Index to Vermont History

INDEX TO VERMONT HISTORY ......

74 (2006) & 75 (2007) Volume 74 (2006), Winter/Spring and Summer/Fall Volume 75 (2007), Winter/Spring and Summer/Fall Prepared by Patsy Fortney

Please note that each year’s issues of Vermont History are numbered consecutively. It may be helpful to know that the 2006 and 2007 volumes are paginated as follows: Winter/Spring 2006, 74: 1–96 Summer/Fall 2006, 74: 97–200 Winter/Spring 2007, 75: 1–64 Summer/Fall 2007, 75: 65–176

A Adamant (ship): carries Ethan Allen to Abbott, Pete: gold miner, 74: 31 England, 75: 137 Abenakis: Frederick Matthew Wiseman, Adamant, Vt.: mail delivery to, 74: 161; as Reclaiming the Ancestors: Decoloniz- part of Calais, 74: 174 n5 ing a Taken Prehistory of the Far Adams, Abigail: wife of U.S. pres. John Northeast reviewed, 74: 69–73 Adams, 75: 8 abolition: Alfred Rix and, 74: 20; Beth A. Adams, Carroll: writes to Gov. Hoff on Salerno, Sister Societies: Women’s An- his election, 75: 43 tislavery Organizations in Antebellum Adams, John (U.S. president): 75: 8 America reviewed, 74: 78–80; Peter Adams, Samuel: visits Gen. Prescott, 75: Benes, ed., Slavery/Antislavery in New 138 England. Annual Proceedings of the Addams, Jane: leader in settlement house Dublin Seminar for New England Folk- movement, 75: 28 life, Volume 28 reviewed, 74: 183–5; Africa: African Americans migrate to, 75: women and, 75: 15 106 abortion: Jeffrey Marshall, The Inquest African Americans. See also abolition: reviewed, 74: 185–7 Harvey Amani Whitﬁeld, “African Abzug, Bella: mentioned, 75: 10 Americans in Burlington, Vermont, A Critical Review of Mr. J.D. Converse’s 1889–1900,” 75: 101–23; Jane William- Calvinistic Sermon (Jeremiah O’Cal- son, “‘I dont get fair play here’: A laghan): 74: 117 Black Vermonter Writes Home,” 75:

158 ......

35–8; lack of churches for, 75: 102–3, Anthony, Abial: African American in Bur- 118; migration from the South, 75: 106; lington, 75: 101–2, 111, 114 occupations of, in Vt., 75: 110–3; Peter Anthony, Albert: son of Abial Anthony, Benes, ed., Slavery/Antislavery in New leaves Vt., 75: 115 England. Annual Proceedings of the Anthony, Clara: wife of Abial Anthony, Dublin Seminar for New England Folk- 75: 101 life, Volume 28 reviewed, 74: 183–5; in Anthony, Eliza: changes her surname to the Revolutionary War, 75: 81; skin Mingo, 75: 113–4 color of, 75: 109, 118 Anthony, Grace: African American works age: effect of, on migration from Vt. towns, as a nurse, 75: 114 74: 128–31, 142–7 Anthony, Nettie: African American in agricultural census: and emigration, 74: Burlington, 75: 101–2 132, 139, 141–3 Anthony, Susan B.: Clarina Howard Aid to Dependent Children (ADC): 75: 28 Nichols writes to, 75: 16; honors Clar- Aiken, Daniel: gold miner, 74: 11, 17 ina Howard Nichols, 75: 29; sponsor of Aiken, George D.: reelection to U.S. Sen- Seneca Falls convention, 75: 9 ate, 75: 41 Antill, Lt. Col. Edward: speaks against Aiken, Robert: advice to Gov. Hoff, 75: 44 Gen. Prescott, 75: 137 Albano, Selena: boardinghouse keeper, antislavery. See abolition 74: 56 Argonauts. See also gold miners: 74: 6 Albany, N.Y.: Gen. Burgoyne’s intent to Armstead, William: “mulatto” barber, 75: capture, 75: 71, 75, 87 105, 111 Albany, Vt.: migration from, 74: 130–50 Arnold, Benedict: Benjamin Lincoln joins, alcohol. See also bootlegging; prohibition: 75: 73; Ethan Allen omits his role in boardinghouse keepers selling, 74: 49, the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga, 75: 53 128; James L. Nelson, Benedict Ar- Allen, Capt. Ebenezer: at Gen. Burgoyne’s nold’s Navy: The Ragtag Fleet that surrender, 75: 93 Lost the Battle of Lake Champlain but Allen, Ethan: controversy surrounding, Won the American Revolution re- 75: 124; Ennis Duling, “Ethan Allen viewed, 74: 181–3 and The Fall of British Tyranny: A Arthur, Chester A. (U.S. president): 74: Question of What Came First,” 75: 109 134–40; J. Kevin Graffagnino and H. Arthur, Elder William: father of U.S. pres. Nicholas Muller, III, eds., The Quot- Chester Arthur, 74: 109 able Ethan Allen reviewed, 74: 73–5; asylums: nineteenth-century, 75: 21, 27 Michael Sherman, “The Enigmatic Australia gold rush: 74: 18, 27 Ethan Allen: Two Notes on Sources,” 75: 124; H. Nicholas Muller III, “Ver- B mont’s ‘Gods of the Hills’: Buying Tra- baked beans: Ida Clee Bemis’s family dition from a Sole Source,” 75: 125–33; and, 74: 161 role in Fort Ticonderoga surrender, Bakersﬁeld, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan 75: 124, 127–9; surrenders at Mon- ministers in, 74: 116 treal, 75: 134–40 Bancroft family of East Calais: 74: 168 Allen, Fanny: converts to Catholicism, 74: Bangor, Maine: nineteenth-century Afri- 122 can American community of, 75: 102– Allen, Frederic: swearing in Gov. 7, 109–11 Madeleine Kunin, 75: 6, port. Bank of the United States: congressional Allen, Ira: his account of Ethan Allen at renewal of in 1836, 74: 119 Ejectment Trials, 75: 125–33, passim; Baptist Church of Albany, Vt.: 74: 133, his reputation collapses, 75: 128 148 Allen, Levi: tries to rally support for barbers: African American in Burlington, brother Ethan Allen, 75: 137–8 75: 101–2, 111, 113, 114 Allen, Rowland: buys life insurance, 74: Barcomb, John S.: Irishman accused of 19 stealing in Canada, 74: 121 ammunition: for Revolutionary War sol- Barnet, Vt.: 1850 population, 74: 7; domi- diers, 75: 84–8 nated by a conservative church, 74: Ancient Order of Hibernians: 74: 58 150; gold miners from, 74: 8, 10, 11, 18, Anderson, Elin: author of We Americans, 40; railroad depot, 74: 18 75: 104 Barrett family of Underhill, Vt.: 74: 111 Andersonville Prison: R. Fred Ruhlman, Barrett, Joseph: against Clarina Nichols Captain Henry Wirz and Anderson- addressing the legislature, 75: 18 ville Prison: A Reappraisal reviewed, Barre, Vt.: boardinghouses in, 74: 48–66; 75: 143–5 murder of Lucina Broadwell in, 75: 159 ......

147–50; Russell J. Belding, From Hitch- Megan Marshall, The Peabody Sisters: ing Posts to Gas Pumps: A History of Three Women Who Ignited American North Main Street, Barre, Vermont, Romanticism, 74: 75–7; “‘The Paupers’ 1875–1915 reviewed, 74: 82–3; work Removal’: The Politics of Clarina for women in, 74: 49 Howard Nichols,” 75: 13–33 Barron, Hal: historian, 74: 128–30, 133–4, Blanchard, Chandler: gold miner, 74: 18, 27 149–50 Blanchard, Harvey: buys real estate on Bassett, T. D. Seymour: historian, 74: 19; return from Calif., 74: 17; early gold 75: 111, 113, 116 miner, 74: 11, 12; sick in Calif., 74: 14 Batten Kill: Gen. Burgoyne’s army along, Blanchard, John C.: on gold mining, 74: 28 75: 87–9 Blanchard, Mark: gold miner, 74: 18, 27 Battery Wagner: Civil War losses at, 75: 35 Blanchard, Milton: doesn’t write home Bayley, Capt. Frye (Revolutionary War): from Calif., 74: 11 75: 84, 92 Blanchard, Palmer: gold miner, 74: 11, 37 Bayley, Gen. Jacob (Revolutionary War): Blanchard, Phineas: gold miner, 74: 37 75: 97 n9 Bland, Jacob: African American barber in Beatie, Betsey: historian, 75: 111 Burlington, 75: 102, 111, 114 Belding, Patricia W.: her One Less Woman blue-collar workers. See occupation reviewed, 75: 147–50 boarding. See also boardinghouse keepers; Belding, Russell J.: his From Hitching boardinghouses: history of, in U.S., 74: Posts to Gas Pumps: A History of North 49–50; role of, in family life cycle, 74: 50 Main Street, Barre, Vermont, 1875– boardinghouse keepers: 74: 48–66; age of, 1915 reviewed, 74: 82–3 74: 53; care of children during incar- Bemis, Bernice: adopted sister of Ida Clee ceration, 74: 57; earnings of, 74: 50–1; Bemis, 74: 161, 166 lack of men as, 74: 63 n17; marital sta- Bemis, Ida Clee: Ida Clee Bemis, “A Walk tus of, 74: 52–3; reasons for taking through the Village of East Calais, boarders, 74: 51–3; Susan L. Richards, Vermont, in the Late Nineteenth Cen- “Making Home Pay: Italian and Scot- tury,” 74: 156–75, ports., maps tish Boardinghouse Keepers in Barre, Bemis, Luther: father of Ida Clee Bemis, 1880–1910,” 74: 48–66, ports.; work of, 74: 159 74: 51 Bemis, Lydia: mother of Ida Clee Bemis, boardinghouses: documentation of, 74: 74: 161 50; economic necessity of, 74: 49, 52, Benes, Peter: ed. of Slavery/Antislavery in 62; length of existence, 74: 51; raided New England. Annual Proceedings of for selling liquor, 74: 54–7; size of, 74: the Dublin Seminar for New England 51; Susan L. Richards, “Making Home Folklife, Volume 28 reviewed, 74: 183–5 Pay: Italian and Scottish Boarding- benevolent associations. See voluntary house Keepers in Barre, 1880–1910,” benevolent associations 74: 48–66, ports.; what they provided, Bennington, Vt.: battle of, 75: 74; 75: 95; 74: 51 British (German) troops are unable to Board of Charities and Probation: 75: 28 capture supplies at, 75: 71; Ethan Bogart, Ernest: historian, 74: 14 Allen at, 75: 127; Jeremiah O’Calla- Bonacorsi, Virgilio: on Italians settling in ghan ministers in, 74: 116 Barre, 74: 54 Berkshire County (Mass.) militia: brings Bonﬁeld, Lynn A.: “Ho for California! ﬂour to Lincoln’s troops, 75: 78, 81, 91 Caledonia County Gold Miners,” 74: Bernard, Alexander Anderson: husband 5–47 of Ida Clee Bemis, 74: 174 n7 Boone, Nancy E.: review of Russell J. Best, Theodora Willard: granddaughter of Belding, From Hitching Posts to Gas Horace Fairbanks, 75: 47 Pumps: A History of North Main Street, Bierstadt, Albert: painter of The Domes Barre, Vermont, 1875–1915, 74: 82–3 of Yosemite, 75: 48 bootlegging. See also prohibition: 74: 64 Billings, Franklin: defects to Gov. Hoff’s n28 cause, 75: 44 Borthwick, Capt.: his Company of Royal Billings, Frederick: on gold miners’ life in Artillery, 75: 71 Calif., 74: 29 Bort, Mary Hard: her Manchester: Memo- Bittinger, Cynthia D.: her Grace Coolidge: ries of a Mountain Valley. A Collection Sudden Star (A Volume in the Presiden- of Columns Previously Published in tial Wives Series) reviewed, 74: 189–91 the Manchester Journal reviewed, 74: Black Bangor (Maureen Elgersman): 75: 80–1 104 Boston, Mass.: African Americans in, 75: Blackwell, Marilyn S. (Lyn): on Clarina 106–10; Irish servant girls in, 74: 103; Howard Nichols, 75: 50; review of South End boardinghouses of, 74: 52 160 ......

