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Is This Any Way to Vote?
IS THIS ANY WAY TO VOTE? Vulnerable Voting Machines and the Mysterious Industry Behind Them CELESTE KATZ MARSTON AND GABRIELLA NOVELLO WhoWhatWhy New York City Copyright © 2020 by WhoWhatWhy All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Cover design by Cari Schmoock. Cover art and photo editing by Michael Samuels. Data visualizations by Lizzy Alves. Published in the United States by WhoWhatWhy. eBook ISBN 978-1-7329219-1-7 WhoWhatWhy® is a registered trademark of Real News Project, Inc. CONTENTS Initialisms and Acronyms Used in This Book vi Introduction 1 1. The Voting-Machine Manufacturers 5 2. The Voting Machines 25 3. Voting Machine Accessibility 42 4. Voting Machine Vulnerabilities 55 5. Solutions and Global Perspectives 77 6. Conclusion 102 7. Addendum: Is Mail-in Voting the Answer? 108 About the Authors 116 About WhoWhatWhy 118 Glossary 119 INITIALISMS AND ACRONYMS USED IN THIS BOOK ADA Americans with Disabilities Act BMD ballot-marking device COIB Conflicts of Interest Board DRE direct-recording electronic machine EAC Election Assistance Commission EMS election management system ES&S Election Systems & Software FVAP Federal Voting Assistance Program FWAB Federal Write-In Absentee Ballot HAVA Help America Vote Act MPSA Military Postal System Agency NPRM notice of proposed rulemaking OSET Open Source Election Technology Institute RFP request for proposal RLA risk-limiting audit SQL Structure Query Language TGDC Technical Guidelines Development Committee UOCAVA Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act VSAP Voting Solutions for All People VVPAT Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail VVSG Voluntary Voting System Guidelines Photo credit: Florida Memory / Flickr 2 | INTRODUCTION When we talk about elections, we often focus on the campaign horserace, who is up or down in the polls, the back and forth between candidates, and maybe a little about which issues matter most to voters. -
The Price of Voting
The Price of Voting Today’s Voting Machine Marketplace March 2021 CONTRIBUTORS Matthew Caulfield (Principal Investigator) Andrew Coopersmith (Co-author) Arnav Jagasia (Co-author) Olivia Podos (Co-author) August Gebhard-Koenigstein (Research Assistant) John Sarihan (Research Assistant) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was conducted by a team of students and staff of The Wharton School and University of Pennsylvania. We are thankful to the generous administrative and financial support offered by the Wharton Public Policy Initiative as we pursued this project. The authors assume sole responsibility for the findings and views expressed in this report, which do not necessarily reflect the views of the Wharton School and should not be attributed to the School itself. Composing this report required a lot of help in obtaining data. We are indebted to the hundreds of local election officials who kindly provided us with documentation detailing their most recent voting system procurements, without which the voting machine pricing analysis offered here would not have been possible. And we are grateful as well to the several industry professionals who took time to give us their perspective on the current state of the election technology market. This report draws heavily on the 2017 study, The Business of Voting: Market Structure and Innovation in the Election Technology Industry. We thank Lorin Hitt, who led the study, and the student researchers who contributed. We are also indebted to the many voting industry and policy stakeholders who took the time to read and respond to the report. We appreciate their input and encouragement to continue. Matthew Caulfield et al.The Price of Voting: Today's Voting Machine Marketplace. -
Certified Voting Systems in Idaho
Idaho Certified Voting Systems As of August 19, 2016 Descriptions of Certified Voting Systems on page 12. Vendor Voting Software Hardware/Firmware System ID #/ Final Report Idaho System/System Qualified to 1990, Date Certification Component 2002 or 2005 Date Standards Hart Hart InterCivic Verity Data 2.0.2 Verity Print 2.0.3 InterCivic Verity 2.0 Verity Build 2.0.2 Verity Scan 2.0.3 EAC Certification # 4/27/2016 8/19/2016 Voting System Verity Central 2.0.2 Verity Touch Writer with Access 2.0.3 HRTVerity2.0 Verity Count 2.0.2 2005 VVSG Verity User Management software 2.0.2 Verity Election Management software 2.0.2 ES&S EVS 5.2.1.0 Election Reporting ExpressVote (Universal Voting Manager (ERM) Device) (1.4.1.0) DS200 (Precinct 2005 12/18/2015 7/22/2016 (8.12.1.0) Event Log Count Tabulator) (2.12.1.0) DS850 Service (1.5.5.0) (Central Count Tabulator) 2.10.1.0) Removable Media AutoMARK (Voter Assist Terminal Service (RMS) (1.8.6.0) (1.4.5.0) Vat Previewer (1.8.6.0) ExpressVote Previewer (1.4.1.0) ES&S DS200, DS200, DS850, ExpressVote N/A 4/19/2016 6/28/2016 DS850, ExpressVote Various De Minimis changes. Introduced ExpressVote Rolling Kiosk. Idaho Certified Voting Systems 1 As of August 19, 2016 Idaho Certified Voting Systems As of August 19, 2016 Vendor Voting Software Hardware/Firmware System ID #/ Final Report Idaho System/System Qualified to 1990, Date Certification Component 2002 or 2005 Date Standards ES&S DS200 DS200 1.3 N/A N/A May 5, 2016 ECO 1880 Multi-feed Sensor Replacement ES&S AutoMARK AutoMARK v. -
Policy Mechanisms for Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting
