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11. Historie Komunikacních Sítí [10Pt]PB156: Pocítacové Síte

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11. Historie Komunikacních Sítí [10Pt]PB156: Pocítacové Síte 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı PB156: Poˇc´ıtaˇcov´es´ıtˇe Eva Hladk´a Fakulta informatiky Masarykovy univerzity jaro 2016 Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 1 / 36 Struktura pˇredn´aˇsky 1 Komunikace - ´uvod do historie 2 Pˇrenosov´am´edia 3 Prvn´ıs´ıtˇe 4 Arpanet 5 TCP/IP 6 Smˇerov´an´ı 7 Transportn´ıprotokoly 8 Internet 9 World Wide Web 10 V´yvojInternetu- ˇcasov´apˇr´ımka 11 Historie akademick´es´ıtˇev CRˇ Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 2 / 36 Komunikace - ´uvod do historie Struktura pˇredn´aˇsky 1 Komunikace - ´uvod do historie 2 Pˇrenosov´am´edia 3 Prvn´ıs´ıtˇe 4 Arpanet 5 TCP/IP 6 Smˇerov´an´ı 7 Transportn´ıprotokoly 8 Internet 9 World Wide Web 10 V´yvojInternetu- ˇcasov´apˇr´ımka 11 Historie akademick´es´ıtˇev CRˇ Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 3 / 36 Komunikace - ´uvod do historie Potˇrebakomunikace na velk´evzd´alenosti 550 p.n.l.: poˇstovn´ısluˇzby v Persii Aˇzdo novovˇeku{ kouˇrov´esign´aly, semaforov´aabeceda (vlajky) 1837/8: vyn´aleztelegrafu (Samuel Morse) 1844: Prvn´ızpr´avaodeslan´amezi Washingtonem a Baltimorem: What hath Got wrought Pokl´ad´an´ıtransatlantick´ehokabelu 1866: poloˇzen´ıtransatlantick´eho kabelu 1865: potrubn´ıpoˇsta 1876: vyn´aleztelefonu (Alexander Graham Bell) 1910: vyn´alezd´alnopisu Zdroj: http://computerhistory.org Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 4 / 36 Komunikace - ´uvod do historie Komunikace po telefonn´ıchlink´ach MOdul´ator{DEModul´ator analogov´ychna digit´aln´ıdata Vynalezen v roce 1949 v Lincoln Labs na MIT Aˇzdo 60. let hlavn´ıforma komunikace Pˇrepojov´an´ıokruh˚u(circuit switching) 1958 { AT&T zahajuje v´yrobupoˇc´ıtaˇcov´ych modem˚unazvan´ych Digital Subset, rychlost 110 b/s 1953{1962: Projekt SAGE (Semi-Automatic Modem ADC-300 Zdroj: Ground Environment) http://computerhistory.org Syst´emvzduˇsn´eobrany USA 23 lokalit propojen´ychtelefonn´ımilinkami a komunikuj´ıc´ıpˇresmodemy Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 5 / 36 Pˇrenosov´am´edia Metalick´apˇrenosov´am´ediaI. Telefonn´ıkabel P˚uvodnˇejeden vodiˇc(neizolovan´y) S rozvojem MHD ve mˇestechnutnost ˇreˇsitprobl´emruˇsen´ı ! pˇrechod na kroucen´edvoulinky Kroucen´advoulinka 1881: Vyn´alezAlexandra G. Bella Varianty: FTP, STP, UTP (Foiled/Shielded/Unshielded Twisted Pair) Koaxi´aln´ıkabel 1880: patent Olivera Heavysidea Pro poˇc´ıtaˇcov´es´ıtˇevyuˇz´ıv´annapˇr.IBM Ethernet 10Base2 (Thin Ethernet) a 10Base5 (Thick Ethernet) Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 6 / 36 Pˇrenosov´am´edia Metalick´apˇrenosov´am´edia 10Base2 Ethernet { sch´emazapojen´ı Zdroj: http://www.linuxfocus.org/ Zdroj: http://learn-networking.com 10Base5 Ethernet { sch´emazapojen´ı Zdroj: http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 7 / 36 Pˇrenosov´am´edia Optick´avl´akna Technologie zn´am´ajiˇzod 2. poloviny 19. stolet´ı 1966: Prvn´ıfunkˇcn´ıdemonstrace pˇrenosudat optick´ymvl´aknemv Telefunken Research Labs, Ulm V 70. letech Charles K. Kao a George A. Hockham