread of Greek Culture Step 3 Fit both The Culture of Greek sheets of paper Step 4 Turn the Ancient Philo- together to make cube and label the Greece sophy a cube as shown. foldable as shown.

151 150-153 CH5 CO-824133 2/27/04 11:52 PM Page 152

Context Using Context Clues When you have trouble understanding the words in a pas- sage, it is very difficult to get the author’s message. You may know part of a word’s definition or even how to pronounce it, but you still may not understand its full . Look at the word inspiration in the following paragraph. Use the highlighted words to help you understand its meaning.

The key to Alexander’s courage may have been his childhood edu- Look at phrases around the word cation. Alexander kept a copy of to find clues to the under his pillow. Most its meaning. likely his inspiration was ’s warrior-hero . In the end, Alexander’s reputation outstripped even Achilles’, and today he is called Alexander the Great. —from page 177

When you don’t under- In this paragraph, the word stand a word or a inspiration means some- concept, reread the thing that influences or has sentence or paragraph. an effect on someone. Find other words that give you clues to its meaning. 152 150-153 CH5 CO-824133 3/21/04 9:49 AM Page 153

What Does It Mean? Read to Write Turn to any page in this Read the following paragraph about . Write down chapter. Close your eyes all the words or phrases that help you fully understand the and point to a word. It meaning of the word . can be any word, even “a” or “the.” Now write a paragraph explaining how the rest of the About 550 B.C., a Greek slave words in the sentence or paragraph where that SAHP named Aesop (EE • ) made word appears helped up his now famous . A you to determine its fable (FAY• buhl) is a short tale meaning. that teaches a lesson. In most of Aesop’s fables, animals talk and act like people. These often funny stories point out flaws as well as strengths. Each fable ends with a message, or moral. —from page 158

Aesop

As you read the chapter, create five word webs. Put an important word or idea in a center circle. Surround it with circles containing words from the text that help explain it. 153 Alinari/Art Resource, NY 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:21 AM Page 154

The Culture of

What’s the Connection? Meeting People You have read that under , Homer (HOH•muhr) became a center of beauty Aesop (EE• SAHP) and culture. During this , (SAH•fuh• KLEEZ) Greek thinkers, , and artists (yu•RIH•puh• DEEZ) contributed many new ideas to the world. Building Your Vocabulary (MIHTH) Focusing on the (AWR•uh•kuhl) • The Greeks believed that gods and epic (EH pihk) controlled nature and • shaped their lives. (page 155) fable (FAY•buhl) drama (DRAH•muh) • Greek poetry and fables taught Greek (TRA•juh•dee) values. (page 157) (KAH•muh •dee) • Greek drama still shapes entertain- ment today. (page 160) Reading Strategy • Greek art and architecture expressed Compare and Contrast Create a Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. Venn diagram showing similarities and (page 162) differences between an epic and a fable. Locating Places Mount (uh•LIHM•puhs) Epic Both Fable Delphi (DEHL• FY)

700 B..C.. 600 600 B..C.. 500 500 B..C..

c. 700s B.C. c. 550 B.C. c. 500s B.C. GREECE Homer writes the Aesop writes Greek architects Athens Iliad and a series of begin using marble Olympia fables

154 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:24 AM Page 155

Greek Mythology Greek Gods and Goddesses The Greeks Art Library, believed that the gods and goddesses The Greeks believed that gods and controlled nature. According to Greek goddesses controlled nature and shaped their lives. myth, the god ruled the sky and Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why crops threw lightning bolts, the

Art Library, Wolfgang Kaehler/CORBIS Wolfgang Art Library, grow or why the rises and sets? To get the answer, made the crops grow, and the you would read a science book. Read to learn how the god caused earthquakes.

Art Library, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Greeks used to explain nature. The 12 most important gods and goddesses lived on (MIHTHS) are traditional stories (uh • LIHM • puhs), the highest mountain about gods and heroes. in Greece. Among the 12 were Zeus, expressed the Greek people’s religious beliefs. who was the chief god; , the The Greeks believed in many gods and god- goddess of wisdom and crafts; ,

Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library, Peter Willi/Bridgeman Art Library, Giraudon/Bridgeman desses. They believed gods and goddesses the god of the sun and poetry; Ares, the affected people’s lives and shaped events. ; , the goddess of Art Library, seum Tarquina/Dagli Orti, Lauros/Giraudon/Bridgeman Tarquina/Dagli seum That is why the most impressive buildings in love; and Poseidon, the god of the Mu Greek cities were religious temples. and earthquakes. Athens/Dagli Orti, The Art Archive/Achaeological enice/Dagli Orti, , University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman The Art Archive/Archaeological Museum V Art The (cw from top)Bettman/CORBIS, The Art Archive/National Archaeological

The Greeks believed their gods and goddesses were a large family—all related in some way. 1. Who was the twin sister of Apollo? 2. Explain How were Ares and Zeus related? 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 7/16/04 7:07 PM Page 156

The Greeks also believed in an afterlife. When people died, the Greeks believed their spirits went to a gloomy world beneath the ruled by a god named .

What Was a Greek Oracle? The Greeks believed that each person had a fate or des- tiny. They believed that certain events were going to happen no what they did. They also believed in . A prophecy is a prediction about the future. The Greeks believed that the gods gave to people to warn them about the future in time to change it. To find out about the future, many Greeks visited an oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl). This was a sacred shrine where a priest or priestess spoke for a god or goddess. The most famous was the oracle at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi (DEHL • FY). The oracle chamber was deep inside the temple. The room had an opening in the floor where vol- canic smoke hissed from a crack in the earth. A priestess sat on a tripod—a three- This shows a Greek man at the oracle legged stool—in the oracle chamber and lis- at Delphi receiving a prophecy. Why were these tened to questions. The priests translated prophecies often confusing? her answers. leaders or their messen- But Greek gods and goddesses were not gers traveled to Delphi to ask advice from thought to be all-powerful. According to the oracle of Apollo. Greek myths, even though gods had special The priestess in the oracle often gave powers, they looked like human beings and answers in riddles. When one king, named (KREE•suhs) acted like them. They married, had children, , sent messengers to the quarreled, played tricks on each other, and oracle at Delphi, they asked if the king fought wars. should go to war with the . The ora- Because Greeks sought their gods’ favor, cle replied that if Croesus attacked the they followed many rituals. A ritual is a set of Persians, he would destroy a mighty empire. actions carried out in a fixed way. As part of Overjoyed to hear these words, Croesus their rituals, the Greeks prayed to their gods declared war on . The Persian and also gave them gifts. In return, they army crushed his army. The mighty empire hoped that the gods would grant good King Croesus had destroyed was his own! fortune to them. Many Greek hon- Explain Why did the ored the gods and goddesses. Festivals dedi- Greeks have rituals and festivals for their gods cated to Zeus were held at Olympia. and goddesses?

156 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Mary Evans Picture Library 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 7/14/04 10:27 PM Page 157

Greek Poetry and Fables heroic deeds. The first great epics of early Greece were the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Greek poetry and fables taught Greek poet Homer (HOH•muhr) wrote these epics values. during the 700s B.C. He based them on sto- Reading Focus Do you have favorite stories? Are the ries of a war between Greece and the of characters in the stories brave and clever? Read about , which once existed in what is today the characters of the best-loved stories in early Greece. northwestern . In the Iliad, a prince of Troy kidnaps the Greek poems and stories are the oldest wife of the king of . The kidnapping in the . For hundreds of outrages the Greeks. The king of years, Europeans and Americans have and the brother of the king of Sparta used these early works as models for their the Greeks in an attack on Troy. own poems and stories. Shakespeare, for The battle for Troy drags on for example, borrowed many Greek plots and 10 years. Finally, the Greeks come up with settings. a plan to take the city. They build a huge, The earliest Greek stories were epics hollow, wooden horse. The best My- (EH • pihks). These long poems told about cenaean warriors hide inside the horse.

The

After building the Trojan horse, the Greeks returned to their and pretended to retreat. Despite warnings, the Trojans brought the horse within their city as a war trophy. The Greeks inside the horse opened the city gates for their fellow soldiers and captured the city. What epic included the story of the Trojan horse?

