The Facts of Life As the Publisher and Source
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BRIAN CLOWES. PhD Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/factsoflifeauOOclow AN AUTHORITATIVE GUIDE TO LIFE AND FAMILY ISSUES BRiAN CLOWES, PhD Human Life IntemationaJ Front Royal, Virginia 1997 © 1997 Human Life International Human Life International 4 Family Life Front Royal, Virginia 22630 Phone:(540)635-7884 • Fax:(540)636-7363 E-mail: [email protected] • World Wide Web: http: / / www.hli.org Cover design by Christy Sharafinski Cartoons by Chuck Asay All rights reserved. Portions of this book may be reproduced for educational purposes. Full credit must be given to HLI and The Facts of Life as the publisher and source. ISBN 1-55922-043-0 Library of Congress Catalogue number 96-80003 Printed in the United States of America. This book is dedicated to St. Michael the Archangel, prince of the heavenly host. St. Michael lead us into battle against the Culture of Death and protect us against Satan and all his snares. i The Facts of Life ii Table of Contents Table of Contents Dedication i Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi Introduction xiii Chapter I : Abortion Definitions, Methods and Effects 1. What Is the General Definition of "Abortion?" 1 2. What Is the Definition of "Abortionist?" 2 3. What Are the Different Types of Abortion? 2 4. What Are the Different Types of Surgical Abortion? 4 5. How Is a Suction Abortion Done? 4 6. How Is a Dilation and Curettage (D&C) Abortion Done? 4 7. How Is a Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) Abortion Done? 5 8. How Is a Saline Abortion Done? 6 9. How Is a Dilation and Extraction (D&X) Abortion Done? 6 10. How Is a Prostaglandin Abortion Done? 9 11 . How Is a Hysterotomy Abortion Done? 9 12. How Is an Intercardiac Injection Abortion Done? 9 13. What Is "Menstrual Extraction" (ME)? 10 14. What Is a Selective Abortion (Pregnancy Reduction)? 13 15. How Do Abortion Centers Dispose of the Remains of Aborted Babies? 14 16. How Many Women Died from Illegal Abortions in the United States Before Roe v. Wade? 16 17. How Many Women Currently Die from Illegal Abortions Worldwide? 17 18. Does the Legalization of Abortion Contribute to Overall Improvements in Maternal Health? 20 19. What Are Common Physical Dangers of Surgical Abortion? 21 iii The Facts of Life 20. What Is the Connection Between Breast Cancer and Abortion? 23 21. What Are the Common Psychological Problems Abortion Causes to Mothers? 25 22. What Are the Common Psychological Problems Abortion Causes to Fathers? 30 23. What Organizations Help Women and Men Who Have Been Injured by Abortion? 33 Chapter 2: Contraception 24. What Is the Definition of "Contraception?" 35 25. What Is the Difference Between the "Method Effectiveness Rate" and the "User Effectiveness Rate?" 36 26. What Are the Effectiveness Rates of the Various Types of Birth Control? 36 27. What Are the Costs of the Various Methods of Birth Control? 39 28. How Effective Are Condoms at Preventing AIDS and Venereal Diseases? 39 29. What Are the Other Types of Barrier Contraception? 44 30. What Are the Different Types of Female Surgical Sterilization? 45 31. What Are the Different Types of Male Surgical Sterilization? 47 32. What Is Chemical Sterilization? 48 33. What Is the Historical Teaching of the Christian Church on Contraception? 49 34. What Is the Teaching of the Catholic Church on Sexual Sterilization? 53 35. Does the Principle of the "Double Effect" Apply to Certain Cases of Sexual Sterilization? 55 36. Is There Such a Thing as a "Male Contraceptive?" 55 37. What Are the Similarities and Connections Between Contraception and Abortion? 56 Chapter 3: Abcrtifacients 38. How Has the Definition of "Conception" Evolved, and Why Is this Important? 65 39. What Is the Definition of "Abortifacient?" 68 40. What Are the Different Types of Abortifacient? 68 41. What Are the Different Types of Birth Prevention Pill (Oral Contraceptive), and How Do They Work? 70 42. What Are the Different Types of Intrauterine Devices (lUDs), and How Do They Work? 75 43. What Is Norplant and How Does It Work? 78 44. What Is RU-486 and How Does It Work? 81 45. What Is Depo-Provera and How Does It Work? 84 46. What Is the Teaching of the Catholic Church on Abortifacients? 86 iv Table of Contents Chapter 4: Natural Family Planning (NFP) 47. How Does the Female Human Reproductive System Work Before and During Conception? 87 48. What Are the Different Methods of NFP, and How Do They Work? 91 49. How Effective Is NFP at Preventing and Achieving Pregnancy? 94 50. What Are the Advantages of NFP? 95 51. How Does NFP Promote Closeness Between Married Couples when It Requires Periodic Abstinence? 95 52. What Advantages Does Breastfeeding Have for Both Mother and Infant? 