Boutelle, Rev. Asaph: preaches at Newell Bushee, Nellie: Susanne Rappaport, Mes- Marsh’s funeral, 74: 35 sages from a Small Town: Photographs box factory (East Calais): 74: 161–2 Inside Pawlet, Vermont—Neil Rappa- Bradshaw’s (Burlington grocery store): port with Nellie Bushee and Ella Clark 74: 108 reviewed, 74: 87–9 Brattleboro, Vt.: Clarina Howard Nichols Butler, Bridget: boarder of Martha Zott- in, 75: 9 man, 74: 63 n10 Braunschweig: German auxiliaries from, 75: 71 C Breakenridge, James: N.Y. court rules Calais, Vt. See also East Calais, Vt.: names against him in Ejectment Trials, 75: of parts of, 74: 174 n5 126–7 Caledonia County: 1850 population of, 74: Breen family of Underhill, Vt.: 74: 111 7; economy of, 74: 7, 40; Lynn A. Bon- Brewin, Bernard: Irish immigrant, 74: field, “Ho for California! Caledonia 103, 109 County Gold Miners,” 74: 5–47, ports. bridges: Robert McCullough, Crossings: The Caledonian (St. Johnsbury news- A History of Vermont Bridges reviewed, paper): gold miner deaths reported in, 74: 178–81 74: 34; on the gold rush, 74: 6–7, 24; on Brief Narrative (Ethan Allen): 75: 126, the pronunciation of Panama, 74: 10; 128, 130 on returning miners, 74: 16 Broadwell, Lucina: Patricia W. Belding, Caledonia National Bank (Danville, Vt.): One Less Woman reviewed, 75: 147–50 74: 31 Brown, Antoinette: promotes abolitionist California: Lynn A. Bonfield, “Ho for candidate, 75: 19 California! Caledonia County Gold Brown, Chester: gold miner, 74: 27 Miners,” 74: 5–47, ports., 74: 5–47; Brown, Col./Maj. John: captures Gen. ratio of men to women in, 74: 25; sea Prescott, 75: 137; expedition against and land routes to and from, 74: 9, 36 Fort Ticonderoga and Diamond Is- Cambridge, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan land, 75: 72, map, 73, 78, 83, 90–5 ministers in, 74: 116 Brownson, Orestes: editor of Boston Canada: African American migrants from, Quarterly Review, converts to Catholi- 75: 109–10; Irish in, 74: 103, 105 cism, 74: 122 Canna’s (McCanna’s) (Burlington grocery Buckley, T. Garry: Republican leader, 75: store): 74: 108 43 “canon of domesticity”: 75: 19 Bullard, Col. Samuel (Revolutionary Cape Horn: route to Calif., 74: 9 War): 75: 78; his regiment receives Carbine, John D.: to Gov. Hoff on his flour, 75: 83 election, 75: 42 “Bunker Hill” gold mining company: 74: 7 Carleton, Gen. Guy (British, Revolution- Burgoyne, Gen. John (Revolutionary ary War): 75: 94–5; Gen. Prescott claims War): 75: 70–5, 87–93 he was following orders from, 75: 137 Burlington Free Press (newspaper): on Carley, Henry: home in East Calais, 74: burning of St. Mary’s church, 74: 119; 167 on Catholics, 74: 121; on Gov. Hoff, 75: Carroll, Anna Ella: “woman politico,” 75: 45; Irish joke in, 74: 121; Louden S. 15 Langley writes to, 75: 37; J. Warren Carroll, James: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 McClure writes on Gov. Hoff’s election, Cashman family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 75: 42; Jeremiah O’Callaghan writes Cashman, Judge Edward: sentences child in, 74: 117; Whig affiliated, 74: 119 molester, 75: 56 Burlington Sentinel (newspaper): on lost Caspian Lake: 74: 161 Irish child, 74: 104; Jeremiah O’Cal- Castleton, Vt.: Irish Catholic community laghan writes in, 74: 117–9; on Vt. of, 74: 107, 113, 122; Rev. John Daly Irish, 74: 120–1 ministers in, 74: 117 Burlington, Vt.: Catholic community of, Catamount Inn (Bennington, Vt.): Allen 74: 107; Harvey Amani Whitfield, “Af- presents Ejectment Trial results at, 75: rican Americans in Burlington, Ver- 127 mont, 1889–1900,” 75: 101–23; Irish in, Catholics (Irish): 74: 107, 109–10, 113–20, 74: 101–5, 107–8, 123; Jeremiah O’Cal- 123; in Albany, Vt., 74: 133, 148–9; in the laghan in, 74: 115–20; late-nineteenth- Democratic Party, 75: 43; Vermonters’ century development of, 75: 102; work attitudes toward, 74: 121–3 for nineteenth-century women in, 74: cattle: kept by Revolutionary War mili- 49 tias, 75: 84 Burton, Capt. Elisha: at Gen. Burgoyne’s cavalry: during the Revolutionary War, 75: surrender, 75: 93 81, 91 161 ......

census. See U.S. census Clark, Ephraim W.: gold miner, 74: 29–33, Central Vermont Railroad: 75: 55 37–9, port. Chadwick, A. G.: editor of The Caledonian, Clark family of Peacham, Vt.: 74: 6 74: 6 Clark, Russell: father of Ephraim, 74: 29– chain migration: of African Americans, 30, 32–5, 37–8 75: 107; of Irish, 74: 107 Clark, Sarah: sister of Ephraim (death Chambly, Quebec: Catholic church in, 74: of), 74: 33 110 Clay, Henry: opposition to Bank of the Champlain Canal: opening of, 74: 101, United States, 74: 119 107, 113 Clerke, Sir Francis Carr: aide-de-camp of charity organizations. See also voluntary Gen. Burgoyne, 75: 71 benevolent associations: 75: 20 Clifford, Deborah P.: review of Beth A. Chase, Crazy: 74: 192 Salerno, Sister Societies: Women’s Anti- Chase, Ebenezer: “refuses to march,” 75: slavery Organizations in Antebellum 79 America, 74: 78–80; review of Cyn- Chelsea, Vt.: studies of migration from, thia D. Bittinger, Grace Coolidge: Sud- 74: 128–9, 133 den Star (A Volume in the Presidential Cherokee (steamship): 74: 6 Wives Series), 74: 189–91; review of childbirth: sick benefits do not cover, 74: 60 Diane Eickhoff, Revolutionary Heart: child care: women voting for, 75: 10 The Life of Clarina Nichols and the Pi- childhood: of Ida Clee Bemis, 74: 156–75 oneering Crusade for Women’s Rights, children: number of as determinant of 75: 49–51 emigrating, 74: 131 Cluness, Alexander: death of, 74: 48 Chisholm, Shirley: mentioned, 75: 10 Cluness, Margaret (Mrs. Alexander): 74: Choate, Alice Watts: 74: 45 n95 48–9, 61 Choate, Charles A.: gold miner, attach- Coffin, Bruce: his The Long Light of Those ment to his Calif. days, 74: 41, 45 n95 Days: Recollections of a Vermont Vil- cholera: among the Irish, 74: 102, 105 lage at Mid-Century reviewed, 74: Christmas: in nineteenth-century Calais, 85–7 74: 172–3 Cohn, Art: review of James L. Nelson, Ben- Chudacoff, Howard: historian, 74: 127 edict Arnold’s Navy: The Ragtag Fleet churches. See also individual churches: that Lost the Battle of Lake Champlain and African Americans, 75: 102–3, but Won the American Revolution, 74: 118; of East Calais, 74: 171–2; effect of, 181–3 on migration from Vt. towns, 74: 132– Colby, Cora: boardinghouse keeper, 74: 3, 137–50; gold miners build churches 54–5 in Calif., 74: 32; social and economic Cole, Mabel White: friend of Ida Clee Be- advantages of membership, 74: 133, mis, 74: 158–60, port., 174 n3 146 Collins, Ben: writes to Gov. Hoff on his Church of the Assumption of the Blessed election, 75: 43 Virgin Mary (Middlebury, Vt.): 74: 117 Common Sense (Thomas Paine): 75: 136 city directories: used to track African Comolli, Clementine: boardinghouse American populations, 75: 105, 116 keeper, 74: 55 civilians: effect on, of Pawlet encamp- Congregational church: of Albany, Vt., 74: ment, 75: 84–5 133, 148; of East Calais, 74: 171–2; of civil rights: Philip Hoff and, 75: 45 Peacham, 74: 133, 146–50 civil unions: Howard Dean and, 75: 56–7; Congress (Lake Champlain steamboat): women voting for, 75: 10 74: 104 Civil War: Aaron N. Freeman in, 75: 35–8; Conly family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 and gold rush, compared, 74: 40; in- Connecticut Daughters of Scotia: endorse dustrialization following, 75: 106; Ver- Clan Gordon No. 12, 74: 59 monters fighting in, 75: 141–5 Connelly, Peter Michael: Irish immigrant, Clan Gordon (fraternal organization): 74: 74: 109 57 Connolly, Michael: moves to Fairfield, Vt., Clan Gordon No. 12 (Barre chapter): 74: 74: 110 58–61, ports. Converse, Rev. James: Jeremiah O’Calla- Clark, DeWitt: editor of Burlington Free ghan and, 74: 117–8 Press, converts to Catholicism, 74: 122 Cooke, Jay: John M. Lubetkin, Jay Cooke’s Clark, Ella: Susanne Rappaport, Mes- Gamble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, sages from a Small Town: Photographs the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873 re- Inside Pawlet, Vermont—Neil Rappa- viewed, 75: 53–5 port with Nellie Bushee and Ella Clark Coolidge, Grace: Cynthia D. Bittinger, reviewed, 74: 87–9 Grace Coolidge: Sudden Star (A Volume 162 ......

