Innovative Data Driven Print & Visual Communications your handy guide to print jargon 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 2

A-Z of some of the stuff we print.

Can’t find what you want on the list? Give us a call on 01482 652323. We like a challenge!

Address Labels Folders Pallet Wraps Annual Reports Forms Pension Statements Application Forms Free Standing Display Units Perimeter Graphics Asset labels Gift Tags Plastic Wallets Banners Gondola End Panels Point of Sale Banner Stands Guides Postcards Barcode Labels Handbooks Posters Booklets Hanging Signs Price Tickets Bookmarks Header Cards Printed Envelopes Bottle Collars Inserts Programmes Brochures Invitations Prospectuses Building Wraps Island Headers Rent Statements Bus Stops Labels Reports Business Cards Lamp Post Banners Roundels Calendars Lanyards Shelf Barkers Car Park Permits Leaflets Shelf Edge Strips Catalogues Letterheads Stationery CD Wallets Luggage Tags Stickers Certificates Magazines Tabbed Dividers Compliment Slips Mailers Vinyl Banners Conference Guides Menus Wallpaper Counter Units Mug Boxes Wall Planners Desk Pads Name Badges Wobblers Diaries NCR Sets Window Graphics Direct Debit Mandates Newsletters Window Posters Direct Mail Note Books Writing Pads Event Guides Order Forms Z-Cards Exhibition Stands Pads 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 3

A

‘A’ Series ISO (International Standards Organisation) European paper size standard. The most common of which is the 'A' series, which includes A4 the usual letterhead size. (The C series is for envelopes - a C4 envelope being ideal for holding an A4 sheet). The aspect ratio of ISO paper sheets is 1 to 1.414. This means that if you cut a sheet into halves they will be the same proportion as the original. In other words a sheet of A3, when cut in half, will give two sheets of A4. All A size papers have the same proportions. The largest sheet in this series is A0 which is 841mm x 1189mm and just happens to be one square metre in area (ISO paper sizes are rounded to the nearest millimetre). There are also B size papers, C size envelopes, and the larger RA and SRA paper sizes, which provide for grip, trim, and bleed, and allow printers to print oversize sheets that can be trimmed to 'A' size for commercial use.

A0 = 841 x 1189mm A1 = 594 x 841mm A2 = 420 x 594mm A3 = 297 x 420mm A4 = 210 x 297mm A5 = 148 x 210mm A6 = 105 x 148mm A7 = 74 x 105mm n.b. sizes shown denote landscape configuration.

ABC (Audit Bureau Independent organization which audits circulation data of periodicals, of Circulations) exclusively for member publications.

A-Board A sign whose two sides lean together at the top, forming an A, typically used on pavements.

Abrasion The degree to which a label surface, including printing and protective Resistance coatings, is able to resist rubbing or wearing away by friction.

Absolute The intent is to maintain colour accuracy at the expense of preserving Colourimetric relationships between colours. Used for company logos and where a specific colour must be reproduced as closely as possible. It leaves colours that fall inside the destination gamut unchanged, but out of gamut colours are clipped.

Absorbency The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.

Absorption The first stage of drying of an ink when printed.

Accordian Folds Typically accordian folds are simple zig-zag folds with 6-panels and two parallel folds that go in opposite directions. Each panel of the accordian fold is about the same size. Variations include half-accordian folds, where one panel is half the size of the other two, and engineering folds, where one panel is twice the size of the other two. Eight and 10-page accordian folds are also common. Also Known As: z fold and zig-zag. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 4

Account As a client-focused organisation, imageData Group has built a contact Management structure for accounts designed to facilitate effective two-way communication. Each client is allocated its own account management team headed by a Senior Account Manager. The account management hierarchy is typically: Senior Account Manager (overall strategic responsibility for the account); Account Manager(s) (ensure the smooth running of day-to-day operations); Senior Account Executive(s) (office support to Senior Account Manager and Account Manager); Account Executive(s) (administrative duties for the team).

Acetate (1) A plastic synthesised from cellulose dissolved in acetic acid which exhibits rigidity, dimensional stability and ink receptivity. (2) Transparent or matt films, sometimes used for label stocks.

Achromatic Colour correction system, used in conjunction with a colour scanner, that removes a degree of extraneous colour.

Acid Free Paper Paper made from pulp containing little or no acid (neutral 7.0 pH) so it resists deterioration from age. Examples: Acid free paper is commonly used for fine art prints and limited edition printing, as well as permanent records where contact with paper acidity could harm the documents. Also Known As: alkaline paper, archival paper, neutral pH paper, permanent paper, and thesis paper.

Acrobat A commercial program from Adobe for creating and editing PDF files.

Acrobat Reader Free program from Adobe, used for displaying and printing PDF files. Creating and editing PDFs requires commercial programs such as Acrobat Distiller and Acrobat Exchange.

Acrylic A rigid thermoplastic sign material available in transparent, translucent, and opaque appearances. Acrylic sheet can be clear or produced in a variety of colour tones. Acrylic that is manufactured by pouring a molten compound into a thin compartment and curing it under heat and pressure is said to be cell cast. Acrylic manufactured by casting a liquid compound between moving stainless steel plates that exert heat and pressure is said to be continuous cast.

Acrylic Adhesive Pressure sensitive (PS) adhesive based on high-strength, acrylic polymers. Can be coated as a solvent or emulsion system.

Added Value The increase in worth of a product or service as a result of a particular activity.

Addendum Additional material normally printed at the start of main text.

Additive Colour This is the method of producing colour used by all colour computer monitors, televisions, and projection systems. The three additive colour primaries, red, green, blue, (RGB) are used in combination (added together) to create the colours we see.

Adhesion A measurement of the force required to remove a label from a substrate. Several test methods normally characterize this force at various time intervals after application to various substrates. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 5

Adhesive Binding Type of thread-less binding in which the leaves of a book are held together at the binding edge by glue or synthetic adhesive. Also see perfect binding and PUR binding.

Adhesive, An adhesive that will enable a PS label to adhere when applied to Cold refrigerated frozen substrates, generally + 35 degrees F or colder. Temperature

Adhesive Failure A partial or total lifting of the label from the substrate.