Clay carving of the Trojan horse

James L. Stanfield/National Geographic Society Image Collection 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 3/10/04 5:39 AM Page 158

The Trojans, thinking the horse was a gift from the Greeks, celebrate and roll the Aesop giant horse into the city. That night, the Greek warriors quietly climb from the horse and capture the city. The Odyssey tells the story of , another Greek hero. It describes his journey home from the . Odysseus faces storms, witches, and before return- ing to his wife. Because it took Odysseus 10 years to get home, we use the word odyssey today to mean a long journey with many adventures. Greeks believed the Iliad and the Odyssey were more than stories. They looked on the epics as real history. These poems gave the Greeks an past with a cast of heroes. of Greeks read Homer’s works. One Athenian wrote, “My father was anxious to see me develop into a good man . . . [so] he compelled me According to legend, Aesop was freed from to memorize all of Homer.” and became an adviser to Greek rulers. What is a fable? Homer’s stories taught courage and honor. They also taught that it was impor- tant to be loyal to your friends and to value halfway into the race, the hare is way ahead. the relationship between husband and He stops to rest and falls asleep. Meanwhile, wife. The stories showed heroes striving to the tortoise keeps going at a slow but steady be the best they could be. Heroes fought to pace and finally wins the race. protect their own honor and their family’s The moral of the story is “slow and honor. Homer’s heroes became role models steady wins the race.” Some of the phrases for Greek boys. we hear today came from Aesop’s fables. “Sour grapes,” “a in ’s clothing,” and “appearances often are deceiving” are Who Was Aesop? About 550 B.C., a Greek examples. slave named Aesop (EE• SAHP) made up his For about 200 years, Aesop’s fables now famous fables. A fable (FAY•buhl) is a were a part of Greece’s oral . This short tale that teaches a lesson. In most of means they were passed from person to Aesop’s fables, animals talk and act like person by word of mouth long before they people. These often funny stories point out were ever written down. Since then, count- human flaws as well as strengths. Each less writers have retold the stories in many fable ends with a message, or moral. different . One of the best-known fables is “The Tortoise and the Hare.” In this fable, a tor- Describe What are the toise and a hare decide to race. More than characteristics of a fable?

158 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Alinari/Art Resource, NY 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 3/21/04 9:51 AM Page 159

HOMER Homer c. 750 B.C. Homer’s epic poems—the Iliad and the Odyssey—are famous, but until the 1900s, believed that Homer never existed. Historians now know Homer was a real person, but they still debate whether he wrote his poems alone or with the help of other poets. Many historians have speculated, or made educated guesses, about Homer’s personal life. Some say that Homer came from and seven cities claim to be his birthplace. Some believe that he was blind. Others believe that he wandered from to town. Legends tell of Homer’s strong influence on his readers. For example, as a young child, Alexander the Great is said to under his have slept with a copy of the Iliad pillow. Homer used the term aoidos for a poet. This word “I hate as I hate [Hades’] means “singer,” which tells us that the poetry created during Homer’s time was memorized and recited, not own gate that man written down. Usually, short, simple poems that were who hides one thought easy to remember were told to an audience as entertainment. within him while he Homer created a different style of poetry that speaks another.” influenced all Western that followed. His ——Homer, the Iliad epics are long and involve complex characters, dramatic action, and interesting events. Because each section of the Iliad and the Odyssey has these characteristics, most historians today think that only one poet could have created both epics. Whoever Homer was, his two epics have influenced readers for more than Review the characteristics of an epic. Then do 3,000 years. research to identify a modern epic.

159 Scala/Art Resource, NY 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:36 AM Page 160

Greek Drama Today’s movies, plays, and television shows are all examples of drama. Greek drama still shapes entertain- ment today. and The Greeks per- Reading Focus Think about your favorite movie. formed plays in outdoor theaters as part of How would you describe it? Is it a tragedy? Is it a their religious festivals. They developed two comedy? Read to find out how Greek plays still influ- kinds of —comedies and tragedies. ence our entertainment. In a tragedy (TRA • juh • dee), a person struggles to overcome difficulties but fails. What is drama (DRAH•muh)? Drama is a As a result, the story has an unhappy end- story told by who pretend to be ing. Early Greek tragedies presented people characters in the story. In a drama, actors in a struggle against their fate. Later Greek speak, show emotion, and imitate the tragedies showed how a person’s character actions of the characters they represent. flaws caused him or her to fail.

The Theater A modern-day play Tragedies and comedies were staged at a theater on the slopes of the in Athens. The plays included and dance. Greek actors wore costumes and held large masks. The masks told the audience who the was supposed to be—a king, a soldier, or a god. All the actors were men, even those playing female parts.

Actors today include both men and women—and even children and animals. Special effects and makeup have replaced handheld masks. Music in modern theater is sometimes just as important as the actors’ words. If you watched a Greek play, what might it tell you about life in ancient Greece? of a Greek theater

160 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (l)SuperStock, (r)Eric Robert/CORBIS 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 3/10/04 5:40 AM Page 161

In a comedy (KAH • muh • dee), the story ends happily. Today we use the word comedy to mean a story filled with humor. The word actually means any drama that has a happy ending. Greek stories dealt with big questions, such as: • What is the nature of good and evil? • What rights should people have? • What role do gods play in our lives? The three best-known writers of Greek tragedies were (EHS • kuh • luhs), Sophocles (SAH • fuh • KLEEZ), and Euripides (yu• RIH • puh • DEEZ). The best-known of Greek comedies was (ar•uh • STAH•fuh• NEEZ). This artwork shows Early Greek tragedies had only one actor actors preparing for who gave speeches and a chorus that sang a play. When and where were Greek songs describing the events. Aeschylus was plays performed? the first to introduce the idea of having two actors. This let the writer tell a story involving Comedy and conflict between the two people. Aeschylus tragedy masks also introduced costumes, props, and stage decorations—all ideas we still use today. One of Aeschylus’s best-known plays asks the question “Is it better to follow is a group of three plays called the orders or to do what is right?” (ohr • eh • STY • uh). Aeschylus wrote the Euripides, a later , tried to plays in 458 B.C. They describe what hap- take Greek drama beyond heroes and gods. pens when the king of Mycenae returns His characters were more down-to-earth. home from the Trojan War. The Oresteia Euripides’ plots show a great interest in teaches that evil acts cause more evil acts real-life situations. He questioned tradi- and suffering. In the end, however, tional thinking, especially about war. He triumphs over evil. The moral of these showed war as cruel and women and chil- plays is that people should not seek dren as its victims. revenge. The works of Aristophanes are good Sophocles, a general and a writer of plays, examples of comedies. They make fun of developed drama even further. He used leading politicians and scholars. They three actors in his stories instead of one or encourage the audience to think as well as two. He also placed painted scenes behind to laugh. Many of Aristophanes’ plays the stage as a backdrop to the action. Two of included jokes, just like popular television Sophocles’ most famous plays are comedies do today. Rex (EH • duh • puhs REHKS) and Summarize What two (an • TIH • guh • nee) In Antigone, Sophocles types of drama did the Greeks create?

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 161 (t)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (b)Mary Evans Picture Library 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:49 AM Page 162

Greek Art and Architecture see reason, moderation, balance, and har- mony in their work. They hoped their art Greek art and architecture expressed would inspire people to base their lives on Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. these same ideas. Reading Focus Do you consider any building in We know that the Greeks painted your neighborhood a work of art? Read on to find murals, but none of them have survived. out about buildings that people have admired as art However, we can still see examples of for centuries. Greek painting on Greek pottery. The pic- tures on most Greek pottery are either red Artists in ancient Greece believed in cer- on a black background or black on a red tain ideas and tried to show those ideas in background. Large vases often had scenes their work. These ideas have never gone from Greek myths. Small drinking cups out of style. Greek artists wanted people to showed scenes from everyday life.

TheThe ParthenonParthenon

Standing at almost 230 feet long and 100 feet wide, the was the glory of ancient Athens. It was built between 447 and 432 B.C. What was the purpose of the Parthenon?

Doric Ionic Corinthian Treasure Room Held the city's The Greeks used three different styles of columns in their buildings.

Athena The of Athena, covered in ivory and gold, was about 43 feet high.