Policy Mechanisms for Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting by Joseph Lorenzo Hall B.S. (Astrophysics, Northern Arizona University) 2000 M.A. (Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley) 2003 M.I.M.S. (Information, University of California, Berkeley) 2005 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Division of the University of California at Berkeley in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Management and Systems Committee in charge: Professor Pamela Samuelson, Chair Professor Coye Cheshire Professor Deirdre Mulligan Professor David Wagner Fall 2008 The dissertation of Joseph Lorenzo Hall is approved. Professor Pamela Samuelson (Chair) Date Professor Coye Cheshire Date Professor Deirdre Mulligan Date Professor David Wagner Date University of California, Berkeley Spring 2008 Policy Mechanisms for Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting Copyright c 2008, Some Rights Reserved (See: Appendix F) Joseph Lorenzo Hall Abstract Policy Mechanisms for Increasing Transparency in Electronic Voting by Joseph Lorenzo Hall Doctor of Philosophy in Information Management and Systems University of California, Berkeley Professor Pamela Samuelson, Chair In the early years of the American republic, only white male landowners could vote, and then typically by expressing their preferences in a public setting, for all to witness. Our electoral system has changed drastically since that time; now almost all Americans cast votes with the assistance of computerized equipment. While much good stems from the use of computerized equipment in elections—notably increased efficiency, enfranchisement and flexibility—unintended consequences of this mechanization have left us with complicated, insecure and opaque voting systems. My PhD thesis focuses on the issue of transparency in e-voting; that is, what public pol- icy mechanisms can serve to make our voting systems less opaque? After exploring what we mean by “electoral transparency”, I examine the question of e-voting transparency on three fronts. -
Kentucky's Election Voting Systems and Certijicationprocess (October 23,2007), Comprised of an Investigative Report by My Staff and the Expert Report of Mr
OFF~CEOF THE ATTORNEYGENEML CAPITOL BUILLWNG, SUITE1 1 8 700 CAPITOL AVENUE FRANKFORT, KY 4060,l-3449 (502)69a-5390 Fnx: (502)564-2894 November 15,2007 Commissioner Donetta Davidson Chairwoman U. S. Election Assistance Commission 1225 New York Ave. NW, Suite 1100 Washington, DC 20005 -- - RE: Submission of Reports on Kentucky's Electronic Voting Systems P- Dear Chairwoman Davidson: I am pleased to submit to the United States Election Assistance Commission ("EAC') a copy of Kentucky's Election Voting Systems and CertiJicationProcess (October 23,2007), comprised of an investigative report by my staff and the expert report of Mr. Jeremy Epstein, an independent consultant on electronic voting systems. I am submitting these reports to be included in the EAC's national clearinghouse of voting system reports. This report reflects my experience overseeing elections in Kentucky, particularly my 2007 investigation of Kentucky's electronic voting systems and Mr. Epstein's expert recommendations regarding state certifications of these systems. Pursuant to the EAC's 2007 policy on posting reports and studies regarding voting systems, I request that Kentucky's report be added to the EAC's web site and clearinghouse of information. I thank you for your consideration of this matter. Yours very truly, n Enclosure Cc: Jeremy Epstein Secretary of State, Trey Grayson TABLE OF CONTENTS: INVESTIGATIVE REPORT Ensuring Your Vote Counts: Kentuchy 's Electronic Voting Systems Attorney General Greg Stumbo's Investigative Report September 18,2007 http://ag.ky.gov/NRlrdonl~~es/38B944CF-1F47-44D3-82DD- -
The Business of Elections Introduction
electionline.org ELECTIONELECTION REFORM REFORM lectionline.org, administered by the Election Reform Information Project, is the e nation’s only nonpartisan, non-advocacy website providing up-to-the-minute news and analysis on election reform. After the November 2000 election brought the shortcomings of the American Briefing August 2004 electoral system to the public’s attention, The Pew Charitable Trusts made a three- INSIDE year grant to the University of Richmond to establish a clearinghouse for election The Business of Elections Introduction . 1 reform information. Executive Summary . .3 In the aftermath of the 2000 election, voting machines became the Political Activity and Voting Serving everyone with an interest in the issue–policymakers, officials, journalists, schol- focus of efforts to improve the nation’s elections. With the passage of Machine Manufacturers . .4 ars and concerned citizens–electionline.org provides a centralized source of data and The Industry . 8 the $3.86 billion Help America Vote Act (HAVA), counties and cities information in the face of decentralized reform efforts. Voting System Procurement 12 across the country started to consider replacing older voting machines electionline.org hosts a forum for learning about, discussing and analyzing election Tables . .16 with newer technologies. Methodology/Endnotes . .22 reform issues.The Election Reform Information Project also commissions and conducts Nearly four years later, the results are in. Mindful of Florida’s punch-card research on questions of interest to the election reform community and sponsors con- follies in 2000, many state and local officials acted, and as a result, mil- ferences where policymakers, journalists and other interested parties can gather to share lions of voters will cast electronic ballots in 2004, many for the first time.