Adhesive, An adhesive that will enable a PS label to withstand sustained elevated High Temperature temperature (+200 degrees F or higher).

Adhesive, A PS adhesive characterized by having relatively high ultimate adhesion. Permanent The label either cannot be removed intact or requires a great deal of force to be removed.

Adhesive, A type of adhesive, which in a dry form is aggressively tacky at room Pressure temperature. It has the capability of promoting a bond to dissimilar Sensitive (PS) surfaces on contact, with pressure.

Adhesive, A PS adhesive characterized by low ultimate adhesion. The label can be Removable removed from most substrates without damaging the surface or leaving a residue surface or leaving a residue or stain.

Adhesive The adhesive remaining behind on a substrate when a PS label is Residue removed. Also Known As: adhesive deposit and adhesive transfer.

ADSL Technology that allows data to be transmitted over copper pair telephone (Asymmetric Digital lines at up to 8 Mbps. The technology allows internet access and Subscriber Line) telephony services to be available simultaneously.

Against the Grain At right angles to the grain direction of the paper being used, as compared to with the grain. Also Known As: across the grain and cross grain. Also see grain direction.

Air An amount of white space in a layout.

Airbrush Pen-shaped tool that sprays a fine mist of ink or paint to retouch photos and create continuous-tone illustrations.

Aliasing In sound and image generation, aliasing is the generation of a false (alias) frequency along with the correct one when doing frequency sampling. For images, this produces a jagged edge, or stair-step effect. For sound, it produces a buzz.

Align To line up typeset or other graphic material as specified, using a base or vertical line as the reference point. Also Known As: alignment.

Alteration Any change made by the customer after copy or artwork has been given to the printer. The change could be in copy, specifications or both. Also Known As: author alteration, AA, author’s corrections, AC, and customer alteration.

Ambient Normal fluctuating temperatures in an environment which are not closely Temperature controlled, e.g. in a typical warehouse, boxcar, office building, etc. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 6

Anodized Plate An offset printing plate having a treated surface in order to reduce wear for extended use.

Antialiasing The smoothing of the image or sound roughness caused by aliasing. With images, approaches include adjusting pixel positions or setting pixel intensities so that there is a more gradual transition between the colour of a line and the background colour. This results in a smoother, more blended transition between the edge of two areas rather than a distinctly jagged appearance. With sound, aliases are removed by eliminating frequencies above half the sampling frequencies.

Anti-offset Fine powder lightly sprayed over the printed surface of coated paper as Powder sheets leave a press. Also Known As: dust, offset powder, powder, and spray powder.

Anvil A hardened steel roll upon which the bearers of a rotary die cutter ride which also provides the hardened surface to support the die cutting.

Aperture The opening in the camera lens through which light transmits the image.

Applications A generic term for any computer software program designed for a particular use, such as a word processor or page layout application, e.g. Microsoft Word or Quark Xpress.

Apron Additional white space allowed in the margins of text and illustrations when forming a foldout.

Aqueous Coating Coating in a water base and applied like ink by a printing press to protect and enhance the printing underneath.

Arch A retail display above the aisle going from one gondola to another.

Archival Paper Paper that is alkaline and won't deteriorate over time. Archival papers must meet national standards for permanence: they must be acid-free and alkaline with a pH of 7.5 to 8.5; include 2% calcium carbonate as an alkaline reserve; and not contain any ground wood or unbleached wood fibre. The expected life of archival paper is more than 100 years.

Art Paper A common term used to describe a range of smooth coated papers with a filled surface obtained by adding a coating of china clay compound on one or both sides of the paper. It can be gloss or matt and is suitable for jobs requiring a fine finish such as colour brochures and annual reports.

Artwork Finished artwork is an all inclusive term for the finished, supplied documents or digital files that are supplied to prepress or for print. Traditionally finished artwork would have been pasted up boards that were ready for photographing to make films and printing plates. It was known as 'camera ready artwork'. Nowadays, finished artwork would generally refer to digitally supplied documents that are ready to be output to film, printing plates or digital output. This is often supplied as a 'fully formatted disk'. Although, in a modern production workflow, artwork is just as likely to be supplied via an ISDN link, ftp, or by email. Abbreviated to A/w. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 7

Ascender Any part of a lower case letter extending above the x-height. For example, the upper half of the vertical in the letters b or h.

ASCII This is a standard coding system within the computer industry to convert (American Standard keyboard input into digital information. Code for Information Interchange)

Aspect Ratio The ratio of height to width of a bar-code symbol. A code twice as high as wide would have an aspect ratio of 2; a code twice as wide as high would have an aspect ratio of 1/2 or 0.5.

Assembly Putting together point of sale display component parts to produce a single, integrated display unit.

Audience The number of people who will be exposed to a specific media vehicle during a defined time-period.

Audio Video A display within a retail environment that conveys audio and or video Display messages to the consumer.

Author's At the proofing stage, changes that the client requests to be made Corrections (AC) concerning original artwork provided. These are usually chargeable to the client. Also Known As: alteration, author’s alterations, AA, and customer alteration.

Autoflow The flow of text automatically from one page to another, or one column to another.

Auto-leading A default setting in page layout software to determine the horizontal space between baselines, usually 120%.

Autolocking A display carton or tray that, when erected, automatically forms a base which does not require any manual locking or gluing.

A/w Abbreviation for artwork. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 8

B ‘B’ Series An ISO range of paper sizes.

B1 = 707 x 1000mm B2 = 500 x 707mm B3 = 353 x 500mm B4 = 250 x 353mm B5 = 176 x 250mm B6 = 125 176mm B7 = 88 x 125mm

A number of derivatives of these standard international sizes are becoming increasingly popular for the economical production of particular formats. This can be a problem when specifying B sizes i.e. 707 x 1000mm, 720 x 1000mm and 720 x 1020mm are all described as B1. imageData Group operates using B1 sheet sizes of 720 x 1020mm and B2 sheet sizes of 720 x 520mm.

Back Card A printed card attached to the back of a dumpbin or counter top unit above the product, to display the promotional message at eye level.

