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Home , Bob Kahn, Vint Cerf

The and • What is the Internet? – The Internet is a worldwide network of connected computers. – This allows the sharing of electronic information and resources. – The Internet is considered the LARGEST system ever created. • A common set of rules, known as protocols, allow the transport and viewing of files and documents found on computers connected to the Internet. • The “invention” of the Internet – October, 1957 – the Soviet Union launches the world’s first man made satellite into orbit • It didn’t do a whole lot, but it was proof to America that while we had been using our resources to design nicer cars and better , the Soviets had been focusing on more important things. • As a result, they had the advantage in the Cold War. • America began to think more seriously about science and technology – The federal government formed NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) as well as the Department of Defense’s ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency). • Purpose: Develop space-age technologies such as rockets, weapons and computers. • The birth of the ARPANET – What if a Soviet attack knocked out the U.S. system? • Communication could be destroyed – M.I.T. scientist and ARPA employee, J.C.R. Licklider proposed a “galactic network” of computers that could talk to one another • This would enable our government leaders to communicate even if telephone system destroyed. • The “invention” of the Internet – of MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of , which was to form the basis of Internet connections. • Packaging data in specially formatted units (called packets) that are typically routed from source to destination using network switches and routers. • Each packet contains address information that identifies the sending computer and intended recipient. – Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. • It showed the feasibility of wide area networking, but also showed that the telephone line's was inadequate. • Kleinrock's packet switching theory was confirmed. Roberts moved over to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. – The Internet, at that time known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969. • The contract led by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) initially connected four major computers at these universities. • UCLA • Stanford Research Institute • UCSB • University of Utah. – Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packets on ARPANet as he tried to connect to Stanford Research Institute on Oct 29, 1969. • Each of the computers were about the size of a small house • The system crashed as he reached the G in LOGIN! – By the start of 1970, just four computers were connected to ARPAnet • By 1971, University of Hawaii added ALOHAnet • In ‘73 London’s University College and the Royal Radaar Establishment in Norway were added – With the increased packet-switched networks connected, it became harder to integrate into a single worldwide network

– (Stanford) and (BBN)had begun to develop a solution to this process. • TCP/IP architecture was adopted by the Defense Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol (NCP) and universally adopted by 1983. – TCP/IP • Transmission Control Protocol/ • The protocols that are the basis for transmitting and routing data packets on the Internet. • The Internet Protocol is the one thing that all current Internet sites have in common. • It is “the handshake” that introduces different computers to each other in virtual space • This protocol changed the Internet into a worldwide network – In the 80’s researchers and scientists used the Internet to send files and data to each other • That changed in the 90’s when in 1991 Tim Berners-Lee, a computer programmer in Switzerland introduced the World Wide Web • This transformed the Internet from simply a way to send and receive files into a “web” of information that anyone with access could retrieve