in the Presidential Wives Series) re- Davis, Thomas: review of Patricia W. Beld- viewed, 74: 189–91 ing, One Less Woman, 75: 147–50 Cornell University: response to Gov. Hoff’s Davis, William: African American barber, election, 75: 42–3 75: 111 County Antrim, Ireland: O’Hara family “Dead Rat” (boardinghouse/saloon): 74: from, 74: 105 56 County Armagh, Ireland: Doon brothers Dean, Howard: and civil unions, 75: 56–7 from, 74: 111 death beneﬁts. See also mutual beneﬁt/ County Cork, Ireland: birthplace of Rev. aid associations: 74: 58–60 Jeremiah O’Callaghan, 74: 114 Delaplace, William: Ethan Allen demands County Kildare, Ireland: Shirlock family his surrender, 75: 124 from, 74: 105 Democratic Party: Philip Hoff and, 75: County Leitrim, Ireland: immigrants from, 39–46 74: 103 Deniver, Bridget: walks to Canada to County Sligo, Ireland: immigrants from, have children baptized, 74: 110 74: 113 Deniver, Patrick: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 County Tipperary, Ireland: immigrants Derby Line, Vt.: O’Hara family in, 74: 106 from, 74: 110 Deroin, Jeanne: nineteenth-century French County Tyrone, Ireland: Donaghy family feminist, 75: 27–8 from, 74: 106 Devine family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 coverture, rules of: 75: 24 Dewey, Rev. Jedediah: presides over Cowles, Timothy: gold miner, 74: 19, 28 meeting following Ejectment Trials, Craft, Maj. Eleazer: writes of receiving 75: 127 tents, 75: 82 Diamond Island: Gen. Burgoyne’s supply craftsmen: likelihood of emigrating, 74: depot at, 75: 71–3, map; John Brown 129 fails to take, 75: 94 Crescent City (ship from Panama): 74: 17 diaries. See journals (diaries) Cross, Lt. Col. Ralph: his journal on Dix, Dorothea: public welfare reformer, Pawlet encampment, 75: 81–2, 91–2 75: 21–2 Currier, George: gold miner, 74: 23–4 Doblin, Helga: translator of Revolution- Curti, Merle: historian, 74: 127 ary War German auxiliaries’ writings, Cushing, Col. Job (Revolutionary War): 75: 71, 73 75: 78–9, 90 The Domes of Yosemite (painting by Al- Custer, Col. George A.: hates whiskey, 75: bert Bierstadt): 75: 48 54 domestic servants: earnings of, 74: 60 Donaghy family: Irish immigrants, 74: D 106–7 Daly, Rev. John: helps Jeremiah O’Cal- Donaghy, Hugh: Irish immigrant settles in laghan minister to Vt. Irish Catholics, Brandon, Vt., 74: 106 74: 116–7, 123 Doon, Felix: Irish immigrant, 74: 111 dances: nineteenth-century village, 74: Doon, John: Irish immigrant, 74: 111 162 Douglas, James: friend of Chris Graff, 75: Danville, Vt.: 1850 population, 74: 7; gold 56 miners from, 74: 6, 8, 10, 11, 18, 40 Duane, James “Swivel Eyes”: and the Darling, J. B.: on gold mining prospects, Ejectment Trials, 75: 126–7, 129 74: 19 Dublin Seminar: 74: 183 Darling, Norris: on Albany, Vt., Catholics, Duling, Ennis: “Ethan Allen and The Fall 74: 148 of British Tyranny: A Question of What Daugherty, James: Protestant Irish cler- Came First,” 75: 134–40 gyman, 74: 114, 117 Dwinell, Albert: sawmill owner of East Davis, Alfred: African American leaves Calais, 74: 167–9, 172 Burlington, 75: 115 Dwinell, Clarence: of East Calais, 74: 158, Davis, Arthur: African American in Burl- 168, 170 ington, 75: 117 Dwinell, Del: of East Calais, 74: 168, 171 Davis, Fred: African American in Burling- Dwinell, Ella: of East Calais, 74: 166, 170 ton, 75: 117 Dwinell, Ira S.: home in East Calais, 74: Davis, Marion: African American in Burl- 158 ington, 75: 117 Davis, Norman: gold miner, murder of, E 74: 34; on overland trip to Calif., 74: 9 East Calais, Vt.: Ida Clee Bemis, “A Walk Davis, Orin: minister of East Calais, 74: through the Village of East Calais, 177 n13 Vermont, in the Late Nineteenth Cen- Davis Ranch (California): 74: 30, 32 tury,” 74: 156–75, ports., maps 163 ......

Easter: in nineteenth-century Calais, 74: Female Friendly Society of Brattleboro: 173 75: 20 Eastman, John: gold miner, 74: 29, 39 Fenwick, Rev. Benedict: early nineteenth- Easton, Col. James: captures Gen. Pres- century bishop of Boston, 74: 113–5 cott, 75: 137 Ferraro, Geraldine: mentioned, 75: 10 education: nineteenth century, 74: 163–7 Ferrisburgh, Vt.: Donaghy family in, 74: Eickhoff, Diane: her Revolutionary Heart: 106; Robinsons’ farm in, 75: 35 The Life of Clarina Nichols and the Pi- Fields, Rebecca: African American do- oneering Crusade for Women’s Rights mestic, 75: 112 reviewed, 75: 49–51 53rd Regiment (British, Revolutionary Ejectment Trials: H. Nicholas Muller III, War): 75: 71 “Vermont’s ‘Gods of the Hills’: Buy- 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Civil War): ing Tradition from a Sole Source,” 75: 75: 35–8 125–33 Fish, Charles: his In the Land of the Wild Elgersman, Maureen: author of Black Onion: Travels along Vermont’s Wi- Bangor, 75: 104 nooski River reviewed, 74: 176–8 Elmira, N.Y.: Civil War prison camp at, Fitch, Anna: African American in Bur- 75: 144 lington, 75: 106 emigration from Vermont. See migration Fitch, Annie: African American leaves encyclopedia: Burt Feintuch and David H. Burlington, 75: 115 Watters, eds., The Encyclopedia of New Fitch, Henry: African American in Burl- England reviewed, 74: 67–9 ington, 75: 106, 112, 117 Ennis family of Marshfield, Vt.: 74: 107 Fitton, Rev. James: emissary of Bishop of environment: women voting for, 75: 10 Boston, 74: 114, 122 Eskah (1830 play): 74: 121 Fitzgerald, Thomas: sells farm to How- Essex, N.Y.: during the Revolutionary War, rigan family, 74: 110 75: 93 Flaherty, Jeremy: “A Multivariate Look at Ethan Allen (biography by John Pell): 75: Migration from Vermont,” 74: 127–55 135 flour: Lincoln’s army needs, 75: 78, 82–3, Ewell, John: gold miner, 74: 28, 34 88, 91 “Ewell’s Pond”: 74: 28 Flynn family of Underhill, Vt.: 74: 111 Exito (lumber ship): Irish journey on, 74: Foley, Lawrence and Catherine: move to 106 Fairfield, Vt., from Canada, 74: 110 Follett, Judge Timothy: Burlington busi- F nessman, 74: 107 Fahey, David: author of Temperance and food: for Revolutionary War soldiers, 75: Racism, 75: 103 82–3 Fairbanks Farm (St. Johnsbury, Vt.): 74: 28 Forbes, Rev. George E.: Universalist min- Fairbanks, Horace: 75: 47–9 ister of East Calais, 74: 171 Fairfield, Vt.: Irish Catholic community Ford, Fowler: gold miner, 74: 29, 39 of, 74: 107–10, 116, 123 Fort Anne: during the Revolutionary Fair Haven, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan War, 75: 87–8 ministers in, 74: 116 Fort Edward: during the Revolutionary The Fall of British Tyranny (John Lea- War, 75: 75, 87–8, 90 cock): Ennis Duling, “Ethan Allen and Fort George: Gen. Burgoyne’s supply de- The Fall of British Tyranny: A Ques- pot at, 75: 71, 75, 87–8 tion of What Came First,” 75: 134–40 Fort Stanwix: 75: 74, 95 family size. See also kinship ties: effect of, Fort Ticonderoga: during the Revolution- on migrating from Vt. towns, 74: 131, ary War, 75: 71–3, map, 89, 93–5; Ethan 143 Allen’s role in its surrender, 75: 124, family ties. See kinship ties 127–9 Famine (Ireland). See Great Famine (Ire- “forty-niners.” See also gold miners: 74: land) 13 farmers: likelihood of migrating from Vt. Fox, Gerald B.: review of John M. Lubet- towns, 74: 129, 137 kin, Jay Cooke’s Gamble: The North- Farrow, Constantine: neighbor of Russell ern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the Clark, 74: 33 Panic of 1873, 75: 53–5 Fay, Dave: home in East Calais, 74: 171 fraternal organizations. See also voluntary Feeney, Vincent Edward: “Pre-Famine benevolent associations: 74: 57, 65 n53 Irish in Vermont, 1815–1844,” 74: 101– Frattini, Teresa: boardinghouse keeper, 26, map 74: 56 Feintuch, Burt: ed. of The Encyclopedia free blacks. See also African Americans: of New England reviewed, 74: 67–9 75: 108–10 164 ......

Freeman, Aaron N.: Jane Williamson, “‘I Goldman, Emma: observations of Barre, dont get fair play here’: A Black Ver- 74: 54 monter Writes Home,” 75: 35–8 gold miners: Lynn A. Bonfield, “Ho for Freeman, Charity: African American in California! Caledonia County Gold Burlington, 75: 117 Miners,” 74: 5–47, ports., 74: 5–47; age Freeman, Gertrude: African American of, 74: 11, 19; bearing gifts to families, stays in Vt., 75: 114 74: 36–7; build churches in Calif., 74: Freeman, Rachel: mother of Gertrude 32; costs of, 74: 15; death of, 74: 34–6; Freeman, 75: 114 earnings of, 74: 15–7, 27–8, 39; living free soil movement: 75: 15, 20 with friends from home, 74: 31–2; re- Freewill Baptist church of Albany, Vt.: 74: turning home, 74: 36–7; sending gold 148 home, 74: 31; social/economic status French-Canadians: in Barre, 74: 64 n45; in of, 74: 11, 19; success of those from Burlington, 75: 106, 113, 116, 117, 119; Caledonia County, 74: 39; working to- occupations of, 75: 111 gether in companies, 74: 10–1, 14, 18 Friedan, Betty: mentioned, 75: 9 Goldwater, Barry: his effect on Vt. poli- friendly societies (British mutual aid soci- tics, 75: 44–5 eties): 74: 58 Gomer, Quash: African American Ver- Fugitive Slave Law: 75: 23 monter, 74: 183 Fuller, Benj: gold miner, 74: 37 Goodell, Mrs.: of East Calais, 74: 159 Fuller, Capt. Joseph (Revolutionary War): Goodenough, Alfred: on gold miners’ his regiment receives flour, 75: 83 gambling, 74: 30 Goodenough family of Hardwick, Vt.: G 74: 6 Gage, Matilda Joselyn: honors Clarina Goodrich, Experience (“Speedy”): Jeffrey Howard Nichols, 75: 29 Marshall, The Inquest reviewed, 74: Galimberti, Joanna: boardinghouse keeper, 185–7 74: 56 Good Templars. See Independent Order Gallagher, Rosamond: boardinghouse of Good Templars keeper, 74: 53 Gospel Hollow: section of Calais, 74: 174 gambling: gold miners exposed to, 74: 12, n5 21–2, 30, 39 Gracy, John: gold miner, 74: 19, 28, 37 Gariboldi, Adelina: boardinghouse keeper, Graffagnino, J. Kevin: ed. of The Quot- 74: 56 able Ethan Allen reviewed, 74: 73–5 Gaspee (British warship): 75: 135 Graff, Chris: his Dateline Vermont: Cover- Gates, Gen. Horatio (Revolutionary War): ing and Uncovering the Newsworthy 75: 73–7, port., 87–93; threatens sol- Stories that Shaped a State—and Influ- diers who abuse civilians, 75: 85 enced a Nation reviewed, 75: 55–7 General Court (Revolutionary War): three- Granai, Elvira: boardinghouse keeper, 74: month resolution of, 75: 78 57 George, Blanche: of East Calais, 74: 163 Granite Cutter’s Union: helping board- George, Ed: of East Calais, 74: 162–3 inghouse keepers, 74: 57 Gerbati, Mrs. Rodrigo: boardinghouse granite industry: closed to women, 74: 49; keeper, 74: 48–9, 54, 56 earnings in, 74: 51; and Ladies of Clan German auxiliaries (Revolutionary War): Gordon, 74: 59–60 75: 71 Grant, Maj. Gen. Lewis A.: George S. Giacobbi, Lena: boardinghouse keeper, Mahary, Vermont Hero: Major Gen- 74: 55 eral Lewis A. Grant reviewed, 75: Gibson, Judge Ernest W.: on Gov. Hoff’s 141–3 election, 75: 42 Granville, Vt.: Democrats gain foothold Gibson, William: returned gold miner, 74: in, 75: 45 37–8 grappa (brandy): 74: 64 n28 Gilfillan, William: gold miner, 74: 23–4, Gray, Alice: her popular boardinghouse, 37 74: 51 Gill, Col. Benjamin (Revolutionary War): Gray, Dr.: of East Calais, 74: 159 75: 78 Gray, Linda B.: review of Frederick Mat- Gjerde, Jon: historian, 74: 133 thew Wiseman, Reclaiming the Ances- Glass, Euphenia: boardinghouse keeper, tors: Decolonizing a Taken Prehistory 74: 60 of the Far Northeast, 74: 69–73 Goat, Leslie: review of Robert Mc- Great Famine (Ireland): 74: 102, 123 Cullough, Crossings: A History of Ver- Green Mountain Boys: birth of, 75: 127, mont Bridges, 74: 178–81 130; Ethan Allen gives sole credit to, gold coins: minted in Calif., 74: 43 n52 75: 128 165 ......