Backing Refers to the carrier sheet of material in a pressure sensitive lamination as opposed to the face material. Usually has a release coating applied so that the adhesive will not stick too tightly to it. Also Known As: release liner, backing paper, and carrier.

Backing Up (1) To print on the second side of a sheet already printed on one side. (2) To adjust an image on one side of a sheet so that it aligns back-to- back with an image on the other side. (3) To make a duplicate of a computer file as a precaution against losing the original. Also Known As: work and turn and back to back.

Back-Light Point of sale poster / signage lit from the rear in order to highlight and Display illuminate the advertising message.

Back Slant Any type that tilts to the left or backward direction; opposite of italic type.

Backstep Marks Marks printed on signatures indicating where the final fold will occur.

Back Trimming Cutting all the edges of a sheet of paper with the back (non-bevelled) edge of the trimming knife.

Bad Break Inappropriate, unattractive or illegible word hyphenation at the end of a line of type.

Bakelite A rigid plastic used as an engraving material or as a matrix material for making rubber stamps. Also Known As: phenolic and melamine.

Baking The procedure that dries coatings onto paper.

Bale Solid, compressed stacks of pulp or paper sheets. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 9

Balloon In an illustration, any line that encircles copy or dialogue.

Banding (1) A visible stair-stepping of shades in a gradient. (2) Method of packaging printed pieces of paper using rubber or paper bands.

Bank A lightweight writing paper usually less than 60gsm. Also Known As: part mechanical paper.

Banner (1) A large headline or title extending across the full page width. (2) A large format graphic used within a retail environment to identify in- store locations, sale items and products. Also Known As: pennant.

Bar-code A pattern of vertical lines of varying thickness identifying details of a product, conforming to the Universal Product Code (UPC).

Bar-code Density The number of data characters which can be represented in a linear unit of measure. Bar-code density is often expressed in characters per inch.

Base The base of an ink without pigment.

Base Artwork Artwork requiring additional components such as halftones or line drawings to be added before the reproduction stage.

Baseline The imaginary horizontal line upon which stand capitals, lower case letters, punctuation points, etc. Characters with downward strokes, such as g, p or y, protrude below this line.

Base Wrap A wrap at the base of a merchandising display to provide continuity or a decorative touch to displays. Also known as Case Wrap Around.

Basic Size The standard size of paper stock (required size could be smaller or larger).

Basis Weight In the US and Canada, the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to the basic size. Also Known As: ream weight and substance weight (sub weight). In European countries using ISO paper sizes, the weight, in grams, of one square meter of paper. Also Known As: grammage and ream weight.

BAU Abbreviation for business as usual.

BC Double Wall A combination of 'B' and 'C' flute is normally specified when compression Flute Corrugated and stacking strength is important. Board

Bed The base on which the paper is held in a press.

Benchmark A point of evaluation from which other evaluations can be made.

Best Practice The phrase “Best Practice” is frequently used and there are numerous other names for the same thing; therefore it is the concept that is important not the term itself. Best Practice involves the entire workforce in achieving defined business goals through a set of simple common sense tools and techniques. A successful implementation of Best Practice can only be achieved with the support, commitment, and involvement of all employees. Also Known As: Kaizen, world class manufacturing, continuous improvement, lean manufacturing, and TQM. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 10

Bézier Curves In object-oriented programs, (such as Freehand, Illustrator, or Photoshop) a curve whose shape is defined by points set along its arc.

BF Abbreviation for bold face.

B Flute By far the most widely specified flute profile thanks to its superb Corrugated Board robustness (difficult to crush), good compression strength and compactness which minimises storage space. This single faced flute product is ideally suited for litho laminating display packaging where the thin printed top sheet is mounted onto a corrugated board. The resulting combination adds excellent strength, protection and quality graphics to the overall pack.

Billboard Popular name for outdoor advertising signage.

Bi-metallic Plate Plate in lithography used for long runs. The printing image base is usually copper and the nonprinting area is aluminium or stainless steel, giving a harder wearing plate than the conventional aluminium litho plate.

Bin Any POS piece designed to hold bulk merchandise. May be temporary or permanent and made of virtually any material. Also see dump bin.

Binary The fundamental 2-digit system all computers use (made up of the two Bits, 1 or 0, the smallest unit of information a computer can process) to perform calculations, store, and retrieve data.

Bindery The area of the workplace where print is trimmed, folded, collated or bound.

Binding The various methods used to secure loose leaves or sections along an edge of a publication; e.g. saddle-stitch (Also Known As: stapling), wire-o- bound, and perfect bound.

Bit A digit of binary information represented by a 0 or 1 and is the basic building block of all computer system data.

Bit Depth The amount of data required to represent the tone depth of a colour. Typical bit depths are 1 bit for line art, 8 bits for greyscale image, 24 bits for RGB colour images, and 32 bits for CMYK colour images.

Bitmapped (1) An image formed (or appearing to be formed) by a rectangular grid of pixels. The computer assigns a value to each pixel, from one bit of information (black or white), to as much as 24 or 30 bits per pixel for full colour images. (2) An image that has a too low resolution or linescreen for the output resolution ("That image looks bitmapped."; line art scanned at 72dpi when it is to be printed at 2540dpi will be very coarsely bitmapped).

Bitmapped Font A font made up of bitmapped letters, characterised by jagged edges, as opposed to the smooth edges of an outline font.

Bi-weekly, Twice weekly or monthly, as opposed to every two weeks or every two Bi-monthly months.

Black One of the four colours used in four colour, or full-colour printing. Black is commonly used as one of the colours in the two-colour printing process, usually paired with a PMS colour. Also Known As: K (from CMYK). 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 11

Black and White Originals or reproductions in single colour, Also Known As: monotone and mono.

Black Point The point on a scanned image deemed to be the darkest and set to a CMYK value - C80, M80, Y80, K70 works well.

Blade The printing portion of the squeegee used in screen printing.

Blade Coated Paper coated by a process in which the freshly applied wet coating is Paper smoothed and the excess removed by a thin, flexible metal blade.

Blanket The thick rubber mat on a printing press used to transfer (or "offset") ink from the plate to paper. It is the use of a blanket that gives offset printing its name.