Festival Athenians came to honor Athena every four years. Today the Parthenon still rises above Athens.

162 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (tl) W. Rogers/CORBIS, (tc)Dave Bartruff/CORBIS, (tr)Vanni Archive/CORBIS, (b)Charles O’Rear/CORBIS 154-163 CH5 S1-824133 2/28/04 12:51 AM Page 163

In to making pottery, the them from toppling, the ’s sections Greeks were skilled architects. Architecture were joined with wooden pegs. Today, is the art of designing and building struc- marble columns are common features of tures. In Greece, the most important archi- churches and government buildings. tecture was the temple dedicated to a god or Some of the best-known buildings in our goddess. The best-known example is the nation’s capital, such as the White House Parthenon. Temples, such as the Parthenon, and the Capitol, have columns similar to had a walled room in their centers. Greek columns. of gods and goddesses and the gifts offered Many Greek temples were decorated to them were kept in these central rooms. with . Greek sculpture, like Greek Large columns supported many Greek architecture, was used to express Greek buildings. The first Greek columns were ideas. The favorite subject of Greek artists carved from wood. Then, in 500 B.C., the was the . Greek sculptors did Greeks began to use marble. Marble not copy their subjects exactly, flaws and columns were built in sections. Large all. Instead, they tried to show their ideal blocks of marble were chiseled from stone version of and beauty. quarries and brought by oxen-drawn Identify What was wagon to the building site. The sections the most important type of building in ancient were stacked on top of each other. To keep Greece?

Homework Helper Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. How and why did the Greeks 6. Make Generalizations Why honor their gods? Review the did Greek artists include the ideas of reason, moderation, • The Greeks believed gods and 2. What values did the epic poems of Homer teach Greeks? balance, and harmony in their goddesses influenced their lives. works? They believed spoke for the gods and goddesses. Critical Thinking 7. Expository Writing Greek lit- 3. Contrast How do Greek erature tells us what the Greeks • The Greeks wrote long poems, tragedies and comedies differ? thought was important. Choose a modern book, movie, or televi- called epics, and short tales, called 4. Summarizing Information sion show. Write a paragraph to fables, to pass on Greek values. Draw a to describe the explain what it would tell others characteristics of Greek archi- • The Greeks created the ideas of about our society. tragedy and comedy that are still tecture and pottery. used in drama today. 8. Context Clues Greek Architecture Explain how the words in the • Greek art forms, such as painting, Greek Pottery following sentence would help architecture, and sculpture, you find the meaning of the expressed Greek ideas of beauty, 5. Evaluate Do you think the word moral. harmony, and moderation. themes of Euripides’ plays “The moral of the story is ‘slow would be popular today? and steady wins the race.’”

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 163 164-167 CH5 WL-824133 2/28/04 2:04 AM Page 164

Retold by Josephine Preston Peabody

Before You Read The Scene: This story takes place on the Greek island of in the legendary time when both and gods lived in ancient Greece. The Characters: is the master architect for King of Crete. Icarus is the son of Daedalus. The : King Minos once liked and trusted his servant, the architect Daedalus. The king’s favor, though, soon runs out and he locks Daedalus and his son, Icarus, in a high tower. Daedalus secretly plans to escape. Vocabulary Preview mortal: human reel: to turn or seem to turn around veer: to shift or change direction and around waver: to become unsteady quench: to satisfy or put an end to a need or desire rash: done without thought or preparation vainly: without success

Have you ever known someone who ignored warnings and did something dangerous? This is the story of a young boy who does not listen to his father and suffers the consequences.

164 164-167 CH5 WL-824133 7/21/04 10:25 AM Page 165

As You Read Keep in mind that a myth is a special kind of story, usually involving gods or goddesses. Greek myths, like this one, were told and retold over many hundreds of years. Try to figure out why the Greeks told this¢ story. What lesson does it teach? Among all those mortals who grew so wise that they learned the secrets of the gods, none was more cunning than Daedalus.1 He once built, for King Minos of Crete, a wonderful Labyrinth of winding ways so cunningly tangled up and twisted around that, once inside, you could never find your way out again without a clue. But the king’s favor veered with the , and one day he had his master architect imprisoned in a tower. Daedalus managed to escape from his cell; but it seemed impossible to leave the island, since every that came or went was well guarded by order of the king. At length, watching the -gulls in the air—the only creatures that were sure of liberty,—he thought of a plan for himself and his young son Icarus,2 who was captive with him. Little by little, he gathered a store of feathers great and small. He fastened these together with thread, moulded them in with wax, and so fashioned two great wings like those of a . When they were done, Daedalus fitted them to his own shoulders, and after one or two efforts, he found that by waving his arms he could winnow the air and cleave3 it, as a swimmer does the sea. He held himself aloft, wavered this way and that with the wind, and at last, like a great fledgling,4 he learned to fly.

1Daedalus (DEH • duhl • uhs): architect for King Minos 2Icarus (IH • kuh • ruhs): son of Daedalus 3winnow . . . and cleave: here, both mean “to separate or divide” 4fledgling: a young bird without feathers that cannot yet fly

165 164-167 CH5 WL-824133 2/28/04 2:10 AM Page 166

Without delay, he fell to work on a pair of wings for the boy Icarus, and taught him carefully how to use them, bidding him beware of rash adventures among the . “Remember,” said the father, “never fly very low or very high, for the fogs about the earth would weigh you down, but the blaze of the sun will surely melt your feathers apart if you go too near.” For Icarus, these cautions went in at one ear and out by the other. Who could remember to be careful when he was to fly for the first time? Are careful? Not they! And not an idea remained in the boy’s head but the one joy of escape. The day came, and the fair wind that was to set them free. The father bird put on his wings, and, while the light urged them to be gone, he waited to see that all was well with Icarus, for the two could not fly hand in hand. Up they , the boy after his father. The hateful ground of Crete sank beneath them; and the country folk, who caught a glimpse of them when they were high above the tree-tops, took it for a vision of the gods,—Apollo,5 perhaps, with Cupid6 after him. At first there was a terror in the joy. The wide vacancy of the air dazed them,—a glance downward made their brains reel. But when a great wind filled their wings, and Icarus felt himself sustained,7 like a halcyon-bird8 in the hollow of a wave, like a child uplifted by his mother, he forgot everything in the world but joy. He forgot Crete and the other islands that he had passed over: he saw but vaguely that winged thing in the distance before him that was his father Daedalus.

5Apollo: Greek god of the sun 6Cupid: Greek god of love 7sustained: to be kept from falling 8halcyon-bird: also kingfisher, flies close to the water to catch fish

166 164-167 CH5 WL-824133 2/28/04 2:12 AM Page 167

He longed for one draught9 of flight to quench the thirst of his captivity: he stretched out his arms to the sky and made toward the highest heavens. Alas for him! Warmer and warmer grew the air. Those arms, that had seemed to uphold him, relaxed. His wings wavered, drooped. He fluttered his young hands vainly,—he was falling,—and in that terror he remembered. The heat of the sun had melted the wax from his wings; the feathers were falling, one by one, like snowflakes; and there was none to help. He fell like a leaf tossed down the wind, down, down, with one cry that overtook Daedalus far away. When he returned, and sought high and low for the poor boy, he saw nothing but the bird-like feathers afloat on the water, and he knew that Icarus was drowned. The nearest island he named , in memory of the child; but he, in heavy grief, went to the temple of Apollo in , and there hung up his wings as an offering. Never¢ again did he attempt to fly.

9draught: here, means “a taste”

Responding to the Reading 1. What does King Minos do to keep Daedalus and Icarus from escaping from Crete? 2. How does the setting of the story influence the plot? Support your ideas with details from the story. 3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think Daedalus is a concerned father? Why or why not? Support your opinion with examples. 4. Evaluating Information Why does Icarus disobey his father’s words of caution? 5. Read to Write Imagine you are Icarus. Would you listen to your father’s advice? Write one or two paragraphs explaining what you would have done and why.