Green, Patrick: Irish immigrant in Under- Healy, Dan: reacts to Gov. Hoff’s election, hill, Vt., 74: 111 75: 41 Greensboro, Vt.: fishing in, 74: 161 Hebrew Charitable Association (of Bur- Grosse Isle quarantine station: 74: 105 lington): 75: 104 Groton, Vt.: number of gold miners from, Hemenway, Abby: Clarina Howard Nichols 74: 40 writes to, 75: 50 Gustafson, Melanie: review of C. J. King, Henderson, George Washington: African Four Marys and a Jessie: The Story of American educator, 75: 109 the Lincoln Women, 74: 187–9 Henry, Christina: boardinghouse keeper, Guyette, Elise: historian, 75: 104–5, 110 74: 60 Herrick, Col. Samuel (Revolutionary War): H 75: 78–81, 90, 92 Haldimand negotiations: Ethan Allen Hesse Hanau: German auxiliaries from, and, 75: 124, 130 75: 71 Hall, Robert: author of Making a Living: Hidden, Martin: gold miner, 74: 29, 37, 39 The Work Experience of African Amer- Higgins, Daniel (also known as Michael): icans in New England, 75: 110 lost Irish child, 74: 104 Hamilton, Brig. Gen. (British, Revolu- The Hill Country of Northern New En- tionary War): 75: 71 gland (Harold Fisher Wilson): 74: 128 Hammond, John: home in East Calais, 74: “Hi-low-Jack” (game): 74: 161 163 Hincks, Peter J.: on Gov. Hoff’s election, Hammond, Kate: plays the harmonica, 75: 41 74: 166 History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, and Hand, Leverett: gold miner, 74: 11 Statistical (Zadock Thompson): 75: 129 Hand, Samuel B.: review of Chris Graff, History of Women’s Suffrage (Susan B. Dateline Vermont: Covering and Un- Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, covering the Newsworthy Stories that Matilda Joselyn Gage): 75: 29 Shaped a State—and Influenced a Na- Hoff, Philip Henderson: Samuel B. Hand tion, 75: 55–7; “The Democrat Who and Stephen C. Terry, “The Democrat Took Vermont: Victory Messages to Who Took Vermont: Victory Messages Philip Hoff, 1962–1964,” 75: 39–46 to Philip Hoff, 1962–1964,” 75: 39–46, Hangtown, Calif.: gold mining in, 74: 14 port. Hanley family of West Rutland, Vt.: 74: Holland, Vt.: O’Hara family in, 74: 106 107 Holliday, J. S.: historian, 74: 6, 24 Hanley, John: Irish immigrant to Rutland, Hooker, Lyman: in Calif., 74: 28 74: 109 Hooker, William T.: gold miner, 74: 28 Hanley’s Mountain: 74: 109 Hopkins, Right Rev. John Henry: and Jer- hard cider: farmers drinking, 74: 171 emiah O’Callaghan, 74: 118 Hardwick, Vt.: gold miners from, 74: 6, 8, Horton, James Oliver: historian, 75: 109 11, 40; on mail route, 74: 161 Houston, Patrick: wealthy landowner in Hardy, Abbie: wife of Dustan Rix, 74: 27 Fairfield, Vt., 74: 110 Harriman, Sprague: gold miner, 74: 28, 37 Howard, Chapin: father of Clarina Howard Harrison, Henry: aborted trip to Calif., Nichols, 75: 22, 25 74: 9 Howard’s Hotel (Burlington): Mass cele- Hartford Connecticut (insurance) Com- brated at, 74: 114 pany: 74: 19 Howe, Deborah: bid out as pauper, 75: 22 Hart’s (Burlington hotel): 74: 108 Howe, Edson: dies in Calif., 74: 34 Harvard: The Fall of British Tyranny per- Howe, Maj. Gen. William: George Wash- formed at, 75: 136 ington writes to, 75: 137 Harvey, Michael: author of Making a Liv- Howrigan, Patrick and Catherine: move ing: The Work Experience of African to Fairfield, Vt., from Canada, 74: 110 Americans in New England, 75: 110 Hoyt, Edward A.: biography of, 75: 69–70; Haswell, Nathan: advocate for Irish inde- “The Pawlet Expedition, September pendence, 74: 120 1777,” 75: 69–100 Hatch, John David: architect of St. Johns- Hubbardton, Vt.: Revolutionary War en- bury Athenaeum, 75: 48 gagement at, 75: 71 Hawthorne, Nathaniel: on Burlington and Hudson River: during the Revolutionary the Irish, 74: 101–2 War, 75: 74, 87, 89, 92 Hazard, Mary: African American in Bur- Humphrey, Hubert: writes to Gov. Hoff lington, 75: 106 on his election, 75: 44 Hazen, Capt. Joshua (Revolutionary War): Husher, Helen: review of Bruce Coffin, The 75: 92 Long Light of Those Days: Recollections health care: women vote for, 75: 10 of a Vermont Village at Mid-Century, 166 ......

74: 85–7; review of Charles Fish, In the Richards, “Making Home Pay: Italian Land of the Wild Onion: Travels along and Scottish Boardinghouse Keepers Vermont’s Winooski River, 74: 176–8 in Barre, 1880–1910,” 74: 48–66, ports. Hyde, Col. Archibald: helps Jeremiah O’Callaghan build a church, 74: 116 J hydropower: plans to purchase from Can- Jackson, Andrew (U.S. president): 74: 119 ada (mid-1960s), 75: 42 James, Martha: African American wash- erwoman, 75: 112 I Jay, John: on Ethan Allen’s “folly,” 75: 135 Ignatiev, Noel: scholar, 75: 118 Jeffersonville, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan immigrants: in Barre boardinghouses, 74: ministers in, 74: 116 51–2; from Europe post-Civil War, 75: Jellison, Charles: Ethan Allen biogra- 106, 107; temporary halt of, 74: 104–5; pher, 75: 129–30 Vincent Edward Feeney, “Pre-Famine Jennison, William: gold miner, 74: 29, 37, Irish in Vermont, 1815–1844,” 74: 101– 39 26, map Jericho, Vt.: studies of migration from, 74: indentured servants: local overseers em- 128–9 powered to declare, 75: 27; orphans as, Jewett, J.: joins “Bunker Hill” gold min- 75: 22 ers, 74: 7 Independence (clipper ship): 74: 106 Johnson, Charles: African American Independent Democratic Party: in 1962 leaves Burlington, 75: 115 election, 75: 40 Johnson, Col. Samuel: diverts enemy at Independent Order of Good Templars: Mount Independence, 75: 73, 78, 90–3 74: 171, 174 n11; African Americans Johnson, Laura: African American in Bur- in, 75: 103–4 lington, 75: 106 Indians: fighting in the Revolutionary War, Johnson, Louis: African American leaves 75: 74, 81; Frederick Matthew Wise- Burlington, 75: 115 man, Reclaiming the Ancestors: Decol- Johnson, Lyndon (U.S. president): Philip onizing a Taken Prehistory of the Far Hoff and, 75: 44–5 Northeast reviewed, 74: 69–73; women Johnson, Priscilla: African American Bur- opposed to removal of, 75: 15 lington dressmaker, 75: 106 industrial revolution: mini (early) revolu- Johnson, W. Robert: defeats William tion (late 1840s), 74: 123; social and Meyer in congressional primary, 75: 41 economic consequences of, in Vt., 75: jokes: Irish, 74: 121 51–3 Jones, John: African American stays in Ingersoll, Jared: at the Ejectment Trials, Burlington, 75: 114 75: 126–7, 129 Jordan, Holman Drew: historian, 74: 128 insane. See mentally disabled journals (diaries): of gold miners, 74: 6, insurance. See mutual benefit/aid 39–40; of Lt. Col. Cross on Pawlet en- associations campment, 75: 81–2, 91–2; of Lt. Col. Interstate 89: 74: 192 Jacob Kent, 75: 80 Irish in Vermont: Americans’ impres- sions of, 74: 102, 104, 120–2; domes- K tic servants in Northfield, 75: 112; Kansas: African Americans migrate to, 75: importance of family connections to, 106; Clarina Howard Nichols moves 74: 107; occupations of, 75: 113; rea- to, 75: 29, 75: 50 sons for emigrating, 74: 102–3; social Kavanaugh, Michael: death of daughter, and economic mobility of, 75: 118; 74: 34; goes to Australia, 74: 27 Vincent Edward Feeney, “Pre-Famine Kelley, James: African American in Bur- Irish in Vermont, 1815–1844,” 74: 101– lington, 75: 112 26, map Kelley, Jane: wife of James Kelley “keeps Irish Settlement Road (Underhill, Vt.): house,” 75: 112 74: 111 Kelley, Willard: African American in Bur- Isselhardt, Tordis Ilg: review of Susanne lington, 75: 117 Rappaport, Messages from a Small Kellogg, Hiram: dies in Calif., 74: 34 Town: Photographs Inside Pawlet, Kelly, Florence: leader in settlement house Vermont—Neil Rappaport with Nellie movement, 75: 28 Bushee and Ella Clark, 74: 87–9 Kelso, Clara: of East Calais, 74: 169 Italians in Barre: boardinghouse keepers, Kelty family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 74: 48, 49, 54–7; board with fellow Ital- Kempe, John Tabor: at the Ejectment ians, 74: 52; protest liquor laws, 74: 56; Trials, 75: 126–7 support boardinghouse keepers ar- Kennedy, John F. (U.S. president): effect rested for selling liquor, 74: 57; Susan L. of, on Philip Hoff’s election, 75: 43 167 ......