Blanket Cylinder The cylinder via which the inked lithographic plate transfers the image to the paper. The cylinder is covered with a rubber sheet which prevents the litho plate coming into contact with the paper.

Bleaching A chemical treatment used to whiten, brighten, and improve paper pulp prior to papermaking.

Bleed A bleed may occur at the head, front, foot, and/or gutter of a page. Bleed is the extra area outside of a finished document that designers must allow if they want images, that are butting up to the edge of the page, to be cropped properly. As printed documents are guillotined in large batches, it is impossible for the printer to guarantee that every sheet will be cropped exactly on the crop-marks. Bleed is achieved by actually printing the image beyond the edge of the page size onto a larger sized sheet, then trimming the sheet to the finished size. Typically a designer would allow an extra 3mm of bleed to colour and image areas to allow for a little leeway when trimming. Illustrations that spread to the edge of the paper without margins are referred to as 'bled off'.

Bleedthrough Migration of materials from an adhesive or substrate into a face material, resulting in a mottled appearance of the face stock and possible detrimental effects to the adhesive.

Blend A smooth transition between two colours. Also Known As: graduated tint and vignette.

Blind Emboss Impression of an un-inked image onto the back of a sheet which produces a raised image on the front of the sheet. Also Known As: embossing.

Blind Image An image in lithography that has lost its ink receptivity and therefore does not print.

Block In binding, to impress or stamp a design upon the cover. The design can be blocked in coloured inks, or metal foil, including special effects such as holographic.

Blocking Sticking together of printed sheets causing damage when the surfaces are separated. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 12

Blockout A material that is used to seal around the screen frame and cover any non-printing areas where ink might penetrate through the screen and onto the substrate being printed on.

Blow Up An enlargement, most frequently of a graphic image or photograph.

Blue Pencil A special pencil used for marking copy. It does not photograph so is therefore invisible in the finished item.

Blue-sky Days imageData Group frequently arranges client seminars and ‘blue-sky’ days at their substrate suppliers to cover new innovations. For example imageData Group organised a colour management workshop, enlisting the help of colour experts ColourKlinic Ltd. to lead a debate on the topic of Colour: Art vs Science. The workshop included the following subjects: • what is colour? • colour symbolism and psychology • colour in corporate communication • understanding colour appearance • colour reproduction • electronic colour communication • colour specification • colour systems: Pantone; RAL (Reichsaasschus fur Leiferbedingusgen); The Natural Colour System and The Munsell Colour Order System

Blurb A description or commentary of an author or book content on the book jacket.

Board General term for heavier printing paper, usually over 200 gsm, that is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays, and post cards. Also Known As: paperboard.

Body The main text of the work but not including headlines.

Body Copy Referring to text rather than the headline or display copy, usually six to 14 point type. Also Known As: body matter and body type.

Bold Type Type with a heavier, darker appearance. Most typefaces have a bold face.

Bond A strong basic uncoated paper grade, often used for copying or laser printers. The better quality bond papers, with higher rag content, are commonly used for letterheads. Also Known As: business paper, communication paper, correspondence paper, and writing paper.

Border A continuous decorative design or rule surrounding the matter on the page.

Bounce (1) A repeating registration problem in the printing stage of production. (2) Customer unhappy with the results of a printing project and refuses to accept the project.

Box A section of text marked off by rules or white space and presented separately from the main text and illustrations. Longer boxed sections in magazines are sometimes referred to as sidebars.

BPOP Abbreviation for “Bulk packed onto pallets”. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 13

Break for Colour To separate mechanically or by software the parts to be printed in different colours. Also Known As: colour break.

Brick-and-Mortar In the e-commerce era this term is used to describe traditional retail outlets who have a physical presence i.e. a building, which offer face-to- face consumer experiences. Also Known As: high street shops.

Brightness The brilliance or reflectance of paper.

Bristol Paper Solid or laminated heavyweight paper made to a caliper thickness of .006" or higher. Bristols are generally used for tags, covers, and file folders and have a basic size of 24.5" x 30.5".

Broadsheet Any sheet in its basic size (not folded or cut); also denotes a newspaper format.

Brochure A printed product of over 6 pages consisting of a cover stuck or stitched directly to the spine of a single-layer or multi-layer block. The cover generally has the same format as the book block and is made either of material similar to the interior of the brochure although usually of a thicker material. The brochure was originally a temporary form of binding used until the purchaser of a book had opted for a high-quality book cover, which was often very expensive. Nowadays, this binding technique is used as a low-cost mechanical production method.

Bromide A black and white proof on photographic paper.

Bronzing An effect produced by dusting wet ink after printing with a metallic powder.

BS 5750 The previous reference for ISO 9001. Also see ISO 9001:2000.

BS ISO 12647 An International Standard on Process Control for the print industry. imageData Group's lithographic print facilities comply with part 2 of this standard.

BS ISO 27001:2005 An International Standard on Information Security.

BRC (Business Postcard provided for consumers as a convenience to reply to a Reply Card) promotional offer. Sometimes postpaid. An envelope for the same purpose would be a "BRE."

Bubbling A common fault in screen-printing resulting in small air bubbles showing in solid areas of print. Often caused by the ink being too thick or a blunt squeegee being used.

Build a Colour To overlap two or more screen tints to create a new colour. Also Known As: build, colour build, stacked screen build, and tint build.

Build-up A board in screen making, that is slightly smaller than the inside dimension of the screen frame, used to hold indirect or direct stencils in place during adhering.

Bulk A term given to paper to describe its thickness relative to its weight.

Bulk Pack Boxing printed product without wrapping or banding. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 14

Bullet A large dot preceding text to add emphasis.

Burn Exposing a printing plate to high intensity light or placing an image on a printing plate or screen by light.

Burst Perfect To bind by forcing glue into notches along the spines of gathered pages / Bind signatures before affixing a paper cover. Also Known As: burst bind, notch bind, and slotted bind.

Butt Joining images without overlapping.

Butt Cut Labels Labels separated by a single cross-direction cut to the liner. No matrix area exists between labels. Butt cut labels are not suitable for automatic dispensing.