167 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/10/04 5:48 AM Page 168

Greek Philosophy and History

What’s the Connection? Building Your Vocabulary Section 1 discussed early Greek philosophy (fuh•LAH•suh•fee) artists and writers. Many of them philosopher (fuh•LAH•suh•fuhr) made the years between 500 and (SAH•fihst) 350 B.C. the Golden Age for Greece. Socratic method (suh•KRA•tihk) Greek thinkers and historians also produced works that shape people’s Reading Strategy views of the world today. Categorizing Information Use diagrams like the one below to show Focusing on the the basic of Socrates, • Greek philosophers developed ideas , and . that are still used today. (page 169) • Greeks wrote the first real in Western civilization. (page 173) Meeting People (puh•THA•guh•ruhs) Socrates Socrates (SAH•kruh•TEEZ) Plato (PLAY•TOH) Aristotle (AR•uh•STAH•tuhl) (hih•RAH•duh•tuhs) (thoo•SIH•duh•DEEZ)

500500 BB..CC.. 400 400 BB..CC.. 300 300 BB..CC..

435 B.C. 399 B.C. 335 B.C. Herodotus Socrates Aristotle opens writes history sentenced the of Persian Wars to death in Athens

168 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Scala/Art Resource, NY 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/10/04 5:50 AM Page 169

Greek Philosophers Many philosophers were teachers. One Greek philosopher, Pythagoras (puh • THA • Greek philosophers developed ideas guh • ruhs), taught his pupils that the uni- that are still used today. verse followed the same that governed Reading Focus Who are you? Why are you here? music and . He believed that all Read to learn how the ancient Greeks tried to answer relationships in the world could be similar “big” questions. expressed in numbers. As a result, he devel- oped many new ideas about mathematics. Most people know his name because of the The word philosophy (fuh•LAH•suh•fee) that is still used in comes from the Greek word for “love of wis- . It is a way to determine the dom.” Greek philosophy led to the study of length of the sides of a triangle. history, , science, and mathe- matics. Greek thinkers who believed the Who Were the ? The Sophists human mind could understand everything (SAH • fihsts) were professional teachers in were called philosophers (fuh•LAH•suh•fuhrs). ancient Greece. They traveled from city to

This artwork shows Greek philosophers involved in a discussion. Where does the word philosophy come from?

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 169 Scala/Art Resource, NY 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/10/04 5:52 AM Page 170

Greek Philosophers

Sophists Socrates Plato Aristotle Thinker Or Group

Main Idea Sophists like He was a critic of He rejected the idea Aristotle taught the (above) thought that the Sophists. Socrates of as a idea of the “golden people should use believed that there form of government. mean.” He believed knowledge to improve was an absolute Plato believed that observation and themselves. They right and wrong. philosopher-kings comparison were believed that there should rule society. necessary to gain is no absolute knowledge. right or wrong. Important They developed the He created the He described his He wrote over 200 Contribution art of public speak- Socratic method vision of the ideal books on philoso- ing and debate. of teaching. government phy and science. He in his work the divided all govern- . ments into three basic types. Influence The importance of His methods He introduced the His political ideas on Today can influenced the way idea that govern- still shape political be seen in political teachers interact ment should be ideas today. debates between with their students. fair and just. candidates.

city and made a living by teaching others. Socrates believed that an absolute They believed students should use their existed and that all real knowledge was time to improve themselves. Many taught within each person. He invented the their students how to win an argument and Socratic method (suh•KRA•tihk) of teaching make good political speeches. still used today. He asked pointed questions Sophists did not believe that gods and to force his pupils to use their reason and to goddesses influenced people. They also see things for themselves. rejected the idea of absolute right or wrong. Some Athenian leaders considered the They believed that what was right for one Socratic method a threat to their power. At person might be wrong for another. one time, Athens had a tradition of ques- tioning leaders and speaking freely. The Ideas of Socrates One critic of the However, their defeat in the Peloponnesian Sophists was Socrates (SAH • kruh • TEEZ). War changed the Athenians. They no longer Socrates was an Athenian sculptor whose trusted open debate. In 399 B.C. the leaders true love was philosophy. Socrates left no accused Socrates of teaching young writings behind. What we know about Athenians to rebel against the state. A him we have learned from the writings of found Socrates guilty and sentenced him to his students. death. Socrates could have fled the city, but

170 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization (l)Mary Evans Picture Library, (cl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Museo Capitolino, /E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (r)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/10/04 5:53 AM Page 171

he chose to remain. He argued that he had should not eat too little or too much but just lived under the city’s laws, so he had to enough to stay well. obey them. He then drank poison to carry Aristotle also helped to advance science. out the jury’s sentence. He urged people to use their senses to make observations, just as scientists today make observations. Aristotle was the first person The Ideas of Plato One of Socrates’ stu- to group observations according to their sim- dents was Plato (PLAY•toh). Unlike Socrates, ilarities and differences. Then he made gen- we are able to learn a lot about Plato from eralizations based on the groups of facts. his writings. One work Plato wrote is called Like Plato, Aristotle wrote about gov- the Republic. It explains his ideas about gov- ernment. He studied and compared the ernment. Based on life in Athens, Plato governments of 158 different places to find decided that democracy was not a good the best form of government. In his book system of government. He did not think Politics, Aristotle divided the governments that rule by the people produced fair or sen- into three types: sible policies. To him, people could not live • Government by one person, such as a good lives unless they had a just and rea- (king or queen) or a sonable government. • Government by a few people, which In the Republic, Plato described his ideal might be an or an government. He divided people into three basic groups. At the top were philosopher- • Government by many people, as in a kings, who ruled using logic and wisdom. democracy Warriors made up the second group. They defended the state from attack. Aristotle noticed that governments run The third group included the rest of the by a few people were usually run by the people. They were driven by desire, not by rich. He noticed that most wisdom like the first group or courage like were run by the poor. He thought the best the second. These people produced the government was a mixture of the two. state’s food, clothing, and shelter. Plato also Aristotle’s ideas shaped the way believed that men and women should have Europeans and Americans thought about the same and an equal chance to government. The founders of the United have the same jobs. States Constitution tried to create a mixed government that balanced the different types Aristotle had identified. Who Was Aristotle? Plato established a in Athens known as the . His Contrast How did best student was Aristotle (AR•uh• STAH •tuhl). Aristotle’s idea of government differ from Plato’s? Aristotle wrote more than 200 books on topics ranging from government to the and stars. In 335 B.C. Aristotle opened his own school called the Lyceum. At the Lyceum, Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and click Aristotle taught his pupils the “golden on Chapter 5—Student Web Activity to learn mean.” This idea holds that a person should more about ancient Greece. do nothing in excess. For example, a person

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 171 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/21/04 9:53 AM Page 172

PLATO AND ARISTOTLE Plato c. 428–347 B.C. Aristotle 384–322 B.C. Plato was from a noble Greek family and had planned a career in politics. However, he was so horrified by the death of his teacher, Socrates, that he left politics and spent many years traveling and B.C., he founded an writing. When Plato returned to Athens in 387 academy, where he taught using Socrates’ method of questioning. His academy drew bright young students from Athens and other Greek city-states. Plato looked for truth beyond the appearances of everyday objects and reflected this philosophy in his writing and teaching. He believed the human was the connection between the appearance of things and ideas. Plato and Aristotle—two of the greatest Plato philosophers—met as teacher and student at Plato’s Academy in Athens. Aristotle left his home in and arrived on the Academy’s doorstep when he was eighteen years old. He remained at Plato’s Academy for 20 years, until the death of his teacher. Unlike Plato, Aristotle did not come from a noble family. His father was the court to the king of . At an early age, Aristotle’s father introduced him to the topics of and biology, and these became his main interests of study. Aristotle sought truth through a systematic, scientific approach. He liked to jot down notes and details about different topics—from weather to human behavior—and arrange them in categories. He did not trust the senses’ ability to understand the . After Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled for about 12 years. He also tutored the future Alexander the Great. Later in his life, he hool, the Lyceum. He returned to Athens and opened his own sc made his school the center for research in every area of knowledge known to the Greeks.