Kennedy, Robert: Philip Hoff endorses Larson, Sylvia B.: “A Walk through the Vil- presidential candidacy of, 75: 45 lage of East Calais, Vermont, in the Kent, Lt. Col. Jacob: his Revolutionary Nineteenth Century,” 74: 156–75, ports., diary, 75: 80 maps Kent’s Corner, Vt.: mail delivery to, 74: Lathrop, Gideon: steamboat captain, 74: 161 104 Ketchum, Richard: author of Saratoga. Lathrop, Julia: leader in settlement house Turning Point of America’s Revolu- movement, 75: 28 tionary War, 75: 71–2 Laurens, Col. John: Gen. Lincoln writes Keyser, F. Ray: loses governorship to to, 75: 76–7 Philip Hoff, 75: 40–1; unpopularity of, lawyers: Clarina Nichols’s disdain for, 75: 75: 43 24 Killinger, Margaret O.: her The Good Life Leacock, John: author of The Fall of Brit- of Helen K. Nearing reviewed, 75: ish Tyranny, 75: 136–9 150–2 Leahy, Patrick: from Middlesex, Vt., 74: Killins’ (Burlington grocery store): 74: 108 192 King, C. J.: her Four Marys and a Jessie: Lee, Capt. Thomas (Revolutionary War): The Story of the Lincoln Women re- 75: 97 n13 viewed, 74: 187–9 Lee family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 King, Patrick: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 legislature (Vt. state): Clarina Howard Kingsbury Branch (Winooski River): Nichols addresses, 75: 16, 50; women East Calais on, 74: 158 in, 75: 7 Kingsley, Ronald F.: 75: 69, 70; “The Paw- length of residence: effect of, on migra- let Expedition, September 1777,” 75: tion from Vt. towns, 74: 132–3, 137–9, 69–100 142–6 kinship ties: effect of, on migration from Leonard, Lew: of East Calais, 74: 163 Vt. towns, 74: 131, 137, 142–6 Leppman, John A.: review of Jeffrey Mar- Kirk family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 shall, The Inquest, 74: 185–7 Kirk, Lawrence: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 Leverson and Lamb (East Calais box fac- Kirk, Peter: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 tory): 74: 161 Knight, Ambrose: gold miner, 74: 18 life insurance. See also death benefits: for Knight, Henry: gold miner, 74: 18 gold miners, 74: 19 Knights, Peter: historian, 74: 127 Life Magazine: on Gov. Hoff’s election, Kunin, Madeleine May: “Women in Poli- 75: 43 tics,” 75: 5–11, port. Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Benjamin (Revolu- tionary War): 75: 72–93, port. L Lincoln, Mary Todd and family: C. J. laborers. See occupation King, Four Marys and a Jessie: The Ladd family of Danville, Vt.: 74: 6 Story of the Lincoln Women reviewed, Ladd, Gilbert: dies in Calif., 74: 34 74: 187–9 Ladd, Seneca: on Calif., 74: 41; investi- liquor laws (Barre). See also alcohol; pro- gates son’s death in Calif., 74: 34; letter hibition: 74: 54–7 to The North Star newspaper, 74: 30 liquor licenses: 74: 55–7 Ladies of Clan Gordon: 74: 57–61, port. Livermore, Mary: on abhorring politics, Lafayette, Marquis de: in Burlington, 74: 75: 13 114 Livingston, Asa: gold miner, 74: 28 Lake Champlain: British soldiers retreat Livingston, Col. Henry Beekman (Revo- via, 75: 95; water route from Canada, lutionary War): 75: 74 74: 103–4 Livingston, Robert: holds N.Y. land pat- Lake George: during the Revolutionary ents in Vt., 75: 126 War, 75: 71–3, map, 94 Lockwood, Legrand: commissioned The Lake George Landing: 75: 89, 93 Domes of Yosemite (painting), 75: 48 Lamberton, Lillian: friend of Ida Clee Be- Lodge No. 8 (African American Templar mis, 74: 169 organization): 75: 103–4 Lamberton, Moses: East Calais black- logical regression: 74: 128 smith, 74: 169 Long, George: charged with murdering Lamb, Jake: runs East Calais box factory, Lucina Broadwell, 75: 148–9 74: 161 Lowry, Heman: advocate for Irish inde- Landolt, Patricia: sociologist, 74: 146 pendence, 74: 120 Langley, Louden S.: writes to newspapers Lubetkin, M. John: his Jay Cooke’s Gam- of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, ble: The Northern Pacific Railroad, the 75: 37 Sioux, and the Panic of 1873 reviewed, LaPrairie (Quebec): Irish in, 74: 103 75: 53–5 168 ......

lumbering: Irish and, 74: 111–3 Henry Wirz and Andersonville Prison: Lynch family of St. Johnsbury, Vt.: 74: A Reappraisal, 75: 143–5 107 Martin, Charles S.: gold miner, 74: 11 Lyon, Rev. Asa: Congregational minister, Martin, Chester: gold miner, 74: 11, 17–8 74: 114 Martin family of Peacham, Vt.: 74: 6 Martin, John: gold miner, 74: 11, 17–8 M Martin, Leonard: dies in Calif., 74: 39; MacLeod, Alice McAuley: daughter of heads to Calif., 74: 29 boardinghouse keeper, 74: 50 Martin, Stuart T.: anger at Gov. Hoff’s Mahanna family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 election, 75: 40 Mahary, George S.: his Vermont Hero: Massachusetts: decreases funds for poor Major General Lewis A. Grant re- relief, 75: 27; Revolutionary War mili- viewed, 75: 141–3 tias from, 75: 73, 78–9, 85, 88 mail: rural delivery of, 74: 160–1 McCarthy, Mrs. John: boardinghouse Maine Law (prohibition): 75: 16 keeper, 74: 53 Making a Living: The Work Experience of McClellan, Maj. Gen. George: retreats African Americans in New England from Richmond, 75: 142 (Robert Hall and Michael Harvey): McClure, J. Warren: on Gov. Hoff’s elec- 75: 110 tion, 75: 42 The Making of an American Community McCormick family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: (Merle Curti): 74: 127 113 Malin, James: historian, 74: 127 McCullough, Robert: his Crossings: A Malone family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 History of Vermont Bridges reviewed, Maloney family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 74: 178–81 Manchester, Vt.: Mary Hard Bort, Man- McEnany family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 109– chester: Memories of a Mountain Valley. 10 A Collection of Columns Previously McIver, Thomas: of Derby Line, Vt., 74: Published in the Manchester Journal 106 reviewed, 74: 80–1 McKean, Bryan: Irish immigrant, 74: 113 manufacturers: likelihood of emigrating, McKean family: builds a Catholic church, 74: 129–30 74: 117 Maple Corner: section of Calais, 74: 174 n5 McKinzie, Lizzie: boardinghouse keeper, Mares, Bill: review of J. Kevin Graffa- 74: 60 gnino and H. Nicholas Muller, III, eds., McLaren, Alex: gold miner, 74: 11, 17 The Quotable Ethan Allen, 74: 73–5 McMahon, Francis: moves to Fairfield, marital status: effect of, on migration Vt., 74: 110 from Vt. towns, 74: 128, 137–9, 146 meat: in diet of Revolutionary War sol- Maritime Provinces (Canada): African diers, 75: 82–4, 91 Americans from, 75: 109 mentally disabled: care of, in nineteenth Markowitz, Deb: Madeleine Kunin on, 75: century, 75: 21–2, 25 7 merchants: likelihood of emigrating, 74: 129 Marshall, Jeffrey: his The Inquest re- Merlo, Carlo: posts Mary Secor’s bond, viewed, 74: 185–7; review of George S. 74: 57 Mahary, Vermont Hero: Major Gen- Metawee River: 75: 82 eral Lewis A. Grant, 75: 141–3 Methodist church, of Albany, Vt.: 74: 148; Marshall, Megan: her The Peabody Sis- of Peacham, Vt.: 74: 147–8 ters: Three Women Who Ignited Amer- Meyer, William: runs against George D. ican Romanticism reviewed, 74: 75–7 Aiken, 75: 41 Marsh, Col. Joseph (Revolutionary War): Michaud, John Stephen: Catholic bishop, 75: 78, 80, 90 74: 121 Marshfield, Vt.: number of gold miners Middlebury, Vt.: Daly ministers in, 74: from, 74: 40 117; Donaghy family in, 74: 106; first Marsh, Frank: home in East Calais, 74: Catholic church in, 74: 117; Irish Cath- 163 olic community of, 74: 107, 113, 123; Marsh, Newell: gold miner, dies in Calif., textile factory in, 74: 113 74: 34–6 Middlesex College: founding of, 74: 193 Marsh, Sarah Kimball: mother of Newell Middlesex, Vt.: Sarah Seidman and Patri- Marsh, 74: 35 cia Wiley, Middlesex in the Making: Martin, Ashbel: builds a cabin for gold History and Memories of a Small Ver- miners, 74: 31, 38–9, port.; descendants mont Town reviewed, 74: 191–3 of, 74: 40; heads for Calif., 74: 29 Mignault, Rev. Pierre Marie: Canadian Martin, Charles S. (book reviewer): re- priest ministers to Vt. Irish Catholics, view of R. Fred Ruhlman, Captain 74: 110 169 ......

migration: of African Americans, 75: 106– N 8, 113–6; general theories of, 74: 127–8; The Narrative of Colonel Ethan Allen Jeremy Flaherty, “A Multivariate Look (Ethan Allen): 75: 134–5 at Migration from Vermont,” 74: 127– National Life Insurance Company: insures 55; from mid-nineteenth-century Vt. gold miners, 74: 19 towns, 74: 108, 127–55; 75: 108 Native Americans. See also Indians: Fred- Miller family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 erick Matthew Wiseman, Reclaiming Mingo, Eliza: changes her surname, 75: the Ancestors: Decolonizing a Taken 113–4 Prehistory of the Far Northeast re- mining camps (western): boardinghouses viewed, 74: 69–73 for, 74: 49 The Natural and Civil History of Ver- Minnesota: Vt. gold miners move to, 74: mont (Rev. Samuel Williams): 75: 128 18 The Natural and Political History of the Mitchell, Mark D.: his The St. Johnsbury State of Vermont (Ira Allen): 75: 128 Athenaeum Handbook of the Collec- Nearing, Helen K.: Margaret O. Killinger, tion reviewed, 75: 47–9 The Good Life of Helen K. Nearing re- Mohawk River: during the Revolutionary viewed, 75: 150–2 War, 75: 74 Nearing, Scott: Margaret O. Killinger, The money lending/usury: Jeremiah O’Cal- Good Life of Helen K. Nearing re- laghan on, 74: 115, 117, 119 viewed, 75: 150–2 Montpelier, Vt.: Robert N. Webster, A Negor, Otto/Cato: African American Rev- Capital Upbringing: Coming of Age in olutionary War soldier, 75: 98 n26 the 1930’s in Montpelier, Vermont re- Neil, Alfred: African American in Bur- viewed, 74: 83–5 lington, 75: 112 Montreal: Ethan Allen surrenders at, 75: Neil, Catherine: African American leaves 134–40; Irish in, 74: 103, 105 Burlington, 75: 115–6 Moody, William: on overland trip to Ca- Neil, Mary: African American leaves Bur- lif., 74: 9 lington, 75: 115–6 Moore, John: African American in Bur- Nelson, James L.: his Benedict Arnold’s lington, 75: 105–6 Navy: The Ragtag Fleet that Lost the Moore, Maria: African American domes- Battle of Lake Champlain but Won tic, 75: 112 the American Revolution reviewed, 74: Moore, Mary: African American stays at 181–3 home, 75: 112 New Hampshire: eighteenth-century grants Moretown, Vt.: Irish Catholic community in Vt., 75: 126–33; women in legislature, of, 74: 107, 111–3, 123; Jeremiah 75: 7 O’Callaghan ministers in, 74: 116; offi- Newport Daily Express (newspaper): on cials find husband for mentally dis- Philip Hoff, 75: 45 abled woman, 75: 25 Newport, R.I.: nineteenth-century Afri- Morgan, Col. Daniel (Revolutionary can American church in, 75: 102 War): 75: 74 New York City: African American migra- Mormonism: mentioned, 74: 122 tion to, 75: 106; stopover for returning Morrill, Justin: tries to reconcile “uphill” gold miners, 74: 36 and “downhill” Vermonters, 75: 52 New York State: regulates ship captains Moscow, Vt.: local name for East Calais, importing workers, 75: 27; Vt. declares 74: 174 n5 independence from, 75: 127 motherhood: Clarina Howard Nichols on, Nicaragua: crossing en route to Calif., 75: 27–8 74: 9 Mother’s Aid programs: 75: 28 Nichols, Clarina Howard: Diane Eickhoff, Mount Defiance: during the Revolution- Revolutionary Heart: The Life of Clar- ary War, 75: 71, 93 ina Nichols and the Pioneering Cru- Mount Independence: Gen. Burgoyne’s sade for Women’s Rights reviewed, 75: supply depot at, 75: 71–3, map, 75: 93 49–51; Madeleine Kunin on, 75: 8–9; “mulattoes”: 75: 108–9, 111 Marilyn S. Blackwell, “‘The Paupers’ Muller, H. Nicholas III: ed. of The Quot- Removal’: The Politics of Clarina able Ethan Allen reviewed, 74: 73–5; Howard Nichols,” 75: 13–33, port. historian, 74: 128–30, 150; “Vermont’s Nichols family of Moretown, Vt.: 74: 113 ‘Gods of the Hills’: Buying Tradition Nichols, George W.: husband of Clarina from a Sole Source,” 75: 125–33 Howard Nichols, 75: 15, 49–50 multivariate statistical tools: 74: 128 Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Con- mutual benefit/aid associations. See also stitution: 75: 9 voluntary benevolent associations: 74: No. 10, Vt.: local name for North Calais, 49, 53, 57–62 74: 174 n5 170 ......