Butt Fit Printed colours that overlap one row of dots so they appear to butt. Also Known As: butt up and kiss fit. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 15

C

C1S and C2S Abbreviations for coated one side and coated two sides.

C Series Sizes used to describe envelopes, usually used to take A size paper.

C3 324 x 458mm to fit an A3 sheet C4 229 x 324mm to fit an A4 sheet C5 162 x 229mm to fit an A5 sheet C6 114 x 162mm to fit an A6 sheet

Calcium CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of materials, Carbonate including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled hard water. Used as filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process, calcium carbonate improves several important paper characteristics like smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also reduces paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today's paper coatings.

Calendered Paper Paper which has passed through hardened rollers during manufacture to produce a smooth surface.

Calibration The process of measuring and adjusting the performance of a device. Calibration brings the performance of the equipment into an expected range and is generally performed with the use of a densitometer.

Calibration Bars On a negative, proof, or printed piece, a strip of tones used to check printing quality.

Caliper (1) Thickness of paper or other substrate expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils or points), pages per inch (ppi), thousandths of a millimetre (microns) or pages per centimetre (ppc). (2) Device on a sheetfed press that detects double sheets or on a binding machine that detects missing signatures or inserts.

Camera Ready Artwork that is ready for reproduction.

Cap Line An imaginary line across the top of capital letters. The distance from the cap line to the baseline is the cap size.

Caps (1) An abbreviation for capital letters. (or "all caps") (2) Proofing instruction to change lowercase characters to uppercase.

Caps and A style of type that shows capital letters used in the normal way while the Small Caps body copy is set in capital letters which are of a slightly smaller size.

Caption The line or lines of text that refer to information identifying a picture or illustration. Also Known As: cutline.

Carbonless Paper coated with chemicals and dye which will produce copies without using carbon paper. Also Known As: NCR (No Carbon Required).

Carbon Paper A thin wood free, or part mechanical paper coated on one side with carbon, which when pressure is applied, transfers to a sheet of paper underneath. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 16

Case Binding The most common type of binding for hardcover books where pages, arranged in signatures, are sewn together and hard covers (cloth, vinyl, or leather cases) are attached. Also Known As: edition binding, case bound, and hard cover.

Case Card A sign used to identify products. Also Known As: stack card or header card.

Cast Coated Art paper with an exceptionally glossy coated finish usually on one side only made by pressing the paper against a polished, hot, metal drum whilst the coating is still wet.

Catching-up When non-image areas of an offset press plate begins to take ink or scum up.

Centre Marks Vertical lines used to indicate the centre of a 2-page spread for folding or cutting. Centre marks usually appear at the top and bottom edge of the spread. Also Known As: fold marks.

Centre Spread The two pages that face each other in the centre of a book or publication.

Century A popular serif typeface used in magazines and books for text setting that Schoolbook has a large x-height and an open appearance.

C Flute A larger flute than 'B', offering greater compression strength, but it may be Corrugated Board crushed more easily. It also takes up more storage space than 'B' flute.

Chain Dot (1) Alternate term for elliptical dot, so called because midtone dots touch at two points, so look like links in a chain. (2) Generic term for any midtone dots whose corners touch.

Chain Lines (1) Widely spaced lines in laid paper as a result of the wires of the papermaking machine. (2) Blemishes on printed images caused by tracking.

Chalking Deterioration of a printed image caused by ink that absorbs into paper too fast or has long exposure to sun and wind making printed images look dusty. Also Known As: crocking.

Character Word used to describe an individual letter, number or symbol.

Characterisation The process of defining the colour gamut of a specific device. Each device, scanner, monitor, printer or digital camera has its own specific colour gamut. Devices are characterised by creating a colour profile (ICC profile) for that specific device utilising a spectrophotometer and special software.

Chase A rectangular metal frame in which metal type and blocks (engravings) are locked into position to make up a page.

Check Digit A digit included within a bar-code symbol whose value is based mathematically on other characters included in the symbol. It is used to perform a check to ensure the accuracy of the read.

Chill Marking Marking caused by the chill rollers on a heatset web press, which cool the web after drying. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 17

Chill Roll The refrigerated roll that sets the ink and cools the web in heatset printing.

Choke Technique of slightly reducing the size of an image to create a hairline trap or to outline. Also Known As: spread, shrink, and skinny.

CIP4 The International Co-operation for Integration of Processes in Prepress, Press and Postpress Organisation.

Clay A naturally occurring substance commonly used in the paper industry. Clay is used as both a filler and a coating ingredient. By adding clay, papermakers can improve a paper's smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink.

Clip Art Copyright free photos or drawings in digital form that can be used in digital documents.

Clipping The colour shift caused by the inability of one Colourspace to reproduce all the colours of another Colourspace. When using absolute or relative colourimetric rendering intents, values from the source gamut outside of the destination gamut are forced (clipped) into the destination gamut. Colours within the gamut of both Colourspaces are left alone. As a result, two colours that were originally different may now share the same values. This produces visual colour shifts.

Clipping Path A vector path attached to a graphic or continuous tone image. The path hides (or clips) areas that are not to print.

Clogging Drying of ink in the screen.

Close Up A mark used to indicate closing space between characters or words. Usually used in proofing stages.

Club Cards Usually credit card sized cards issued by retailers, with an incentive to use, e.g., savings incentives, that utilize bar codes or magnetic strips to track consumer purchases, accumulate points, and award incentives based on purchasing behaviour. Also Known As: loyalty cards.

CMYK To reproduce full-colour photographic images, typical printing presses use 4 colours of ink. The four inks are placed on the paper in layers of dots that combine to create the illusion of many more colours. CMYK refers to the 4 ink colours used by the printing press. C is cyan (blue), M is magenta (red), Y is yellow, and K is black, the key plate or keyline colour. A mistake often made when submitting artwork for 4 colour printing is not converting the images to the CMYK colour space. This is needed so that the file can be separated into the four colours and a separate printing plate can be made for each of the CMYK colours. Also Known As: 4 colour process or 4 c.p.