Aristotle spent 20 years at Plato’s Academy. What present-day careers or subjects of study require lifelong learning? Aristotle

(t)SEF/Art Resource, NY, (b) Scala/Art Resource, NY 168-173 Ch5 S2-824133 3/10/04 5:54 AM Page 173

Greek Historians Many historians consider Thucydides (thoo•SIH•duh• DEEZ) the greatest of Greeks wrote the first real histories in the ancient world. Thucydides fought in the Western civilization. . After he lost a battle, he Reading Focus Why is history important? Read on to was sent into . There he wrote his find out what Greek historians thought was important. History of the Peloponnesian War. Unlike Herodotus, Thucydides saw war In most places in the ancient world, peo- and politics as the activities of human ple did not write history. Legends and beings, not gods. He also stressed the myths explained their past. Some civiliza- importance of having accurate facts: tions kept long lists of rulers and the dates they were in power, but no one tried to Either I was present myself at the explain the past by studying events. Then, events which I have described or in 435 B.C., a Greek named Herodotus (hih• else I heard of them from eye- RAH • duh • tuhs) wrote the history of the witnesses whose reports I have Persian Wars. checked with as much In his book, Herodotus tried to separate thoroughness as possible. fact from legend. He asked questions, recorded answers, and checked the truthful- —Thucydides, History of the ness of his sources. Although his history Peloponnesian War includes some errors and uses gods and god- desses to explain some events, Western histo- Identify How did rians consider him the “father of history.” Thucydides view war and politics?

Homework Helper Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who were the Sophists and 4. Science Link How are what were their beliefs? Aristotle’s teachings related to Review the 2. Before Herodotus, how did the scientific method used by The ideas of Greek philosophers, • Greeks explain the past? scientists today? including Socrates, Plato, and 5. Contrast What is different Aristotle, still affect modern Critical Thinking about the works of Herodotus thinking about education, gov- 3. Organizing Information and Thucydides? ernment, and science. Draw a diagram like the one below. Use the diagram to 6. Summarize Describe Aristotle’s contributions to • Herodotus and Thucydides are organize Plato’s ideas about an government. considered western civilization’s ideal government. first historians. They believed 7. Persuasive Writing Do you that people could understand the agree with Plato’s vision of the present by studying the past. ideal state in the Republic? Write an editorial expressing your viewpoint.

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 173 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 2/28/04 3:24 AM Page 174

Alexander the Great

What’s the Connection? Meeting People In Section 2, you learned that the Philip II Greek philosopher Aristotle was also Alexander the Great a teacher. The king of Macedonia admired Greek culture and hired Building Your Vocabulary Aristotle to tutor his son, Alexander. legacy (LEH•guh•see) Years later, his son would take Hellenistic Era (HEH•luh•NIHS•tihk) control of the Greek world. Focusing on the Reading Strategy Sequencing Create a diagram like the • Philip II of Macedonia united the one below to track the achievements Greek states. (page 175) of Alexander the Great. • Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture throughout southwest Asia. (page 176)

Locating Places Macedonia (MA•suh•DOH•nee•uh) Chaeronea (KEHR•uh•NEE•uh) (SIHR•ee•uh) (A•lihg•ZAN•dree•uh)

360360 B..C.. 340 340 B..C.320.320 B..C..

MACEDONIA 359 B.C. 331 B.C. 323 B.C. Philip II becomes Alexander Alexander dies Gaugamela king of Macedonia defeats Darius at Gaugamela Babylon

174 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 3/10/04 6:01 AM Page 175

Macedonia Attacks Greece their ideas, and their armies. Although Macedonia was influenced by Greek ideas, Philip II of Macedonia united the Greek Philip wanted to make his kingdom strong states. enough to defeat the mighty Persian Reading Focus Have you ever wanted something Empire. In order to achieve this goal, Philip because your neighbor had it? Read to find what the king needed to unite the Greek city-states with of Macedonia wanted from his neighbors, the Greeks. his own kingdom. Philip trained a vast army of foot sol- Macedonia (MA • suh • DOH • nee • uh) lay diers to fight like the Greeks. He took over north of Greece. The raised the city-states one by one. He took some sheep and horses and grew crops in their city-states by force and bribed the leaders of river valleys. They were a warrior people others to surrender. Some united with his who fought on horseback. The Greeks looked kingdom voluntarily. down on them, but by 400 B.C., Macedonia (dih • MAHS • thuh • NEEZ) had become a powerful kingdom. was a lawyer and one of Athens’s great public speakers. He gave several powerful A Plan to Win Greece In 359 B.C. Philip II speeches warning Athenians that Philip rose to the in Macedonia. Philip had was a threat to Greek freedom. He urged lived in Greece as a young man. He admired Athens and other city-states to join together everything about the Greeks—their art, to fight the Macedonians.

Demosthenes’ Warning Demosthenes As King Philip II of Macedonia became more powerful, he began to take part in the affairs of Greece. Demosthenes real- ized that Macedonia’s powerful army would eventually be a threat to Greece. He tried to warn the Greeks to take action. “Remember only that Philip is our enemy, that he has long been robbing and insulting us, that wherever we have expected aid from oth- ers we have found hostility, that the future depends on ourselves, and that unless we are willing to fight him there we shall perhaps be forced to fight here....You need not speculate [guess] about the future except to assure yourselves that it will be disastrous unless you face the facts and are willing to do your duty.” Which line of Demosthenes’ speech tells —Demosthenes, “The First Philippic” in what he thinks will happen if the Greeks Orations of Demosthenes ignore Philip?

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 175 file photo 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 8/2/04 5:58 PM Page 176

However, by the time the Greeks saw the Alexander Builds an Empire danger, it was too late. The Peloponnesian War had left the Greeks weak and divided. In Alexander the Great conquered the many Greek city-states, the population had Persian Empire and spread Greek culture through- declined after the Peloponnesian War. out southwest Asia. Fighting had destroyed many farms and left Reading Focus What will you be doing at age 20? people with no way to earn a living. As a Read to learn what Philip’s son Alexander achieved. result, thousands of young Greeks left Greece to join the Persian army. Many who stayed Philip planned to conquer the Persian behind began fighting among themselves. Empire with the Greeks’ help. Before Philip The city-states grew weaker. could carry out his plan, however, he was Although the Athenians joined some murdered. As a result, the of Asia other Greek states to fight Philip’s army, they fell to his son. could not stop the invasion. In 338 B.C. the Alexander was only 20 when he became Macedonians crushed the Greek allies at the king of Macedonia. Philip had carefully Battle of Chaeronea (KEHR •uh•NEE•uh) near trained his son for leadership. While still a . Philip now controlled most of Greece. boy, Alexander often went with his father to Summarize Why did Philip II the battlefront. At age 16 he rose to com- invade Greece? mander in the Macedonian army. After his

Alexander’s Empire 323 B.C. N

. D e R E ° anub W 40 N S MACEDONIA Granicus Aegean 334 B.C. Caspian Chaeronea Sea ASIA 338 B.C. MINOR Issus Sea Athens 333 B.C. Gaugamela T 331 B.C. i g r i s E u R ph . Babylon PERSIA rat Tyre SYRIA es R. . Persepolis R Alexandria s u P d e n KEY rs I N ia i Extent of empire n l e G 0 500 mi. R Alexander’s routes u . lf of conquest Arabian 0 500 km Major battle Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Sea

The Today Alexander the Great’s empire 20°N stretched across three . TURKMENISTAN 1. Near what river was the Battle of GREECE TURKEY Gaugamela fought? SYRIA 2. What modern countries make up IRAQ the eastern borders of the empire? ISRAEL JORDAN Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps SAUDI EGYPT ARABIA 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 7/14/04 11:49 PM Page 177

father’s death, Alexander was ready to ful- fill his father’s dream—the invasion of the Alexander the Great Persian Empire.