dok´azalisn´ıˇzit´utlumv kabelu pod 20 dB/km ! optick´ekabely byly pouˇziteln´epro pˇrenosdat Charles Kuen Kao (*1933) { Father of Fiber Optic Communications, nositel nobelovy ceny za fyziku (2009) Charles Kuen Kao Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 8 / 36 Prvn´ıs´ıtˇe ALOHA (1971) Prvn´ıbezdr´atov´as´ıt', vznikla na University of Hawaii V´yvojje spojen zejm´enase jm´enemNorman Abramson C´ılembylo propojit jednotliv´eostrovy Hvˇezdicov´atopologie; vyuˇz´ıvala 2 kan´al˚u (inbound / outbound) Koncepˇcn´ız´akladdneˇsn´ıchbezdr´atov´ychs´ıt´ı V´ıceo ALOHA v pˇredmˇetechdoc. Staudka PV169, PA151 Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 9 / 36 Prvn´ıs´ıtˇe Ethernet (1973/4) Vyvinut v Xerox PARC, v r´amciprojektu ,,Kancel´aˇrbudoucnosti\ V˚udˇc´ıosobnost´ıbyl Robert Metcalfe V roce 1976 nasazen v PARC, standardizov´an aˇzv roce 1985 Inspirace v ALOHANETu { pouˇzit´ıstejn´eho pˇr´ıstupupro kabelov´am´edia Kabel´aˇzse tak st´av´apouze pasivn´ımm´ediem mezi stanicemi Protokol umoˇzˇnuje odeslat zpr´avuvˇzdy, kdyˇz na lince neprob´ıh´ajin´akomunikace; pˇrikolizi zpr´avjsou obˇeodesl´anypozdˇejiznovu Robert Metcalfe Zdroj: N´azevEthernet byl pˇrevzatz domnˇel´ehom´edia http://dailytexanonline.com (´eteru),kter´emˇelopˇren´aˇsetsvˇetlo k zemi Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 10 / 36 Arpanet Pˇredvznikem ARPANETu { 60. l´eta 1957: Vypuˇstˇen´ıdruˇziceSputnik 1. n´asledovan´eobavami o bezpeˇcnostzemˇe(USA) vedly vl´aduk zaloˇzen´ı Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) V 60. letech bylo na svˇetˇecca 10000 poˇc´ıtaˇc˚u;nebyly propojeny 1962: Vznik´aprojekt poˇc´ıtaˇcov´ehov´yzkumuagentury ARPA 1965: Prvn´ıWAN { propojen´ıdvou poˇc´ıtaˇc˚u(MIT{Santa Monica) po dedikovan´etelefonn´ılince 1968: Prvn´ıWAN s paketov´ympˇrep´ın´an´ım{ v National Research Laboratory ve Velk´eBrit´anii(Paul Baran) Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 11 / 36 Arpanet ARPANET I. Motivace: decentralizovan´as´ıt', kter´aby byla funkˇcn´ıi pˇri jadern´emu´utoku 1969: 4 uzly SDS Sigma 7 { University of California, Los Angeles IBM 360/75 { University of California, Santa Barbara SDS 940 { Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park DEC PDP-10 { University of Utah, Salt Lake City ARPANET na konci roku 1969 Interface Message Processor (IMP) { rozhran´ı Zdroj: http://www.computerhistory.org mezi poˇc´ıtaˇcema s´ıt´ıARPANET Pro komunikaci pouˇz´ıv´an Network Control Program (NCP) Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 12 / 36 Arpanet ARPANET II. Od roku 1983 pak TCP/IP Postupnˇebyly vyvinuty sluˇzby telnet, e-mail, FTP a NVP (Network Voice Protocol) Popsan´ev dokumentech RFC { Request for Comments Nejvˇetˇs´ırozmach poˇc´atkem 80. let, v´ıce neˇz200 uzl˚u ARPANET byl vypnut 28. 2. 