Coated Printing papers which after making have had a surface coating with clay etc., to give a smoother, more even finish with greater opacity. Paper mills produce coated paper in the four major categories cast, gloss, dull, and matt. Also Known As: coated paper and coated stock. imageData Group uses triple coated paper. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 18

Coated Screen A printing screen with direct emulsion applied to the fabric preparatory to exposing.

Coater A special trough for holding emulsion and coating it on to screens.

Coating Special water based coating applied to printed matter to protect it from ink smudging or finger marks or simply to enhance appearance. The main types are sealer, gloss, matt, and silk. imageData Group utilises an on-press aqueous coating across a range of its lithographic presses. Coatings are more commonly used on matt or silk coated paper as these are more prone to smudging than gloss coated paper. The main difference between a varnish and a coating is that coatings dry faster and enable quicker turnaround of jobs.

Cob-webbing Deposits of ink spreading out from the image like a spiders web. Can be caused by static, thick ink or incorrect build up, amongst others. Also Known As: whiskering.

Cockling Deformation of a sheet of paper, due to unequal shrinkage, giving it a slightly crumpled appearance. This can occur as part of the heatset web offset drying process, particularly on lightweight coated papers.

Code 128 A full alphanumeric bar-code capable of encoding all 128 ASCII characters.

Code 39 A full alphanumeric bar-code consisting of nine black and white bars for each character symbol.

Coil Binding One of several methods of securing loose printed pages using single or double loop wire or plastic that fit into round or rectangular holes in the pages is commonly called coil binding. Coil binding is often used for blank notebooks and for reports that generally have a short shelf-life. It allows the publications to lay flat when opened. Also Known As: wire, spiral, wire spiral, double loop wire binding, and Wire-O (brand name for double loop wire).

Cold Colour Any colour that is toward the blue side of the colour spectrum.

Coldset Inks A variety of inks that are in solid form initially, melted in a hot press and then solidified when they contact the (uncoated) paper, which is usually newspaper print.

Coldset Web A reel fed press with limited or no drying facility. Only uncoated papers such as newsprint or bond can be printed on coldset webs.

Collate To assemble various sections or sheets of a document together in the correct order.

Colophon A list or description of how a book or magazine was produced is its colophon. It may contain production materials such as software, hardware, typefaces, and type of paper. Traditionally found at the back of the publication, some modern books place the colophon near the front. Some websites provide a colophon describing how the site was produced. The word itself is derived from the Ionian city of Colophon. The colophon can be a simple list or may be presented in narrative, paragraph form. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 19

Colour Balance Refers to amounts of process (CMYK) colours that simulate the colours of the original scene or photograph.

Colour Bars A colour test strip that is printed on the waste portion of a press sheet. It helps a press operator to monitor and control the quality of the printed material relative to ink density, registration, and dot gain.

Colour Blanks Press sheets printed with photos or illustrations, but without type.

Colour Break In multicolour printing, the point, line or space at which one ink colour stops and another begins. Also Known As: break for colour.

Colour Cast Unwanted colour affecting an entire image or portion of an image.

Colour Correction Manipulation of channels, shades, hues, contrast, and levels of individual colours before printing to eliminate any colour casts and imbalances from the original or scanned image.

Colour Curves Instructions in computer software that allow users to change or correct colours.

Colour Density The greater the density or weight of the ink, the darker the colour appears.

Colourfastness Having colour that won't run when wet and won't fade in bright light.

Colour Gamut The entire range of hues possible to reproduce using a specific device, such as a computer screen or four colour process printing.

Colour Key A printer's proof, usually used for viewing the individual layers of C, M, Y, and K, consisting of four sheets of coloured acetate, for examining the quality of process colour separations.

Colour A system of control over the input and output devices on how they Management interpret the colours they are using. This is often done in an image manipulation software program such as Photoshop before printing, or for production based environments, where more accurate and consistent results are required, RIP software is used that contains colour profiles created to match colours when printing on different colours of papers. This process of getting the file to a correct stage is often referred to as proofing. imageData Group uses GMG colour management software.

Colour Matching To duplicate a given colour sample.

Colour Profile A file containing the colour characteristics of a computer device such as a monitor, as used in a colour management system.

Colour Proof A representation of what the final printed product will look like. The resolution and quality of different types of colour can vary greatly.

Colour Rendering The output profile used by a PostScript printer. This is a lookup table used Dictionary (CRD) to define how colours are produced on a printing device. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 20

Colour 1) Technique of using a camera, scanner or computer to divide Separation (continuous-tone colour images into four halftone negatives. (2) The process of preparing artwork, photographs, transparencies or computer generated art for printing by separating into the four primary printing colours. Also Known As: separation.

Colour Sequence Order in which inks are printed, usually yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. Also Known As: laydown sequence and rotation.

Colour Shift Change in image colour resulting from changes in register, ink densities or dot gain during 4 colour process printing.

Colour Strength The relative amount of pigmentation in an ink.

Colour A photographic image transparent film used as artwork. Transparency

Column Inch A column inch is one column wide by one inch deep and used to measure area in newspapers (to calculate the cost of display advertising).

Column Rule A light faced vertical rule used to separate columns of type.

Comb Binding A method of securing loose printed pages using a piece of plastic with "teeth" that fit into rectangular holes in the paper. Comb binding is somewhat similar to wire spiral binding. Also Known As: plastic comb binding.

Commercial Printer producing a wide range of products such as announcements, Printer brochures, posters, booklets, stationery, business forms, books, and magazines. Also Known As: job printer because each job is different.

Communication "Right and wrong do not exist in graphic design. There is only effective and non-effective communication." Peter Bilak – Illegibility.

Compatibility Capable of orderly, efficient integration and operation with other elements in a system with no modification or conversion required.

Compose To set copy into type, with the advent of computers this is now ‘digital artwork composition’.

Composite (1) Design: A preliminary design or sketch. Also Known As: comp, comprehensive, composition, and dummy. (2) Typography: An image composed of many images or any page made up of text, images, or other elements is a composite image. (3) Prepress/Printing: Colour separation file which contains all colour information in one file that can be printed as a composite or separated into the individual colour plates for printing.

Composite Proof Proof of colour separations in position with graphics and type. Also Known As: final proof, imposition proof, and stripping proof.