Alexander’s Conquests In the of 334 B.C., Alexander invaded Asia Minor with about 37,000 Macedonian and Greek foot sol- diers. He also took along 5,000 mounted warriors. With Alexander at their head, the destroyed the forces of the local Persian satraps at the Battle of Granicus. By the next year, Alexander had freed the Greek cities in Asia Minor from Persian rule and defeated a large Persian army at Issus. He then turned south. By the winter of 332 B.C., he had captured Syria (SIHR • ee • uh) and Egypt. Then he built the city of This carving of Alexander the Great on his horse Alexandria (A • lihg • ZAN • dree • uh) as a cen- decorated the side of a tomb. Was Alexander ter of business and trade. The city became able to fulfill his plans of conquest? Explain. one of the most important cities in the ancient world. Alexander was as good as a for every In 331 B.C. Alexander headed and man in the army.” defeated the Persians at Gaugamela, near In 323 B.C. Alexander returned to Babylon. After this victory, his army easily Babylon. He wanted to plan an invasion of overran the rest of the Persian Empire. southern Arabia but was very tired and weak However, Alexander did not stop at Persia. from wounds. He came down with a bad Over the next three years, he marched east fever. Ten days later he was dead at age 32. as far as modern Pakistan. In 326 B.C. he crossed the and entered . Alexander’s Legacy Alexander was a There he fought a of bloody battles. great leader. He was brave and Weary of continuous war, his soldiers even reckless. He often rode into battle refused to go farther. Alexander agreed to ahead of his men and risked his own life. lead them home. He inspired his armies to march into On the return march, the troops crossed unknown lands and risk their lives in dif- a desert in what is now southern Iran. Heat ficult situations. and thirst killed thousands of soldiers. At The key to Alexander’s courage may one point, a group of soldiers found a little have been his childhood education. water and scooped it up in a helmet. Then Alexander kept a copy of the Iliad under his they offered the water to Alexander. pillow. Most likely his inspiration was According to a Greek historian, Alexander, Homer’s warrior-hero Achilles. In the end, “in full view of his troops, poured the water Alexander’s reputation outstripped even on the ground. So extraordinary was the Achilles’, and today he is called Alexander effect of this action that the water wasted by the Great.

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 177 Robert Harding Picture Library 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 2/28/04 9:29 AM Page 178

A legacy (LEH • guh • see) is what a person The Empire Breaks Apart Alexander the leaves behind when he or she dies. Great planned to unite Macedonians, Art Library Alexander’s skill and daring created his Greeks, and Persians in his new empire. He legacy. He helped extend Greek and used Persians as officials and encouraged Macedonian rule over a vast area. At the his soldiers to marry Asian women. After same time, he and his armies spread Greek Alexander died, however, his generals art, ideas, language, and architecture wher- fought one another for power. As a result, ever they went in southwest Asia and the empire that Alexander had created fell northern Africa. Greeks, in turn, brought apart. Four kingdoms took its place: new ideas back from Asia and Africa. Macedonia, Pergamum (PUHR • guh • muhm), Alexander’s conquests marked the Egypt, and the (suh • LOO • (l)Yan Arthus-Bertrand/CORBIS, (r)Archives Charmet/Bridgeman (l)Yan beginning of the Hellenistic Era (HEH • luh • suhd). Look at the map on page 179 to see NIHS • tihk). The word Hellenistic comes from where these kingdoms were located. a Greek word meaning “like the Greeks.” It All government business in the refers to a time when the Hellenistic kingdoms was conducted in the and Greek ideas spread to the non-Greek Greek language. Only those Asians and people of southwest Asia. who spoke Greek could apply

Alexandria, Egypt Alexandria

Modern Alexandria The lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A fire in its tall tower guided ships into harbor. What was special about Alexandria in 100 B.C.? 174-179 Ch5 S3-824133 7/14/04 11:01 PM Page 179

for government posts. The kings Hellenistic World 241 B.C. preferred to give the jobs to Greeks and Macedonians. In this way, 20°E Black Sea 40°E Caspian Greeks managed to stay in control Sea of the governments. 40°N ASIA MINOR N B C Pergamum T By 100 . ., the largest city in ig ri s the Mediterranean world was R WE . S Alexandria, which Alexander had Crete Eu phr at Mediterranean Sea es founded in Egypt. In addition, the R . Hellenistic kings created many Alexandria KEY new cities and military settlements. Egyptian kingdom N Macedonian kingdom i l 0 500 mi. e Red Sea These new Greek cities needed R Pergamum kingdom . 0 500 km Seleucid kingdom architects, engineers, philosophers, Azimuthal Equal-Area projection artisans, and artists. For this reason, Hellenistic rulers encouraged Greeks and Macedonians to settle in south- west Asia. These colonists provided Following Alexander’s death, his empire separated into four kingdoms. new recruits for the army and a pool 1. Which kingdom appears to have had of government officials and work- the most territory? ers. They helped spread Greek cul- 2. Which kingdoms were at least ture into Egypt and as as partially located in Asia? modern-day Afghanistan and India. Explain What was Alexander’s legacy?

Homework Helper Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. How did Philip II of Macedonia 5. Predict How might history feel about the Greeks? Review the have been different if Alexander had lived longer? • Following the Battle of 2. What ended Alexander’s con- quest of India? 6. How many Chaeronea in 338 B.C., King Philip Skills of Macedonia ruled all of Greece. Critical Thinking continents did Alexander’s empire reach? • Alexander the Great, King Philip’s 3. Analyze Why was Alexander a son, conquered an empire that good leader? 7. Context Clues stretched to Africa in the south 4. Summarize Draw a table to What do you think the word and India in the east. After summarize what you know assure means in this passage? Alexander’s death, his empire about each topic. “. . . assure yourselves that it split into several kingdoms. will be disastrous unless you Philip of Alexander Alexander’s face the facts and are willing Macedonia the Great Empire After His Death to do your duty.” What words give clues to its meaning?

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 179 180-181 Ch5 YD-824133 2/28/04 4:33 AM Page 180

Alexander the Great: Villain or Hero?

Villain Many legends about Alexander have Was Alexander the Great really great? been told. One historian found this account to support the “villain theory.” Or was he an evil conqueror? Those who “The following is my favourite [story] see him as bloodthirsty and cruel give which is found all the way from Turkey to this as evidence against Alexander. They : Iskander [Alexander] was actu- say he • destroyed Persepolis ally a devil and he had horns. But his hair was long and wavy and the horns were • attacked Tyre, killing 10,000 people never seen. Only his barbers knew. But he and enslaving 30,000 feared they could not keep the secret. So, • treated his slaves harshly he killed them when they discovered. His • ordered the murder of several close last barber pretended not to notice and advisers. kept the secret. Eventually though he could bear it no longer and, as he could tell no one, he ran to a well and called down the well: ‘Iskander has horns!’ But in the bottom of the well were whispering reeds [used in flutes] and they echoed the story until it went round the whole world.” —Michael Wood, “In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great”

Alexander the Great (at far left) 180 180 David Lees/CORBIS 180-181 Ch5 YD-824133 2/28/04 4:34 AM Page 181

Arrian, a Greek historian who lived in the A.D. 100s, wrote about Alexander this way: “For my own part, I think there was at that time no race of men, no city, nor even a single individual to whom Alexander’s name and fame had not penetrated. For this reason it seems to me that a hero totally unlike any other human being could not have been born without the agency [help] of the [gods].” —, The of Alexander

On two points all historians agree: Alexander was a brilliant general and he was a brave fighter. He once boasted to his men: “For there is no part of my body, in front at any rate, remaining free from wounds; nor is there any kind of weapon used either for close combat or for hurling at the enemy, the traces of which I do not bear on my person. For I have been wounded with Alexander the Great the sword in close fight, I have been shot with arrows, and I have been struck with missiles projected from of war; and though oftentimes I have been hit with Hero stones and bolts of wood for the sake of your lives, your glory, and your wealth, I am Other historians consider Alexander still leading you as conquerors over all the the Great to be a hero. They claim he land and sea, all rivers, mountains, and brought , order, and culture plains. I have celebrated your weddings to each new land he conquered. In with my own, and the children of many of support of him, they say Alexander you will be akin to my children.” • tried to promote learning —Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander • visited all of his wounded men after each battle • spared the lives of the queen and Checking for Understanding princess of Persia 1. Why do some people view • built new cities where others had Alexander the Great as a villain? been destroyed. 2. Why do others view him as a hero? 3. Was Alexander wicked or heroic? Take the role of a historian. Write a brief essay or persuasive speech that explains how you see Alexander the Great. Be sure to use facts to support your position. You can compare him to other famous rulers to strengthen your argument. 181 Sandro Vannini/CORBIS 182-186 CH5 S4-824133 3/10/04 6:06 AM Page 182