North Calais, Vt.: on mail route, 74: 161 Paul, Alice: suffragist protester, 75: 9 North End (Burlington): Africans Ameri- Paul, Rodman W.: historian, 74: 45 n110 cans in, 75: 117 pauper apprenticeships: Peter Benes, ed., Northern Pacific Railroad: John M. Lubet- Slavery/Antislavery in New England. kin, Jay Cooke’s Gamble: The North- Annual Proceedings of the Dublin Sem- ern Pacific Railroad, the Sioux, and the inar for New England Folklife, Volume Panic of 1873 reviewed, 75: 53–5 28 reviewed, 74: 183–5 Northern Sentinel (newspaper): on Irish “The Paupers’ Removal” (Clarina Howard immigrants, 74: 104, 120 Nichols): Marilyn S. Blackwell, “‘The North Montpelier, Vt.: on mail route, 74: Paupers’ Removal’: The Politics of 161 Clarina Howard Nichols,” 75: 13–33, The North Star (Danville newspaper): on port. the gold rush, 74: 6–7, 16 paupers. See “The Paupers’ Removal” Nova Scotia: African Americans from, 75: (Clarina Howard Nichols); poor; poor 110 farms; poor relief system (nineteenth Noyes, John Humphrey: founder of Oneida century) Community, 74: 122 Pawlet Expedition (Revolutionary War): Nuquist, Reidun N.: review of Robert N. Edward A. Hoyt and Ronald F. Kings- Webster, A Capital Upbringing: Com- ley, “The Pawlet Expedition, Septem- ing of Age in the 1930’s in Montpelier, ber 1777,” 75: 69–100, map, ports. Vermont, 74: 83–5 Pawlet, Vt. See also Pawlet Expedition (Revolutionary War): Susanne Rap- O paport, Messages from a Small Town: O’Brien family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 Photographs Inside Pawlet, Vermont— O’Brien, Larry: writes to Gov. Hoff on Neil Rappaport with Nellie Bushee and behalf of Pres. Kennedy, 75: 43 Ella Clark reviewed, 74: 87–9 O’Brien, Thomas: first Irishman elected Paxton, Benjamin: son of Madison Pax- to office in Fairfield, Vt., 74: 110 ton leaves Burlington, 75: 115 O’Callaghan, Rev. Jeremiah: 74: 113–23 Paxton, Madison: African American stays occupation: of African Americans (nine- in Burlington, 75: 114, 115 teenth century), 75: 110–3; effect of, Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer: Megan Mar- on migration from Vt. towns, 74: 128– shall, The Peabody Sisters: Three Women 31, 137–9, 141; of women, mid-nine- Who Ignited American Romanticism teenth century, 74: 49; 75: 18–9 reviewed, 74: 75–7 O’Connell, Daniel: and Irish indepen- Peabody, Mary: Megan Marshall, The Pea- dence, 74: 120 body Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited O’Grady family of Shelburne, Vt.: 74: 107 American Romanticism reviewed, 74: O’Grady, John: steamboat captain, 74: 124 75–7 n21 Peabody, Sophia: Megan Marshall, The O’Grady, William: Irish Vermonter is first Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ig- school superintendent in San Fran- nited American Romanticism reviewed, cisco, 74: 124 n21 74: 75–7 O’Hara family: Irish immigrants, 74: 105–7 Peacham Academy: gold miners from, 74: Ola, Lew: of East Calais, 74: 163 9, 11, 18, 20, 29 Olcott, Col. Peter: and Pawlet Expedi- Peacham cemetery: Newell Marsh’s grave, tion, 75: 79–80, 92 74: 35–6 Oneida Community of New York: 74: 122 Peacham, Vt.: gold miners from, 74: 6, 8, Order of Scottish Clans: 74: 58–9 10, 11, 18, 40; migration from, 74: 130– orphans: as indentured servants, 75: 22 50 Ossola, Joseph: receives liquor license, 74: Pearce, Alonzo: of East Calais, 74: 169 55 Pearce, Inez: waits until her parents die to Owsley, Frank: historian, 74: 127 marry, 74: 169 Pearson, Thomas Scott: principal of Pea- P cham Academy, 74: 38, port. Pacetti, Marietta: boardinghouse keeper, Peduzzi, Domenico: boardinghouse owner, 74: 56 74: 52, port. Paddy Hill (Moretown, Vt.): 74: 113 Pekin: section of Calais, 74: 174 n5 Paine, Thomas: author of Common Sense, Pell, John: Ethan Allen biographer, 75: 75: 136 129, 135 Panama: crossing en route to Calif., 74: 9– Pelosi, Nancy: Madeleine Kunin on, 75: 10, 12, 16, 25, 36 5–6, 10–1 Parker, George: home in East Calais, 74: Penal Laws of Ireland: 74: 114 158 Peninsula Campaign (Civil War): 75: 141–2 171 ......

Petersburg, Va.: siege of, 75: 142 prohibition: 74: 57; 75: 16; “uphill” Ver- Philadelphia: African American migration monters support, 75: 52 to, 75: 106, 108 property ownership: effect of, on migra- Phoenix (Lake Champlain steamship): tion from Vt. towns, 74: 128 burns and sinks, 74: 121 Prouty, Winston (U.S. senator): Philip Pierce, Charles: of East Calais, 74: 159 Hoff loses Senate race to, 75: 45 Pierce, Diana: of East Calais, 74: 159–60 public welfare. See poor relief system Pierce, Maude: of East Calais, 74: 159, 173 (nineteenth century) Pierce, Walter: of East Calais, 74: 159, “pump-pump-pull away” (childhood 168, 169 game): 74: 166 Pierpont, Rev. James: Calif. minister from Putnam, Gen. Israel: his character in John New England, 74: 32 Leacock’s play, 75: 139 Pike, Clara: schoolteacher of East Calais, 74: 169 Q Pike, Horace: of East Calais, 74: 169 Quebec City: Irish in, 74: 103, 105 Placerville, Calif.: Vermonters build church “Queen City” (Burlington). See also Bur- in, 74: 32 lington, Vt.: 74: 108 Plainﬁeld, Vt.: and mail delivery, 74: 161 Quigley, David: historian, 75: 107 Pleasant Valley, Underhill, Vt.: 74: 111 Pleck, Elizabeth Hafkin: historian, 75: R 107–8, 113 racism: in nineteenth-century Vt., 75: 113, politics: Madeleine May Kunin, “Women 118 in Politics,” 75: 5–11, port. rags: buying and selling, 74: 169–70 Polk, James K. (U.S. president): on the railroad regulation: “uphill” Vermonters gold rush, 74: 6, 9 support, 75: 52 Pollard, Isaac: builds a cabin for gold min- rangers (Revolutionary War): 75: 78–81, ers, 74: 31; on gold mining vs. educa- 90, 92–3 tion, 74: 18 Rappaport, Neil: Susanne Rappaport, poor: removing from towns, 75: 23–4 Messages from a Small Town: Photo- poor farms: 75: 21, 23, 26–7 graphs Inside Pawlet, Vermont—Neil poorhouses. See workhouses Rappaport with Nellie Bushee and Ella poor relief system (nineteenth century): Clark reviewed, 74: 87–9 75: 16–8, 20–8 Rappaport, Susanne: her Messages from a pope: Vermonters’ attitudes toward, 74: Small Town: Photographs Inside Paw- 121–2 let, Vermont—Neil Rappaport with Nel- Portes, Alejandro: sociologist, 74: 146 lie Bushee and Ella Clark reviewed, Portsmouth, N.H.: nineteenth-century Af- 74: 87–9 rican American church in, 75: 102 Raum, Hans: review of Sarah Seidman and postage: 1850 cost of, from Calif. to Vt., Patricia Wiley, Middlesex in the Mak- 74: 6 ing: History and Memories of a Small postmaster: as political post, 74: 174 n2 Vermont Town, 74: 191–3 potato blight (Ireland). See Great Famine Reason the Only Oracle of Man (Ethan (Ireland) Allen): 75: 124 Poultney, Vt.: Donaghy family in, 74: 106 recess (school): 74: 166 poverty. See poor; poor farms; poor relief Red Shop (East Calais): 74: 162 system (nineteenth century) Reid, Dr. W. D.: physician for Ladies of Powell, Brig. Gen. (British, Revolution- Clan Gordon, 74: 60 ary War): 75: 71, 94–5 religion. See Catholics (Irish); churches Power, Rev. John: friend of Jeremiah Repeal Group of Burlington: advocating O’Callaghan, 74: 115 Irish independence, 74: 120 Pre-Famine Irish. See Irish in Vermont Republican Party: during Philip Hoff’s Prescott, Brig. Gen. Richard: captures election and tenure, 75: 41–5 Ethan Allen, 75: 135; is captured by Resch, Tyler: review of Mary Hard Bort, Americans, 75: 137–8 Manchester: Memories of a Mountain Primitive Church (Rev. John Henry Hop- Valley. A Collection of Columns Previ- kins): 74: 118 ously Published in the Manchester Jour- Primitive Creed (Rev. John Henry Hop- nal, 74: 80–1 kins): 74: 118 Revolutionary War: draft of soldiers dur- Prinz Friedrich Regiment (Revolutionary ing, 75: 79–80; Edward A. Hoyt and War, German): 75: 71 Ronald F. Kingsley, “The Pawlet Ex- professionals. See also occupation, effect pedition, September 1777,” 75: 69–100, of, on migration from Vt. towns: likeli- map, ports.; volunteer soldiers in, 75: hood of emigrating, 74: 129–30 80–1 172 ......