Compression Algorithms used to reduce the size of computer data files. Widely used to reduce very large graphic files. Some forms of compression can alter the colour of a photo image. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 21

Computer to Plate The process of producing printer's plates directly from the computer with (CTP) no films involved.

Computer to Press See D Press.

Concertina Fold A method of folding in which each fold opens in the opposite direction to its neighbour, giving a concertina or pleated effect.

Condensed A style of typeface in which the characters have a vertically elongated appearance.

Condition To keep paper in the pressroom for a few hours or days before printing so that its moisture level and temperature equal that in the pressroom. Also Known As: cure, mature, and season.

Contact Print A photographic print made from a negative or positive in contact with sensitised paper, film or printing plate.

Content Editing Analysing a composition and deciding what needs to be added or changed to improve it.

Continuous Tone An image in which the subject has continuous shades of colour or grey without being broken up by dots. Continuous tones cannot be reproduced in that form for printing but must be screened to translate the image into dots.

Contract Proof The contract proof is usually a colour proof that is looked on as a contract between the printer and client as the final proof before going to press. Most high-end digital proofs are considered good enough to accurately predict colour from the press. The contract proof is the one that says to the printer "Everything looks good, let's go to press."

Contrast The degree of tonal separation or gradation in the range from black to white.

Contra Vision® Contra Vision® panels are based on transparent plastic films (self- adhesive, non-perforated polyester or perforated vinyl) or rigid sheets (glass, acrylic, polycarbonate, PVC, etc.). Primarily used on buses or retail store windows.They have a design or colour on one side that is not visible from the other side, which typically provides a clear, tinted view through the panel. Contra Vision® is sometimes referred to as a one-way vision material, though many different vision control options are possible. Contra Vision® panels have an opaque "silhouette pattern" onto which is superimposed: • a design on one side (not visible from the other side), or • a design on both sides (neither visible from the opposite side).

Conversion (1) The process of adapting the colours produced by one device to the Colourspace of another device and takes place anytime information is passed between devices (i.e. from the scanner to the monitor, or from the monitor to the printer). Colourspace conversions are performed in device independent colourspaces such as CI LAB or CIEXYZ. (2) The process of creating a three dimensional (3D) item from a flat sheet of paper, e.g. envelope conversion / box conversion. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 22

Conveyor A set of powder actuated or non-powered rollers configured to move materials through a production process line or between job stations.

Copier Label A label designed for overprinting by a plain paper photocopier.

Copy (1) All furnished material or disc used in the production of a printed product. (2) The text to be printed.

Copy Editing Finding and eliminating grammatical, spelling or similar errors, and checking for style and conformity.

core-iD Division of imageData Group servicing corporate clients.

Corporate Whilst having a link with branding, corporate identity generally applies Identity more specifically to the visual perceived image of an organisation or company, rather than to an individual product. The intent of a strong corporate identity is to promote this cohesive visual image, both within the company (as a corporate culture) and externally to clients and rivals as a strong visual corporate identity.

In practical terms, for designers, this involves the development of a logo (or group of logos) and a set of printed visual guidelines (usually in the form of a Corporate Identity Manual) as to how the organisation's corporate identity is to be represented in publications, websites, and advertising campaigns. A Corporate Identity Manual would include samples of logotypes and layouts, instructions for their usage, colour guides and colour swatches.

Corrugated The wave shapes (Flutes) in the inner portion of corrugated board, used Paperboard primarily in retail display production.

Counter Display Point of purchase display units usually within the check out area, used to Units optimise available space in store.

Cover Category of thick paper used to protect a publication. If a publication has a different material weight cover to the text pages it is often split into cover and text, for example a 32 page booklet may be described as 4 (pp) page cover + 28 (pp) page text. If the material is the same throughout, it is known as a self-cover.

Coverage Extent to which ink covers the surface of a substrate. Ink coverage is usually expressed as light, medium or heavy.

Cover Paper Thick paper used for products such as posters and covers of paperbacks.

Crease A printed job can be creased mechanically to make folding easier and prevent cracking. There are times when you might want a printed piece delivered flat for ease of storage and then do the folding at a later date, manually.

Creep In a multi-page booklet the bulk of the paper causes the inner pages to extend (creep) further out than the outer pages when folded. When trimmed the inner pages are narrower than the outer pages, counteracting the creep. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 23

Creep Allowance To make adjustments to inner spreads of multi-page booklets to maintain a constant outer margin, when the publication is trimmed, and counteract creep.

Crimping Punctures holding business forms together.

Crocking Transfer or smudging of dry ink on the finished product.

Cromalins Often misspelt as Chromalin. A well known photo-mechanical proofing method from ‘DuPont’ made from imaged film using a powder instead of ink. Capable of producing CMYK proofs as well as spot colour and Pantone Matching System proofs.

Crop Marks Printed cutting lines on a printed sheet of artwork or completed print job. Used to indicate where the publication should be trimmed. Also Known As: corner marks, cut marks, and tick marks.

Cropping The elimination of parts of a photograph or other original that are not required to be printed. Cropping allows the remaining parts of the image to be enlarged to fill the space.

Cross Direction The direction across the web. Papers are weaker and are affected more by changes in relative humidity in the cross direction than the grain direction.

Cross Marks Marks of fine lines that intersect to indicate accurate alignment of art elements.

Crossmedia The use of same content for different media, i.e. texts and images held in a database can be used to produce printed brochures, CD-ROM’s and electronic catalogues accessed via the Internet.

Crossover Type or art that continues from one page of a book or magazine across the gutter to the opposite page. Also Known As: bridge, gutter bleed, and gutter jump.

CTP See computer to plate.

Cure To dry inks, varnishes or other coatings after printing to ensure good adhesion and prevent setoff.

Curl In paper, the distortion of a sheet due to differences in structure or coatings from one side to the other or absorption of moisture on an offset press.

Cursive A typeface that resembles hand writing.

Cut Edge The three edges of a book after trimming with a guillotine.

Cut Flush A method of trimming a book after the cover has been attached to the pages. Also Known As: trimmed flush.