98 53. How Long Does It Take to Learn and Practice NFP? 99 54. What Physical Complications Are Associated with NFP? 100 55. Why Does the Catholic Church Permit the Use of NFP? 101 56. If NFP Has So Many Advantages, Why Don't More Couples Use It? 103 57. Can NFP Be Used for Contraceptive Motives? 105 58. How Can I Obtain Additional Information on NFP? 106 Chapter 5: Euthanasia 59. What Is the Definition of "Euthanasia?" 109 60. What Is Meant by "Right to Die," "Death With Dignity" and "Mercy Killing?" 110 61. What Is Meant by "Brain Death" and "Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)?" 112 62. What Are Advance Directives? 114 63. Must Extraordinary or Disproportionate Measures Be Used to Extend a Person's Lifespan? 117 64. Should Food and Water Be Classified as "Extraordinary Treatment?" 119 65. Can Pain-Killers that Cause Unconsciousness Be Used to Alleviate Severe Pain? 121 66. Is Assisted Suicide or Euthanasia Permissible if the Person Himself Requests It? 122 67. Can Hospice Care Be an Alternative to Euthanasia? 124 68. What Is the History of Euthanasia in the United States? 125 69. What Is the Status of Euthanasia in the Netherlands? 131 70. What Are the Major Pro-Euthanasia Organizations? 139 71. What Are the Ultimate Goals of the Pro-Euthanasia Movement? 141 72. Can There Be a Purpose to Human Suffering? 145 73. What Does the Catholic Church Teach Regarding Euthanasia? 146 74. Why Is Euthanasia Wrong from a Secular Viewpoint? 148 75. How Can I Contact Groups that Actively Oppose Euthanasia? 150 V The Facts of Life Chapter 6: The Nature of the Preborn Child 76. What Evidence Do We Have that Preborn Children Are Alive? 151 77. What Evidence Do We Have that Preborn Children Are Human Beings? 155 78. What Evidence Do We Have that Preborn Children Are Persons? 158 79. What Are the Primary Milestones in Fetal Development? 163 80. At What Point Does the Preborn Child Begin to Feel Pain? 166 81. When Do Preborn Babies Become Viable? 170 Chapter 7: Are There "Exceptions" for Abortion? 82. What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of the "Realistic" and "Full Protection" Pro-Life Views of Abortion Law Exceptions? 175 83. What Are the Basic Arguments Against "Hard-Case" Abortions? 178 84. How Common Are Abortions Committed in Order to Preserve the Life or Health of the Mother? 180 85. How Does the Principle of the "Double Effect" Apply to Abortion? 184 86. How Common Are Pregnancies Resulting from Rape and Incest? 186 87. How Common Are Major Birth Defects? 191 88. How Common Are Eugenic Abortions? 191 89. What Are the Various Types of Prenatal Genetic Testing? 193 90. Can We Ever Morally Justify Prenatal Testing? 195 Chapter 8: Church Teachings on Abortion 91. What Does the Bible Say About Abortion? 197 92. When Does Ensoulment Take Place? 198 93. Has the Roman Catholic Church Always Opposed Abortion? 202 94. Didn't St. Jerome and St. Thomas Aquinas Say Ensoulment Didn't Occur Until Quickening? 204 95. Didn't Pope Pius IX Declare Abortion to Be Murder Only in 1869? 207 96. Didn't Vatican II Allow Greater Freedom of Conscience in Making Moral Decisions? 208 97. What Penalty Does the Church Impose for Any Degree of Participation in an Abortion? 210 98. Who Are 'Catholics' for a Free Choice? 214 99. What Are the Traditional Teachings of the Jewish Faith on Abortion? 217 100. What Pro-Life Groups Are Available for Activists of Specific Denominations? 222 vi Table of Contents Chapter 9: Assisted Reproduction 101. What Are Some of the Most Common Assisted Reprod ucti ve Ycch n q ues? 223 i 102. What Are the Ethical and Moral Implications of Reproductive Technologies? 228 103. Shouldn't Pro-Lifers Favor Any Procedure That Generates New Human Life? 230 104. Don't Infertile Couples Have the Right to a Child? 231 105. What May the Future Hold for Assisted Reproductive Technologies? 232 Chapter 10: Fetal Experimentation and Tissue Transplantation 106. What Are the Basic Moral Objections to Fetal Experimentation and Fetal Tissue Transplantation? 235 107. What Are Some Examples of Experiments Committed upon Aborted Preborn Babies? 236 108. Why Is Fetal Tissue Attractive to Some Researchers? 242 109. Have Fetal Tissue Transplants Helped Relieve the Symptoms of Various Diseases? 243 110. What Is the Status of the "Harvesting" of Organs from Preborn Babies? 245 111. What Is the Status of the "Harvesting" of Organs from Newborn Babies? 247 Chapter 1 1 : Sex Education and School-Based Clinics 112. What Are the Three Kinds of Sex Education? 251 113. What Are Some Examples of the Material Used in Comprehensive Sex Education? 255 114. Is Comprehensive Sex Education Effective at Preventing Teen Pregnancy and Abortions? 261 115. What Is a School-Based Clinic? 265 116.