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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids

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Diversity and Evolution of Rosids *Malvales • strongly supported order of Diversity and Evolution 11 families of Rosids Malvaceae . cacao, mustard, and capers . Cistaceae Dipterocarpaceae *Malvales *Malvaceae - mallows • strongly supported order of • Malvaceae is now “broadly” 11 families defined (includes Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae) • (+/-) suite of wood, hair, leaf, and chemical features • 243 genera / 4300 species Bixaceae Malvaceae 1 *Malvaceae - mallows *Malvaceae - mallows 1. leaves palmately veined 4. Many stamens, often bundled, (simple or compound) sometimes monadelphous into a staminal tube 2. sepals valvate - not overlapping CA 5 CO 5 A (∞) G (5-∞) Sparmannia 3. stellate hairs Trichospermum Sphaeralcea Hibiscus trionum Hibiscus tiliaceus Grewia Hibiscus *Malvaceae - mallows *Malvaceae - mallows “malvoids” “malvoids” Althaea - hollyhock, marsh mallow Gossypium - cotton Malva - mallow, Napaea dioica cheese - glade mallow Hibiscus • only Midwestern endemic genus 2 *Malvaceae - mallows *Malvaceae - mallows “tilioids” “bombacoids” Adansonia - baobabs Trichospermum Tilia americana - Central America basswood, linden Pseudobombax Grewia Madagascar *Malvaceae - mallows *Brassicales “sterculoids” • 17 families • morphologically diverse! glucosinolates myrosinase enzyme isothiocynates mustard oils Theobroma - “food of the gods,” cacao, chocolate Cola 3 *Brassicales *Brassicales Capparaceae - capers Caricaceae - papaya Tropaeolaceae - garden nasturtium Cardinal-McTeague, W. M., K. J. Sytsma, J. C. Hall. 2016. Biogeography and diversification of Brassicales: a 103 million year chronicle. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 204-224 *Brassicaceae - mustard *Brassicaceae - mustard Large (338 genera / 3710 species), complex family of mustard oil CA 4 CO 4 A 4+2 G (2) producing herbs (broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, kale, cabbage); Arabidopsis - genetic/genome model plant species • flowers “cross-like” with 4 petals, six stamens with 2 outer ones shorter - derivation of “Cruciferae” or “cross-bearing” Arabidopsis thaliana Cardamine concatenata - Cardamine pratensis - cut leaf toothwort cuckoo flower 4 *Brassicaceae - mustard *Brassicaceae - mustard CA 4 CO 4 A 4+2 G (2) • gynoecium of 2 fused carpels CA 4 CO 4 A 4+2 G (2) • fruits are called siliques or separated by thin membrane with silicles based on how the fruit is ovules in a parietal fashion flattened relative to the septum • siliques flattened contrary to • fruit is a capsule that septum peels off the two outer • silicle flattened parallel to replum carpel walls exposing the septum papery membrane or septum attached to the persistant replum - x section - *Brassicaceae - mustard *Brassicaceae - mustard • shape of fruits appear to have diversified rapidly in the family - unfortunately infra-familial classification has • Aethionema - Mediterranean been largely based on the fruit region - is sister to rest of family 5 *Brassicaceae - mustard *Brassicaceae - mustard Cardamine concatenata - cut leaf toothwort Nasturtium officinale - water cress • Common spring flowering woodland herbs • edible aquatic native Cardamine douglasii - with a mustard zing purple spring cress *Brassicaceae - mustard *Brassicaceae - mustard • Introduced or spreading Alliaria petiolata - garlic mustard Hesperis matronalis - Barbarea vulgaris - yellow Dame’s rocket rocket, winter cress 6 *Brassicaceae - mustard *Myrtales • strongly supported order of 12 families • defined by 2 anatomical features First collection - 1938 < 1948 < 1958 < 1968 Garlic mustard distribution - 2006 Garlic mustard distribution - 2007 Garlic mustard distribution - 2008 Garlic mustard distribution - 2009-2016 < 1978 < 1988 *Myrtales • this combination • Diversification placed the anomalus analyses identify three Vochysiaceae w ithin Blakea significant shifts in Myrtales Melastomataceae speciation • 3 very large tropical • Near or just within the crown radiations of Vochysi aceae families these three families Heterotrichum Myrtaceae Combretaceae Psidium - guava Metrosideros - o’hia 7 *Onagraceae - evening primrose *Onagraceae - evening primrose A moderate sized family of 17 genera and about 650 species - most diverse in western N. America __ CA 4 CO 4 A 4,8 G (4) • Ludwigia is sister to remainder of the • tropical Fuchsia family • 4 merous flowers, epigynous, is diverse in South and often well developed America hypanthium Oenothera biennis - evening primrose *Onagraceae - evening primrose *Onagraceae - evening primrose • Circumboreal Circaea is sister to woody southern Epilobium hirsutum - hemisphere Fuchsia willowherb Chamerion angustifolium - Fuchsia fireweed • 2 merous flowers; fruit is Circaea lutetiana - enchanter’s nightshade one-seeded and bristly 8 Lythraceae - loosestrife Lythraceae - loosestrife Close relative of the evening primrose family; mainly tropical in distribution CA 4-6 CO 4-6 A 8-12 G (4) • flowers 4, 5, or 6 merous with Cuphea - stamens double the number of cigar plant sepals and in two distinct sets Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife • exhibits tristylous heterostyly Ecologically invasive • hypanthium well developed but in wetlands; from with superior pistil = perigynous Europe Trapa - water chestnut Lythrum alatum - winged loosestrife Geraniales: Geraniaceae Geraniaceae - geranium Poorly understood order of 6 families • fruit is a schizocarp = – now placed next to Myrtales dehiscing fruit into one- seeded mericarps Geranium maculatum- wild geranium CA 5 CO 5 A 10 G (5) Geranium family: 800 species of temperate • 5 merous flowers with a superior herbs pistil made up of 5 carpels each with Geranium maculatum- wild geranium a single ovule 9 Geraniaceae - geranium Vitales: Vitaceae - grapes Order with one family: sister to all other Rosids Erodium cicutarium - stork’s-bill The stork’s-bills of genus Erodium drill their mericarps into the ground Geranium robertianum Herb robert Vitis - grape Vitales: Vitaceae - grapes Vitaceae - grapes Small family (800 species) of vines in the tropics and temperate Vitis - grape • leaves simple or compound; areas - includes Vitis vinifera the wine grape venation and lobing usually strongly palmate • flowers small and clustered in more showy inflorescences • plants climb by • fruits: berries with several seeds tendrils = modified inflorescences, or by holdfasts Parthenocissus tricuspidata - Boston ivy Vitis - grape Parthenocissus - Boston ivy 10 Vitaceae - grape Vitaceae - grape Vitis riparia (+ V. vulpina) River, frost grape Vitis aestivalis Summer grape Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Virginia creeper, woodbine 11.
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