The Spread of Greek Culture

What’s the Connection? Meeting People In Section 3, you read that Theocritus (thee•AH•kruh•tuhs) Alexander’s conquests helped to Aristarchus (AR•uh•STAHR•kuhs) spread Greek culture. The kings who came after Alexander also tried to (EHR•uh•TAHS•thuh•NEEZ) attract the best and brightest Greeks (YOO•kluhd) to Asia and Egypt. They hoped to re- Archimedes (AHR•kuh•MEE•deez) create the glory of Greece’s Golden Age in their own kingdoms. Building Your Vocabulary Epicureanism Focusing on the (EH•pih•kyu•REE•uh•NIH•zuhm) • Hellenistic cities became centers of Stoicism (STOH•uh•SIH•zuhm) learning and culture. (page 183) astronomer (uh•STRAH•nuh•muhr) • and Zeno showed the world plane geometry (jee•AH•muh•tree) different ways to look at happiness. solid geometry (jee AH muh tree) (page 184) • • • • Hellenistic scientists made major Reading Strategy discoveries in math and astronomy. Summarizing Information Create a (page 185) diagram to show the major Greek contributions to Western civilization. Locating Places (ROHDZ) Contributions Syracuse (SIHR•uh•KYOOS)

350350 B..C.275.275 B..C.. 200 200 B..C..

c. 300 B.C. 291 B.C. 212 B.C. Athens King I , the Archimedes killed Syracuse invites Euclid playwright, dies by Romans to Alexandria Alexandria

182 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 182-186 CH5 S4-824133 2/28/04 6:34 AM Page 183

Greek Culture Spreads The Poetry of Hellenistic cities became centers of Theocritus learning and culture. Theocritus is considered the creator of Reading Focus Imagine you are a leading citizen in a pastoral poetry. Pastoral poetry deals new city. How would you make it the best city possible? with rural life, especially the Read to find out how leaders in the Hellenistic Era lives of shepherds. It improved their cities. often compares rural and city life. In this During the Hellenistic Era, philosophers, selection, he talks scientists, poets, and writers flocked to the about shepherding as a way of life. new Greek cities in southwest Asia and “Shepherd, your song is Egypt, especially Alexandria. Many came to sweeter than the water take advantage of Alexandria’s library. Its that tumbles and splashes more than 500,000 scrolls were useful to stu- down from the rocks. dents of literature and language. Alexandria If the get the ewe Sculpture also had a museum where researchers went for their prize, of shepherd to do their work. you’ll win the [baby] lamb. But if they choose Architecture and Sculpture The Hellenistic kingdoms were lands of opportunity for the lamb, you’ll carry away the ewe.” —Theocritus, “First Idyll” Greek architects. New cities were being founded, and old ones were being rebuilt. The Hellenistic kings wanted to make these cities like the cultural centers of Greece. They How does Theocritus describe the song of paid handsome fees to line the streets with the shepherd? baths, theaters, and temples. Hellenistic kings and other wealthy citi- zens hired Greek sculptors to fill their and cities with thousands of statues. These with golden fleece. Another poet, Theocritus statues showed the same level of workman- (thee • AH • kruh • tuhs), wrote short poems ship as the statues from Greece’s Golden Age. about the beauty of nature. Literature and Theater Hellenistic lead- Athens remained the center of Greek the- ers also admired talented writers. Kings ater. in Athens created a new and leading citizens spent generous sums kind of comedy. The stories had happy end- of money supporting writers’ work. As a ings and still make people laugh. However, result, the Hellenistic Age produced a large unlike the comedies of Greece’s Golden Age, body of literature. Sadly, very little of this they did not poke fun at political leaders. writing has survived. Instead the plays told stories about love and One of the works we know about is an relationships. One of the best known of the epic poem by Appolonius (A •puh•LOH•nee• new playwrights was Menander (muh•NAN• uhs) of Rhodes (ROHDZ). Called Argonautica, duhr), who lived from 343 B.C. to 291 B.C. it tells the legend of and his band of Explain How did the heroes. They sail the seas in search of a ram Hellenistic kingdoms spread Greek culture? CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 183 Araldo de Luca/CORBIS 182-186 CH5S4-8241333/10/046:11AMPage184 1. Connecting to thePast 2. they graduate from medicalschool. version of theHippocratic Oathwhen New doctors stilltake a patients. Healsotaughtthatit someone was ill. patient’s symptomstofindoutwhy examine thebody andlookata stressed thatitwas to important He separate medicinefrom religion. began to pioneer ofmedicalscience, (hih Greek Medicine eiiebgnt hne medicine began tochange. gods ofthehealingprocess. aspart andmadesacrifices tothe prayed, priests treated patientswithherbs, Intemples, as well asplacesof worship. Greek templeswere placesofhealing to cure themofillnessesandinjuries. believed thattheirgods hadthepower How were illnessesandinjuries treated How didHippocrates change theway medicine was practiced inancientGreece? before Hippocrates? treating patients Greek doctor In the400s • PAH • kruh B • . C The ancientGreeks TEEZ ,thepractice of ., to care for their to harmandalways to promise never His studentshad students torecite. he asked hismedical that orpledge, oath, well known for the have ahealthy diet. was to important ) adoctorand , Hippocrates is people hadadutytoservetheircity. or grief.UnlikeEpicureans, Stoicsthought describe someonewhoisnotaffected byjoy duty. Today theword ing reason, notemotions,anddoingyour for “porch.” seek outpleasure. believed thatthewaytobehappywas dents thathappinesswasthegoaloflife.He staying outofpoliticsandpublicservice. about things.Epicureans avoidedworryby with friendsandlearningnottoworry Epicurus, pleasure meantspendingtime or comfortablesurroundings. However, to love ofphysicalpleasure, suchasgoodfood differences between Epicureanism andStoicism? kyu phy wenowknowas Epicureans and Zeno. important philosopherswere Epicurus phers intheGreek world.Thetwomost tinued toattractthemostfamousphiloso- about differentlearn Greek ideasabouthappiness. Philosophy SIH Who Were theStoics? named Zenodeveloped Reading Focus different ways to lookathappiness. Socs”comesfrom “Stoicism” as the“paintedporch” nearthecitymarket. lecture hall.Sohetaughtatabuildingknown came to Athens, hecouldnotafford torent a phy intheHellenisticworld.WhenZeno • For Stoics,happinesscamefrom follow- Today theword During theHellenisticEra, Athens con- • zuhm) REE • . uh It becameaverypopularphiloso- Epicurus andZeno showed theworld • NIH Epicurus foundedaphiloso- What makes you happy? Read onto • zuhm) Contrast Epicureanism epicurean Hetaughthisstu- . stoa, Stoicism stoic What were the the Greek word Phoenician A is usedto means the (STOH ( EH • • pih uh • •

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 182-186 CH5 S4-824133 2/28/04 4:17 AM Page 185

Greek Science and Math concluded that Earth is round. He then used his knowledge of geometry and Hellenistic scientists made major astronomy to measure Earth’s circumfer- discoveries in math and astronomy. ence—the distance around Earth. Reading Focus Do you know how to find the area of Eratosthenes put two sticks in the ground a square? If so, you are doing geometry. Read on to find far apart from each other. When the sun was out about the person who created geometry and other directly over one stick, the shadow was scientists from the Hellenistic Era. shorter than the shadow at the other stick. By measuring the shadows, he was able to calcu- Scientists, especially mathematicians late the curve of Earth’s surface. and astronomers, made major contributions Using his measurements, Eratosthenes during the Hellenistic Era. Astronomers estimated that the distance around Earth (uh•STRAH•nuh •muhrs) study stars, planets, equaled 24,675 miles (39,702 km). Amazingly, and other heavenly bodies. Aristarchus his estimate was within 185 miles (298 km) of (AR • uh • STAHR • kuhs), an astronomer from the actual distance. Using similar methods, , claimed that the sun was at the cen- he measured the distance to the sun and to ter of the universe and that Earth circled the the . His measurements were quite sun. At the time, other astronomers rejected accurate. Aristarchus’s ideas. They thought that Euclid (YOO•kluhd) is probably the most Earth was the center of the universe. famous Greek mathematician. His best- Another astronomer, Eratosthenes (EHR • known book Elements describes plane uh • TAHS • thuh • NEEZ), was in charge of geometry. Plane geometry (jee • AH • muh • the library at Alexandria. Eratosthenes tree) is the branch of mathematics that shows

Greek Scientists and Their Contributions Scientific “Firsts”

Archimedes Established the science of Archimedes Explained the lever and compound pulley Aristarchus Established that Earth revolves around the sun Eratosthenes Figured out that Earth is round Euclid Wrote a book that organized information about geometry Created a system to explain how planets and stars move Hippocrates Known as the “Father of Medicine” First to write a medical code of good behavior Expanded knowledge of mathematics and astronomy The ancient Greeks made advances in science. Pythagoras First to establish the 1. What were Archimedes’ achievements? principles of geometry 2. Identify Who wrote a code of behavior that doctors still follow today?