Rhode Island: decreases funds for poor of Philip Hoff upon election, 75: 40; on relief, 75: 27 Philip Hoff, 75: 45; threatens Clarina Richardson, “Uncle Perk”: of East Calais, Howard Nichols, 75: 8 74: 163 Rutland, Vt.: first Irish immigrant in, 74: Richards, Susan L: “Making Home Pay: 109; Jeremiah O’Callaghan ministers Italian and Scottish Boardinghouse in, 74: 116 Keepers in Barre, 1880–1910,” 74: 48– Ryan family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 66, ports. Ryan, James: Irish immigrant, 74: 109 Rideout, Will: uncle of Ida Clee Bemis, Ryan, Thomas (Irish immigrant): 74: 109; 74: 170, port. his home serves as a church, 74: 116 Riedesel, Gen. Friedrich von: leads Ger- Ryegate, Vt.: dominated by a conserva- man auxiliaries during Revolutionary tive church, 74: 150; Dwight A. White, War, 75: 71 The Down of the Thistle—20th Cen- Rifle, Dick (pen name of John Leacock): tury Ryegate VT: A Sequel to the His- 75: 136 tory of Ryegate, Vermont By Edward Rix, Alfred S.: as a gold miner, 74: 18–22, Miller and Frederic Wells reviewed, 75: 27, port.; bids farewell to gold miners, 146–7; gold miners from, 74: 18, 40 74: 11; contemplates going to Calif., 74: 15; on John Way’s gold arriving in S Peacham, 74: 17; on John Way’s re- Sacramento River: gold miners travel on, turn, 74: 16 74: 19 Rix, Chastina Walbridge: wife of Alfred Salerno, Beth A.: her Sister Societies: Rix, 74: 11, 20–1, 36–7; in Calif., 74: Women’s Antislavery Organizations in 23–5, port. Antebellum America reviewed, 74: 78– Rix, Hale: gold miner, 74: 19 80 Rix, Ira: gold miner, 74: 26, port. saloons: boardinghouses as, 74: 54–7 Rix, Oscar: gold miner, 74: 18 Sanborn, Charlotte: wife of gold miner, Rix, Sidney: gold miner, 74: 18; dies in 74: 36 Calif., 74: 27 Sanborn family of Danville, Vt.: 74: 6 Roberts, Andrew: gold miner, 74: 22–3 Sanborn, Joel: gold miner, descendants Roberts family of Walden, Vt.: 74: 6 of, 74: 40–1 Roberts, Mathilda: wife of Andrew Rob- Sanford, Gregory: review of Burt Fein- erts, 74: 22–3 tuch and David H. Watters, The Ency- Robinson, George G.: friend of Aaron N. clopedia of New England, 74: 67–9 Freeman, 75: 35–8 Sanford, Terry: Philip Hoff works on his Robinson, Rachel Gilpin: abolitionist, 75: presidential campaign, 75: 45 35 San Francisco: Alfred Rix on, 74: 21–2; Robinson, Thomas: relays message to John Way on, 74: 13–4 Aaron N. Freeman, 75: 37 Sanger, Margaret: advocate for birth con- Rogers, Russell K.: on being a gold miner, trol, 75: 9 74: 8, port. Sargeant, Asa: neighbor of Russell Clark, Rokeby Museum: 75: 35, 37 74: 33 Romanticism: Megan Marshall, The Pea- Saunders, Richard H.: review of Mark D. body Sisters: Three Women Who Ig- Mitchell, The St. Johnsbury Athenaeum nited American Romanticism, 74: 75–7 Handbook of the Collection, 75: 47–9 room and board: meaning of, 74: 51 Savage’s Station: battle of (Civil War), 75: Rooney family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 142 Roth, Randolph: historian, 74: 133; re- sawmill: of East Calais, 74: 167 view of Paul M. Searls, Two Vermonts: Scampini, Angelo: receives liquor license, Geography and Identity, 1865–1910, 75: 74: 55 51–3 schoolhouse: East Calais, 74: 163–7 Rowe v. Wade: mentioned, 75: 10 Schuyler, Gen. Philip (Revolutionary War): Royall, Anne: “woman politico,” 75: 15 75: 73, 124, 135; writes to George Wash- Royalton, Vt.: smallpox outbreak in, 74: ington about Ethan Allen’s treatment, 121 75: 137 Ruhlman, R. Fred: his Captain Henry Scots: boardinghouse keepers in Barre, 74: Wirz and Andersonville Prison: A Re- 48, 49, 57–62; board with fellow Scots, appraisal reviewed, 75: 143–5 74: 52; immigrate to Ryegate, Vt., 75: rum: for Revolutionary soldiers, 75: 83 146; Susan L. Richards, “Making Home Rupert, Vt.: Revolutionary War encamp- Pay: Italian and Scottish Boarding- ment in, 75: 82 house Keepers in Barre, 1880–1910,” Rutland Herald (newspaper): on Catho- 74: 48–66, ports. lic newspaper, 74: 121–2; has no photo scurvy: in Civil War prisoners, 75: 145 173 ......

Searls, Paul M.: his Two Vermonts: Geog- Smith, Joseph: birth in Sharon, Vt., 74: 122 raphy and Identity, 1865–1910 reviewed, Smith, Richard: dealings with Gen. Pres- 75: 51–3 cott, 75: 137 Secor, Mary: boardinghouse keeper, 74: Snelling, Richard: offers to help Gov. Hoff, 57 75: 42 “seeing the elephant”: 74: 13 social events: for gold miners, 74: 27, 32, 41 Seidman, Sarah: her Middlesex in the Mak- social mobility: of African Americans in ing: History and Memories of a Small Vt., 75: 110, 118; of Irish in Vt., 75: 118 Vermont Town reviewed, 74: 191–3 Sodom, Vt.: local name for Adamant, 74: Seneca Falls women’s right convention: 174 n5 75: 9 Soregan’s (Burlington hotel): 74: 108 Sessions, Gene: historian, 75: 112 South End (Boston): boardinghouses of, settlement house movement: 75: 28 74: 52 settlement laws: 75: 23–5 South Hill (Moretown, Vt.): 74: 113 Shanley family of Underhill, Vt.: 74: 111 South Woodbury, Vt.: on mail route, 74: Sharkey family of Fairfield, Vt.: 74: 110 161 Shedd, Josiah: gold miner, 74: 11, 36 Sparks, Jared: discovers Ira Allen’s ac- “sheepfold” (childhood game): 74: 166 counts, 75: 129 sheep raising: 74: 158, 174 n1; Irish and, speakeasies. See saloons 74: 111 Spencer, C. M.: reports death of Norman Shepard, Wilbur F.: Barre sheriff, 74: 54 Davis, 74: 34 Sherman, Gen. William T.: advancing into spiritualists: 74: 163 Georgia, 75: 143 splinter parties: in Philip Hoff election, Sherman, Michael: “The Enigmatic Ethan 75: 40, 44 Allen: Two Notes on Sources,” 75: 124 spring board wagon: 74: 161 Shirlock, Francis: Irish immigrant, 74: 105 The Sprouts (confluence of Hudson and Shirlock, William: Irish immigrant, 74: Mohawk Rivers): 75: 74–5 105, 107 square dancing: 74: 162 shoes and shoemakers: African American stage: mail delivery by, 74: 160–1 shoemakers, 75: 111; Luther Bemis, St. Albans, Vt.: Irish in, 74: 108; Jeremiah 74: 174 n4 O’Callaghan ministers in, 74: 116 Short, Charles: African American in Bur- Stanley, David S.: destroys cavalry whis- lington, 75: 109 key cache, 75: 54 sick benefits. See also mutual benefit/aid Stanton, Edwin: Pres. Lincoln’s Secretary associations: 74: 58–60 of War, 75: 144 silicosis: 74: 54, 63 n23 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady: honors Clarina Simpson, W. Arthur: Republican leader, Howard Nichols, 75: 29; sponsor of 75: 43 Seneca Fall convention, 75: 9 Sioux: John M. Lubetkin, Jay Cooke’s Stanton, Isaac W.: dies in Calif., 74: 16; Gamble: The Northern Pacific Rail- early gold miner, 74: 11, 12 road, the Sioux, and the Panic of 1873 Stark, Gen. John (Revolutionary War): reviewed, 75: 53–5 75: 71, 74–5 Sitting Bull (Sioux chief): 75: 54 States, Frank: African American in Bur- 62nd Regiment (British, Revolutionary lington, 75: 106 War): 75: 71 St. Catherine’s Lodge of Pittsburgh: Skenesborough, N.Y.: during the Revolu- death benefits of, 74: 60 tionary War, 75: 73, 75, 87, 90–1 Steinem, Gloria: mentioned, 75: 10 slavery. See also abolition: Peter Benes, Stevens, Sarah Morrill: great-aunt of Al- ed., Slavery/Antislavery in New En- fred Rix, 74: 20 gland. Annual Proceedings of the Dub- Stevens, Thaddeus: mentioned, 74: 20; lin Seminar for New England Folklife, Russell Clark buys his land, 74: 33 Volume 28 reviewed, 74: 183–5 Stewart, Walter: “mulatto” barber, 75: Slavic lodges of Pittsburgh: sick benefits 105, 109 of, 74: 60 Stillwater, N.Y.: during the Revolutionary Slayton, “Aunt Sarah”: of East Calais, 74: War, 75: 91, 95 169 Stilwell, Lewis: historian, 74: 128, 129 Slayton, Otis: of East Calais, 74: 169 St. Jeans on the Richelieu River: 74: 101 Smith, Fred: writes to Gov. Hoff on his St. John Baptiste Society (French Cana- election, 75: 42 dian organization): 75: 104 Smith, Gerritt: abolitionist candidate for St. Johnsbury Athenaeum: Mark D. Mitch- N.Y. congress, 75: 19 ell, The St. Johnsbury Athenaeum Hand- Smith, J. Gregory: mismanages Northern book of the Collection reviewed, 75: Pacific Railroad, 75: 54–5 47–9 174 ......

