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Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Honors Three Nai Fellows for Innovations That Changed the World

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Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Honors Three Nai Fellows for Innovations That Changed the World Technology and Innovation, Vol. 21, pp.75-84, 2019 ISSN 1949-8241 • E-ISSN 1949-825X Printed in the USA. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.1.2019.75 Copyright © 2019 National Academy of Inventors. www.technologyandinnovation.org QUEEN ELIZABETH PRIZE FOR ENGINEERING HONORS THREE NAI FELLOWS FOR INNOVATIONS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD Victoria L. Stuart and Paul R. Sanberg USF Research & Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA When the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering (QEPrize) was established in 2011, its goals were nothing short of recognizing individuals whose contributions to engineering have changed the world in lasting ways. Three NAI Fellows have since been honored among the recipients of what is now known as the largest engineering prize in the world, with an award of £1 million presented biennially. This article provides a brief retrospective of the QEPrize, profiles the three NAI Fellows awarded this rare international distinction, and offers some contemporary thoughts about the power of recognition to inspire future generations of innovators. Key words: Queen Elizabeth Prize; Vinton Cerf; Eric Fossum; Robert Langer; National Academy of Inventors; Innovation; Engineering INTRODUCTION laid the foundation for the tiny cameras used in cell This is not simply a prize. This is a recognition of phones, computers, vehicles, medical instruments, everything that engineering is and everything that and other devices (4). Robert Langer (NAI Charter engineering can and will become (1). Fellow 2012) received the prize in 2015, with the When Dartmouth professor Eric Fossum received distinction of being the sole recipient that year. His the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering (QEPrize) citation recognized his pioneering innovations in in 2017, he became the third NAI Fellow to be rec- controlled drug delivery—for diseases including can- ognized by the world’s top prize in engineering. cer and mental illness—which have improved the Established in 2011 and first awarded in 2013, the lives of more than two billion people around the QEPrize is the largest engineering prize in the world, world (5). Vinton Cerf (NAI Fellow 2013) received with an award of £1 million presented biennially (2) the inaugural QEPrize in 2013, along with four other to engineers who have made “an outstanding advance inventors, for fundamental contributions to the devel- in engineering that has created significant benefit to opment of the Internet and the World Wide Web humanity” (3). Fossum (NAI Charter Fellow 2012), (6). This article provides a brief retrospective of the professor in the Thayer School of Engineering at QEPrize, profiles the three NAI Fellows awarded this Dartmouth College, along with three other scientists, rare international distinction, and offers some con- was recognized for his development of the CMOS temporary thoughts about the power of recognition (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image to inspire future generations of innovators. sensor, which has revolutionized digital imaging and _____________________ Accepted: February 1, 2019. Address correspondence to Victoria L. Stuart, Ph.D., USF Research & Innovation, 3702 Spectrum Blvd., Suite 165, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Tel: +1 (813) 974-0466 E-mail: [email protected] 75 76 STUART & SANBERG THE QUEEN ELIZABETH PRIZE IN from telescopes to televisions” (1). ENGINEERING: “THE MISSING NOBEL” The QEPrize founders set the bar high, looking In 2011, the Royal Academy of Engineering in the not only for a single invention “but an outstanding United Kingdom announced a bold initiative for a advance in engineering that has proved of global radically new type of scientific award. This award benefit to humanity” (10). Funding for the extraor- would be the first international prize to recognize dinary £1 million award is provided by corporate engineers whose inventions and innovations have lit- donations to an independent charitable trust—the erally changed the world and had a positive impact Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Foundation on humanity (3). Founders hoped this award would (11). The trust delivers the prize, and recipients carry prestige equivalent to the Nobel Prize, with receive a specially designed trophy at a ceremony the largest monetary prize ever for an engineer- held in Buckingham Palace (10). Her Majesty, Queen ing award (2). Additional goals for this new prize Elizabeth II, and His Royal Highness, Prince Charles, included recognizing interdisciplinary connections have personally attended (10). and collaborations as well as providing inspiration Dr. N.R. Narayana Murthy, founder of Infosys, to encourage young people to enter the field of engi- and a member of the initial panel of judges for the neering (2). inaugural prize, explained, “[T]he objective [was] to According to the Royal Academy