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 185 North Wind Picture Archives 182-186 CH5 S4-824133 2/28/04 5:16 AM Page 186

how points, lines, of circles and is usually represented by the angles, and sur- symbol π. faces relate to one Archimedes was also an inventor. One another. Around story about Archimedes tells how he 300 B.C., King invented weapons. “Give me a lever and a Ptolemy I (TAH • place to stand on,” Archimedes said to the luh• mee) of Egypt king of Syracuse, “and I will move the asked Euclid if he earth.” knew an easier The king of Syracuse was impressed. Euclid way to learn geom- He asked Archimedes to use his levers to etry than by defend the city. So Archimedes designed reading Elements. Euclid answered that —machines that hurled arrows, “there is no royal way” to learn geometry. spears, and rocks. When Romans attacked The most famous scientist of the Syracuse in 212 B.C., Archimedes’ catapults Hellenistic Era was Archimedes (AHR • kuh• drove them back. It took the Romans three MEE•deez) of Syracuse (SIHR•uh• KYOOS).He years to capture Syracuse. During the mas- worked on solid geometry (jee • AH • muh • sacre that followed, Archimedes was tree)—the study of -like shapes called killed. spheres and tubelike shapes called cylinders. Explain Who was the most He also figured out the value of pi. This num- famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era? What did ber is used to measure the area he contribute?

Homework Helper Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Why did the city of Alexandria 4. Compare and Contrast attract scholars? Review the How were the comedies of the Hellenistic Era and those of • Hellenistic cities, such as 2. Describe the form of philoso- phy developed by Zeno. Greece’s Golden Age similar Alexandria, attracted some of the and different? Greek world’s best architects, Critical Thinking sculptors, and writers. 5. Analyze How would knowl- 3. Summarize Draw a table like edge of geometry be helpful to the one below. Write several the Greeks? • During the Hellenistic Era, new facts about each scientist in philosophies, such as Stoicism the correct column. 6. Identify What did the and Epicureanism, developed. Epicureans believe about Aristarchus happiness? • Hellenistic scientists, including 7. Context Clues Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Euclid, Eratosthenes Name two words in this sen- and Archimedes, made important tence that help define the advances in the fields of astron- Euclid word playwright. omy and mathematics. “Playwrights in Athens created Archimedes a new kind of comedy.”

186 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization Scala/Art Resource, NY 187-189 CH5 CRA-824133 2/28/04 4:21 AM Page 187

Section The Culture of Ancient Greece

Vocabulary Focusing on the myth • The Greeks believed that gods and goddesses controlled nature and shaped oracle their lives. (page 155) epic • Greek poetry and fables taught Greek values. (page 157) fable • Greek drama still shapes entertainment today. (page 160) drama • Greek art and architecture expressed Greek ideas of beauty and harmony. tragedy (page 162) comedy

Section Greek Philosophy and History

Vocabulary Focusing on the philosophy • Greek philosophers developed ideas that are still used today. (page 169) philosopher • Greeks wrote the first real histories in Western civilization. (page 173) Sophist Socratic method

Section Alexander the Great

Vocabulary Focusing on the legacy • Philip II of Macedonia united the Greek states. Hellenistic Era (page 175) • Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture throughout southwest Asia. (page 176)

Alexander Section The Spread of Greek Culture the Great

Vocabulary Focusing on the Epicureanism • Hellenistic cities became centers of learning and culture. (page 183) Stoicism • Epicurus and Zeno showed the world different ways to look at happiness. astronomer (page 184) plane geometry • Hellenistic scientists made major discoveries in math and astronomy. solid geometry (page 185)

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 187 187-189 CH5 CRA-824133 2/28/04 4:25 AM Page 188

Review Vocabulary 10. Why are Greek historians so important? 1. Write a brief paragraph that defines and Section 3 • Alexander the Great compares the following terms. 11. Which leader united the Greek states? epic fable myth 12. What are the two main accomplishments Decide if each statement is True or False. of Alexander the Great? 2. An oracle was a shrine Greeks visited Section 4 • The Spread of Greek Culture to receive prophecies. 13. Why were Hellenistic cities important? 3. Sophists were professional teachers. 14. In what fields did Hellenistic scientists 4. The death of Socrates marks the begin- make advances? ning of the Hellenistic Era. 5. Astronomers study stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies. Critical Thinking 6. Euclid developed plane geometry. 15. Understanding Cause and Effect How did the Peloponnesian War weaken the Review Main Ideas Greek states? Section 1 • The Culture of Ancient Greece 16. Analyze Why would knowing the circum- 7. What did the Greeks believe about their ference of Earth have been helpful to the gods and goddesses? Greeks? 8. What did Greek art and architecture 17. Compare How was religion in ancient express? Greece similar to religion in ancient Section 2 • Greek Philosophy and History Egypt? 9. How long did the ideas of Greek philoso- 18. Analyze Why do you think the develop- phers last? ment of written history is important?

Context Words in Context

Read this passage from page 158. 19. Based on how compelled is used in this “My father was anxious to see me sentence, what do you think it means? develop into a good man . . . [so] he a. asked compelled me to memorize all of b. taught Homer.” c. forced d. dared

To review this skill, see pages 152–153.

188 CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 187-189 CH5 CRA-824133 2/28/04 5:08 AM Page 189

Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for Geography Skills the Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com Study the map below and answer the follow- ing questions. 20. Location Analyze the location of the Hellenistic kingdoms. What present-day Using Technology countries control territory that was con- 25. Creating a Multimedia Presentation trolled by the Seleucid empire? Use the Internet and print resources, such as newspapers and magazines, to research 21. Human/Environment Interaction Greek architecture. Then use the Which kingdom do you think was the most or posterboard to design and construct difficult to govern based on its geography? your own building using Greek designs. The Greeks dedicated some of their build- Hellenistic World ings to gods and goddesses. Dedicate your building to someone in history and design Black Sea 40°E 20°E it with that person in mind. Share your Pella 40°N research and design with the class. ASIA MINOR Pergamum T ig ri s R .

Crete Cyprus Eu phr at Seleucia Mediterranean Sea es R . Analyze Alexandria

N In this account, Thucydides describes the i KEY l 0 500 mi. e Red Sea R Egyptian kingdom . masses of people who entered Athens 0 500 km Macedonian kingdom Azimuthal Equal-Area projection around 430 B.C. seeking relief from the Pergamum kingdom Seleucid kingdom plague. “There were no houses for them, and, living as they did during the hot season in badly Read to Write ventilated huts, they died like flies....For the catastrophe was so overwhelming that 22. Descriptive Writing Imagine you are a men, not knowing what would happen next journalist living in Alexandria, Egypt, to them, became indifferent to every rule of during the Hellenistic Era. Write an article religion or . All the funeral ceremonies describing life in the city. which used to be observed were now disor- 23. Using Your Review the develop- ganized, and they buried the dead as best ments in early Greece that you listed on they could.” your foldable. Using numbers, rank each —Thucydides, History of the development from the most valuable to the Peloponnesian War least valuable. Explain the reason for your highest and lowest ranking.

Linking Past and Present 26. What hardships did newcomers to 24. Expository Writing The Nobel prize is Athens face during the time of the awarded yearly to people who have made plague? great achievements. Do research to find out 27. What does Thucydides mean when more about the award. Then choose one he says that men “became indifferent Greek philosopher, writer, scientist, or leader to every rule of religion or law”? who you think deserves the Nobel prize. Write a short speech to explain why. Present your speech to the class.

CHAPTER 5 Greek Civilization 189