St. Johnsbury, Vt.: 1850 population, 74: 7; U number of gold miners from, 74: 8, 40 Underhill, Vt.: Irish Catholic community St. John the Baptist Catholic Church of, 74: 107, 111, 123; Jeremiah O’Cal- (Castleton, Vt.): 74: 117 laghan ministers in, 74: 116 St. Leger, Brig. Gen. Barry (Revolution- United Irish Rebellion: suppression of, 74: ary War): 75: 74, 94–5 114 St. Mary’s Catholic Church (Burlington, Universalist church: of East Calais, 74: 171– Vt.): building of, 74: 116; burning of, 2 74: 119–20, 122 University of Vermont: merges with agri- Storer, Col. Joseph (Revolutionary War): cultural college, 75: 52 75: 78 U.S. census: destruction of 1890 census, St. Paul’s church (Burlington, Vt.): 74: 118 75: 116; for tracking African American Strobridge, Elisabeth Clark: sister of populations, 75: 104–5, 111 Ephraim Clark, 74: 29, 30, 32–3, 37 U.S. Children’s Bureau: 75: 28 Strobridge, Lafayette: brother-in-law of Usury, Funds and Banks (Jeremiah O’Cal- Ephraim Clark, 74: 31, 38; on money laghan): 74: 119 owed by gold miner, 74: 28 usury. See money lending/usury Stuart, Seth W.: gold miner, 74: 11, 12 suffragist movement: Clarina Howard V Nichols in, 75: 8–9, 28; “uphill” Ver- The Vagaries and Heresies of John Henry monters oppose, 75: 52 Hopkins, Protestant Bishop (Jeremiah Sugar Loaf Hill: canons at, 75: 71 O’Callaghan): 74: 118 Sullivan, Gen. John: is exchanged for Valentine, Mrs. M.: boardinghouse keeper, Gen. Prescott, 75: 138 74: 56 Sunday School picnics: 74: 171–2 Valley Forge: Ethan Allen at, 75: 139 Swan, Calvin T.: African American crafts- Van Courtlandt, Col. Philip (Revolution- man, 74: 184 ary War): 75: 74 Swisshelm, Jane Grey: on religious duty Van Schaick’s Island: 75: 75 to be political, 75: 20 Varnum, George: gold miner settled in the Sylvester, Peter: at the Ejectment Trials, West, 74: 44 n92 75: 126 Varnum, Harvey: gold miner, 74: 28, 37 Symington, Gaye: Madeleine Kunin on, Varnum, Mark: gold miner, 74: 28, 34, 37 75: 6–7 vegetables: in diet of Revolutionary War soldiers, 75: 83 T Vergennes, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan min- Taisey, Jesse: gold miner, 74: 37 isters in, 74: 116 temperance: women advocate for, 75: 15–6 Vermont Council of Safety (during the Temperance and Racism (David Fahey): Revolutionary War): 75: 80, 83 75: 103 Vermont Domestic Missionary Society: Templars. See Independent Order of Good 74: 148 Templars Vermont Fish and Game League: tries to Terry, Stephen C.: “The Democrat Who enforce game laws, 75: 52 Took Vermont: Victory Messages to Vermont Independent Party (VIP): in 1962 Philip Hoff, 1962–1964,” 75: 39–46 election, 75: 40 Thernstrom, Stephan: historian, 74: 127– Viele, Theresa: on Vermonters’ attitudes 8; 75: 113 toward the pope, 74: 122 Thomas, Rowland: abolitionist, 75: 35 Vietnam War: Philip Hoff opposes, 75: 45 Thompson, Zadock: includes Ira Allen’s ac- Virginia: African Americans migrate from, count in his History of Vermont, 75: 129 75: 108 Thomson, Charles Miner: author of Inde- voluntary benevolent associations. See pendent Vermont, 75: 129 also mutual beneﬁt/aid associations: Thomson, John: supplies grass and grain to 75: 14–5 Revolutionary soldiers for cattle, 75: 84 Ticonderoga. See Fort Ticonderoga W Tierney family of Fairﬁeld, Vt.: 74: 110 Wabanaki: Frederick Matthew Wiseman, tinsmithing: in East Calais, 74: 169–70 Reclaiming the Ancestors: Decoloniz- trencher beard: 74: 13, 26 ing a Taken Prehistory of the Far North- Truth, Sojourner: speech at women’s right east reviewed, 74: 69–73 convention, 75: 9 wagons: Revolutionary militias’ use of, Tupper, Martin: poet, 74: 31 75: 91 Turner, Frederick Jackson: historian, 74: Waite, Mark: home in East Calais, 74: 167 127 Wait, Maj. Benjamin (Revolutionary War): typhus: 74: 105 75: 92–3 175 ......

Walbridge, Clara: in Calif., 74: 23–5, port., Way family of Peacham, Vt.: 74: 6 36–7; wife of Russell K. Rogers, 74: 8 Way, John S.: gold miner, 74: 11–8, port., 25 Walbridge, Dustan: gold miner, 74: 18–9, Way, Sarah Walbridge: wife of John S. Way, 25–7, port., 36 74: 12–8, port. Walbridge family of Peacham, Vt.: 74: 6 wealth: effect of, on migration from Vt. Walbridge, James M.: disappears on re- towns, 74: 128, 137–44 turn trip from Calif., 74: 16; early gold We Americans (Elin Anderson): 75: 104 miner, 74: 11 Webb, Simeon: home in East Calais, 74: 171 Walbridge Watts, Roxana: 74: 37; on her Webster, Robert N.: his A Capital Up- son’s fortunes in Calif., 74: 27; receives bringing: Coming of Age in the 1930’s photographs from daughters in Calif., in Montpelier, Vermont reviewed, 74: 74: 36–7; reluctant to let son go to Ca- 83–5 lif., 74: 25; on son-in-law going to Ca- The Weekly Anglo-African (newspaper): lif., 74: 12 Louden S. Langley writes to, 75: 37 Walden, Vt.: number of gold miners from, welfare. See poor relief system (nineteenth 74: 40 century) Wald, Lillian: leader in settlement house Wells River rail line: 74: 11 movement, 75: 28 Wentworth, Benning: royal governor of Walker, Thomas: Montreal merchant New Hampshire, 75: 126, 129 takes American side, 75: 137, 138 Wesleyan Methodist church of Albany, Wallace, Gen. Lew: delays Confederate Vt.: 74: 148 army, 75: 145 West Townshend, Vt.: Clarina Howard Wall, Bridget: walks and smokes pipe in Nichols’s upbringing in, 75: 15 Underhill, Vt., 74: 111 Wheeler, A. A.: gold miner, 74: 11, 12 Wall, Daniel: Irish immigrant in Under- Whig party: 74: 119 hill, Vt., 74: 111 Whitcomb, Maj. Benjamin (Revolution- Warner, Col. Seth (Revolutionary War): ary War): 75: 78, 81, 90, 92 75: 78, 81, 90 White, Ben: home in East Calais, 74: 158 Warner, Gen. Jonathan (Revolutionary white-collar workers. See occupation: ef- War): 75: 83 fect of, on migration from Vt. towns War of 1812: western migration following, White, Dwight A.: his The Down of the 74: 108–9 Thistle—20th Century Ryegate VT: A Washington, George: on Ethan Allen, 75: Sequel to the History of Ryegate, Ver- 124, 135; threatens to treat Prescott as mont By Edward Miller and Frederic Ethan Allen is treated, 75: 137; urges Wells reviewed, 75: 146–7 troop augmentation, 75: 74 Whitehall, N.Y.: during the Revolution- Waterbury, Vt.: Jeremiah O’Callaghan min- ary War, 75: 73; Irish in, 74: 113 isters in, 74: 116 White, James G.: gold miner, 74: 11, 17 Waterford, Vt.: number of gold miners Whitﬁeld, Harvey Amani: “African Amer- from, 74: 40 icans in Burlington, Vermont, 1880– Water Street (Burlington): Irish living on, 1900,” 75: 101–23 74: 107–8 Whittle, William (Bill): gold miner, 74: 11, Watkins, Emma: daughter of William 12, 18 Watkins leaves Burlington, 75: 115 widows: as boardinghouse keepers, 74: 53 Watkins, Lizzie: wife of William Watkins, Wiley, Patricia: her Middlesex in the Mak- 75: 109 ing: History and Memories of a Small Watkins, William: African American in Vermont Town reviewed, 74: 191–3 Burlington, 75: 109, 114 Williams College: response to Gov. Hoff’s Watson, Annie Dunn: review of Margaret election, 75: 42–3 O. Killinger, The Good Life of Helen Williams, Edwin: father-in-law of Aaron K. Nearing, 75: 150–2 N. Freeman, 75: 37 Watters, David H.: ed. of The Encyclope- Williams, George: African American bar- dia of New England reviewed, 74: 67–9 ber in Burlington, 75: 101–2, 103, 107, Watts, Bailey: gold miner, 74: 11, 17, 29, 39 111, 113, 114 Watts, Isaac: hymn writer, 74: 31 Williams, Rachel: marries Aaron N. Free- Watts, John: gold miner, 74: 11, 74: 12 man, 75: 37 Watts, Lambert: gold miner, 74: 37 Williams, Rev. Samuel: helps Ira Allen Watts, Lyman: loans Dustan Walbridge write his account, 75: 128 money for Calif., 74: 25; Sarah Wal- Williams, Victoria: African American in bridge’s father, 74: 12; urges Russell Burlington, 75: 114 Clark to buy land, 74: 33 Williamson, Jane: “‘I dont get fair play Watts, Roxana Walbridge. See Walbridge here’: A Black Vermonter Writes Watts, Roxana Home,” 75: 35–8; review of Peter 176 ......

Benes, ed., Slavery/Antislavery in New women’s rights. See also suffragist move- England. Annual Proceedings of the ment: Clarina Howard Nichols and, Dublin Seminar for New England Folk- 75: 15; Madeleine Kunin on, 75: 5–11 life, Volume 28, 74: 183–5 women’s voluntary benevolent asso- Wilson, Harold Fisher: historian, 74: 128, ciations. See voluntary benevolent 129 associations Wilson, James: visits Gen. Prescott, 75: Woodbridge, Col. Benjamin: covers 138 John Brown’s retreat, 75: 93; marches Winder, Gen. John H.: commander of to Skenesborough, N.Y., 75: 73, 78, Andersonville Prison, 75: 144 90–1 Windham County Democrat (newspaper): Woodbury Center, Vt.: on mail route, 74: Clarina Howard Nichols editor of, 75: 161 8, 9, 14–6, 49–50 Woodstock, Vt.: Bruce Cofﬁn, The Long Wing, Charles: tin worker of East Calais, Light of Those Days: Recollections of 74: 170 a Vermont Village at Mid-Century re- Winooski Falls: textile mill, 74: 107 viewed, 74: 85–7 Winooski River: Charles Fish, In the Land Worcester, Mass.: Underhill men work of the Wild Onion: Travels along Ver- there in winter, 74: 111 mont’s Winooski River reviewed, 74: workhouses: 75: 21, 26–7 176–8 World Temperance Convention: Antoinette Winooski, Vt.: work for women in, 74: 49 Brown excluded from, 75: 19 Wirz, Capt. Henry: R. Fred Ruhlman, Wright, Medad: builds ﬁrst sawmill in Vt., Captain Henry Wirz and Anderson- 74: 192 ville Prison: A Reappraisal reviewed, Wrightsville Dam: 74: 192 75: 143–5 Wyandotte Constitutional Convention: Wiseman, Frederick Matthew: his Re- Clarina Howard Nichols at, 75: 29 claiming the Ancestors: Decolonizing a Wyatt, Hattie: African American washer- Taken Prehistory of the Far Northeast woman, 75: 112, 115 reviewed, 74: 69–73 Wyatt, James: African American in Bur- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union: lington, 75: 115, 117 75: 28 Wyatt, John: son of James and Hattie, 75: women. See also suffragist movement; 115 women’s rights: belief in moral superi- Wyoming Valley (Penn.): rebellion in, 75: ority of, 75: 19, 29; Beth A. Salerno, 124 Sister Societies: Women’s Antislavery Organizations in Antebellum America Y reviewed, 74: 78–80; as boarders, 74: Yale, Allen R.: review of Dwight A. White, 51; as boardinghouse keepers, 74: 48– The Down of the Thistle—20th Cen- 66; Diane Eickhoff, Revolutionary tury Ryegate VT: A Sequel to the His- Heart: The Life of Clarina Nichols and tory of Ryegate, Vermont By Edward the Pioneering Crusade for Women’s Miller and Frederic Wells, 75: 146–7 Rights reviewed, 75: 49–51; Madeleine Young, Thomas: mentor of Ethan Allen, May Kunin, “Women in Politics,” 75: 75: 124 5–11, port.; in nineteenth-century politics, 75: 13–33; work available to, mid- Z nineteenth century, 74: 49; 75: 18–9; Zanleoni, Charles: receives liquor license, work of African American, 75: 112 74: 55 women’s auxiliaries. See also Ladies of Zottman, Martha: boardinghouse keeper, Clan Gordon: 74: 65 n53 74: 63 n10