of Engineering, create a platform of recognition for engineering that the creation of the prize was “the result of a growing has immense impact on humankind. The other objec- realisation in the worlds of business, engineering and tive [was] to make sure that engineering remains an policy of the need for a pioneering initiative based attractive proposition for young people” (12). in the UK to focus attention on engineering world- However, the process of creating a single vehicle to wide. …The prize will provide a high-profile, global merge the recognition of historic achievement with communications platform to explore the breadth, cre- a platform to engage and inspire new generations ativity and impact of engineering of all kinds around became, in itself, a process of innovation. Professor the world” (3). Lord (Alec) Broers led the initiative as the chair of “This is about honoring excellence in order to judges for the inaugural QEPrize (10,13,14). A scien- inspire others to be excellent…It is, I think, right- tist and researcher with an international reputation ing [the] wrong in that there is no recognition on a for catalyzing technology transfer from academia, global basis for engineering, and this is the recogni- Broers served as Vice Chancellor, University of tion,” stated Lord Browne of Madingley (7). Cambridge; president of the Royal Academy of When the Nobel Prizes were established by Alfred Engineering; chair of the House of Lords Science Nobel in 1895, none of the awards specifically iden- and Technology Select Committee; IBM Fellow at the tified engineering (8). A category for Economic Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York; and Sciences was added in 1968, but today, more than a member of the National Academy of Engineering, century following the award of the first Nobel Prize who helped identify the 14 Grand Challenges for in 1901, engineering remains absent from the field Engineering (10,13,14). (8). Hervey explained that while “every now and “The purpose of this prize—and it will be a grad- again a technologist does sneak in, usually in the ual process—is to educate people about what modern physics category…the exception however, proves the engineering is,” he explained. “So, by identifying an rule. Over the awards’ history, they’ve been given to accomplishment that people can see as being of mas- 881 people, only 28 of whom have been engineers or sive impact, [we can] say: ‘Engineers did that; that’s technologists” (9). an exciting thing to do’” (15). The QEPrize founders hoped to bridge that gap. As Lord Browne described, “We’re taking the first step THE INAUGURAL PRIZE along that road. We’re inviting nominations for a new Judges for the inaugural prize faced a dual chal- kind of international engineering prize, one that will lenge—selecting one single achievement from the consider achievements from fashion to fusion and innumerable array of contemporary engineering QEPRIZE HONORS THREE NAI FELLOWS 77 advances that would simultaneously meet the goals QEPrize, which he delivered via remote Internet con- of the new award and establish the standard for future nection, Cerf famously quipped, “It’s like waking up awards. from an exciting dream to discover the geeks are win- “Part of the QEPrize, the brief for the judges, was ning” (18). He also humbly deferred credit for his to choose an engineering achievement that is demon- innovation, expressing that “literally millions have strably already affecting the world,” said Professor contributed to what you see today” (18). Brian Cox, faculty at the University of Manchester Sir Tim Berners-Lee, a co-recipient of the 2013 and member of the inaugural judging panel (16). QEPrize, stated, “Vint’s great success was to make Initial announcements about the QEPrize indicated the Internet a platform that is usable for all kinds of up to three engineers would receive the inaugural future technologies, without trying to second-guess award. The 2013 QEPrize ultimately recognized five what they might be. Thanks to this approach, I was individuals who were key in the creation and evo- able to design the Web on top of the Internet because lution of the Internet and the World Wide Web (5). it was a strong but plain foundation for things to “I think it’s difficult to identify an innovation that come” (17). has had a greater impact on the world than the World That foundation began with Cerf and Robert Kahn Wide Web and the Internet. Here is an innovation co-inventing the Transmission Control Protocol/ that affects at least a third of the population of the Internet Protocol (more commonly TCP/IP) in entire planet,” said Caltech Professor Frances Arnold the early 1970s for the ARPANET—the Advanced (NAI Fellow 2014), another member of the inaugu- Research Projects Agency Network, led by the ral judging panel (16). U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and widely known as the forerunner of the The official inaugural announcement read: Internet (19). Since that time, Cerf’s inspiration and The Internet and the Web: both have revolu- motivation to create a publicly accessible communi- tionised the way we communicate and enabled cations platform has evolved into a lifelong mission the creation of whole new industries.
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