1990 V t´edobˇebylo zapojeno v´ıceneˇz100 uzl˚u Dalˇs´ıchcca 70 bylo v odˇstˇepen´es´ıt´ı MILNET (Military Network) Pohled do nitra IMP Zdroj: http://www.computerhistory.org Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 13 / 36 Arpanet Logick´astruktura ARPANETu v roce 1977 Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 14 / 36 TCP/IP TCP/IP Autoˇri:Vinton Gary Cerf (*1943) a Robert Elliot Kahn (*1938) { Otcov´e Internetu C´ıl:skr´ytodliˇsnostijednotliv´ychs´ıt´ı,za spolehlivost ruˇc´ıuzly Pˇred´av´an´ı paket˚u mezi s´ıtˇemi zajiˇst'uje router V´yvojzaˇcalv roce 1973 1978: Zveˇrejnˇen´ıprvn´ıverze protokol˚u TCP a IP Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org Celkem vznikly 4 verze; posledn´ıse pouˇz´ıv´adodnes Pro testov´an´ı,,v ter´enu\byla nasazena i speci´alnˇeupraven´adod´avka Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 15 / 36 TCP/IP Fathers of the Internet Bob Kahn Vint Cerf Zdroj: http://en.wikipedia.org Zdroj: http://battlemedia.com Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 16 / 36 TCP/IP IPv6 Obavy o vyˇcerp´an´ıadresn´ıhoprostoru IPv4 vedly k pr´acina v´yvoji IPv6 3. 2. 2011 byly rozdˇeleny posledn´ıbloky adres IPv4 { den vyˇcerp´an´ı IPv4 adres IPv6 probl´emys nasazov´an´ım nejist´abudoucnost ˇcek´ase na v´yznamn´yimpuls (napˇr. C´ına)ˇ Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 17 / 36 TCP/IP Dalˇs´ırodiny s´ıt'ov´ychprotokol˚u DECNet (1975) Skupina protokol˚uvyvinut´afirmou DEC p˚uvodnˇeurˇcen´ak propojen´ı poˇc´ıtaˇc˚uPDP-11 Postupnˇejedna z prvn´ıchpeer-to-peer s´ıt'ov´ycharchitektur 5 v´yvojov´ychf´az´ı,p˚uvodnˇe4vrstevn´aarchitektura Posledn´ı Phase V 7vrstevn´a,kompatibiln´ıs ISO/OSI AppleTalk (1984) Vyvinut´yfirmou Apple, souˇc´astpoˇc´ıtaˇc˚uMacintosh StriktnˇedodrˇzovalISO/OSI model, urˇcen´ypouze pro LAN Snaha o kompletn´ıautokonfiguraci Kl´ıˇcov´eprotokoly: AARP (Apple ARP) a NBP (Network Binding Protocol) { obdoba DNS IPX/SPX (1985) Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange Vyuˇz´ıv´anv s´ıt'ov´emoperaˇcn´ımsyst´emuNovell NetWare SPX { vyuˇz´ıv´anzejm´enav modelu klient{server Tyto a dalˇs´ırodiny protokol˚ubyly nakonec vytlaˇcenyTCP/IP Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 18 / 36 Smˇerov´an´ı Smˇerov´an´ıv s´ıt´ıchI. Potˇrebapˇren´est data pˇresv´ıce autonomn´ıchs´ıt´ı Pˇr´ıstupy: Distance Vector { Algoritmus Bellman-Ford (1958) Link State { Dijkstr˚uvalgoritmus (1956, publikov´an1959) Autonomn´ısyst´emy smˇerov´an´ıuvnitˇrAS smˇerov´an´ımezi AS Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 19 / 36 Smˇerov´an´ı Smˇerov´an´ıv s´ıt´ıchII. V´yznamn´eDV algoritmy Crowther˚uvsmˇerovac´ıalgoritmus { pouˇz´ıv´anv prvn´ıdek´adˇe ARPANETu (70. l´eta) DRP { DEC Routing Protocol (1975) EGP { Exterior Gateway Protocol, (1984, RFC 904) RIP { Routing Information Protocol, (1988, RFC 1058) BGP { Border Gateway Protocol, (1989, RFC 1105) V´yznamn´eLS algoritmy OSPF { Open Shortest Path First, prvn´ımasivnˇepouˇz´ıvan´yLS algoritmus (1989, RFC 1131) Pˇredch˚udcembyl algoritmus SPF IS-IS { Intermediate System To Intermediate System (1987) Vyvinut jako souˇc´astDECNet Phase V (viz v´yˇse) Standardizov´anISO v roce 1992 (ISO 10589) Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11. Historie komunikaˇcn´ıchs´ıt´ı jaro 2016 20 / 36 Transportn´ıprotokoly Transportn´ıprotokoly UDP { (1981, RFC 768), nezaruˇcen´ypˇrenoszpr´av TCP { (1981, RFC 793), zaruˇcen´ypˇrenoszpr´av RDP { (1984, RFC 1151) t´eˇzRUDP { Reliable UDP ATP { (1984), AppleTalk Transaction Protocol SPX { (1985), Sequenced Packet Exchange Souˇc´astprotokolov´esady IPX/SPX RTP { (2003), Real-time Transport Protocol Protokol pro pˇrenosmultimedi´aln´ıchdat Eva Hladk´a (FI MU) 11.
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