Cutline The line or lines of text that refer to information identifying a picture or illustration. Also Known As: caption. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 24

Cutoff Circumference of the impression cylinder of a web press, therefore also the length of the printed sheet that the press cuts of from the roll of paper.

Cutout A halftone where the background has been removed to produce a silhouette.

Cutting Die Usually a custom ordered item to trim specific and unusual sized printed projects.

Cut to register Cutting in a predetermined location on each sheet of paper or board.

Cyan One of the four process colours. Also Known As: process blue. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 25

D Dagger and Symbols used mainly as reference marks for footnotes, e.g. † and ‡. Double Dagger

Dampening A necessary process in lithography of dampening the printing plate to prevent ink from spreading.

Damping Roller The roller on a printing press which applies the moisture directly to the printing plate.

Dandy Roll A wire mesh cylinder used to smooth the top of paper as it forms. Enhancing surface smoothness and formation, the dandy roll may also carry a design, which will create a watermark, identifying the sheet.

Dangler Point of sale signage that either hangs from the ceiling or one that fits into a shelf edge strip. Both move with air currents and store traffic. Also Known As: ceiling dangler or shelf wobbler.

Darkroom A light-tight room that can be used for camera shots or screen coating and drying.

Dash Sometimes called an "em" dash. A horizontal rule used for punctuation.

Data Technique of reducing the amount of storage required to hold a digital Compression file. To reduce the disk space the file requires and enables work to be processed or transmitted more quickly.

Daylight Active A water based UV light sensitive ink system which will disappear in Inks artificial or non UV light source and appear in Daylight or UV Light. Limited colours are available, which can be mixed to achieve a reasonable range of colours.

Deboss An image such as a logo, a title, or other design is heat-pressed into the surface of the paper with a die, creating depressions rather than raised impressions as in embossing. The same techniques used for embossing (blind, foil, and ink) can be used with debossing to create visual effects and texture. Debossing can be done on hard and soft covers.

Deckle Edge The untrimmed ragged edges of paper formed at the outer edge of a jumbo reel of paper on a papermaking machine.

Decoating The removal of stencils or emulsions from screen fabric. Also Known As: reclaiming.

De-inking Removing ink and other finishing materials, like coatings and adhesives from printed-paper. The complex de-inking process is what makes recycling paper difficult and ultimately adds to the cost of a recycled sheet of paper. To produce high-quality recycled or recycled content papers for printing and writing, the de-inking process needs to be thorough. The goal is to end up with re-usable fibre that has few impurities, since impurities lower the quality of a recycled sheet and can sometimes damage equipment in the papermaking and printing process. Modern offset and flexographic ink, photocopier and laser printing "ink," ultraviolet and thermography coatings, and adhesives all make it increasingly difficult to de-ink paper. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 26

De-lamination The separation of a material into layers in a direction approximately parallel to the surface. The partial or complete separation of the layers of a laminate.

Delivery imageData Group has its own modern fleet of delivery vehicles ranging from small vans to 9 tonne trucks complete with tail lift facilities and all are fully equipped with on-board communication facilities. Providing a 24/7; door-to-desk courier service ensures that no matter where or when the print is required it is delivered safely into the hands of the right person. In addition, the company has in-house computerised tracking systems operating in conjunction with most major carriers for national & international distribution. imageData Group provides 4 levels of next day delivery service through preferred third party carriers, these are: next day (anytime up to approx. 5pm), pre-noon, pre 10 am, or pre 9 am. Delivery tracking and POD details can be provided for all deliveries.

Densitometer A device sensitive to the density of light transmitted or reflected by paper or film. Used by printers to measure and control the accuracy, quality, and consistency of ink or colour.

Density (1) The relative thickness of a layer of printed ink. (2) The degree of opacity of a photographic image on paper or film.

Descender Any part of a lower case letter that extends below the x-height, for example p and j.

Descreening A method of removing or eliminating moiré patterns from an image when scanning.

Desensitizer Chemical treatment in lithographic platemaking used to make non-image areas of a plate repellent to ink.

Design imageData Group’s Design Department strongly focuses on design for print. The Company’s in-house design team specialises in following corporate brand and design guidelines to produce a wide range of artwork for print for a broad spectrum of clients from many different sectors. From stationery to brochures, folders, and exhibition materials the same methodical and professional approach is used to create high quality, high impact artwork. With a friendly consultative approach, imageData Group’s aim is to surpass customers’ expectations.

Desktop Technique of using a personal computer to design images and pages, Publishing and assemble type and graphics, then using a laser printer or imagesetter to output the assembled pages onto paper, film or printing plate. Abbreviated to DTP.

Despatch The act and process of sending out finished products from the production facility to the client. As imageData Group is delivering to locations across the globe, despatch dates are deemed to be the working day prior to delivery being made. For example, if a client needs their delivery on Monday 5th March, the despatch date would be Friday 2nd March. imageData Group’s account services team ensure that all dates are accurately logged onto Tharstern’s MIS so that clients delivery requirements are met. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 27

Despatch Note Paperwork completed for the despatch and delivery of finished products to the client. The signed copies of these are kept with the works docket as Proof of Delivery.

Die Device for cutting, scoring, stamping, embossing, and debossing.

Die-Cut To cut irregular shapes in paper or board using a die.

Die-Cutting The process of using sharp steel rules to cut special shapes into printed sheets. Designers will generally have to specify a cutting grid, in their page layout or vector drawing program, that the printer will use as a guide for making the die.

Die-Stamping An intaglio process of printing in which the resultant impression stands out in relief above the surface of the stamped material, either coloured (using inks or foil) or blind (no inks or foils).

Digital Files for printing that are produced on the computer.

Digital Dot Dot created by a computer and printed out by a laser printer or imagesetter. Digital dots are uniform in size, as compared to halftone dots that vary in size.

Digital File An art file that resides on disk, usually in a native application format.

Digital Printing These systems work directly from electronic data and avoid the intermediate stage of films. They are very cost effective for short runs. Digital printing has steadily replaced lithography in many markets, especially at the consumer and business level. Because these systems use an inherently four colour process there is no cost saving to be made from using one or two colour designs. imageData Group’s extensive range of digital facilities enables us to supply very cost effective overprinting services, short run print-on-demand, and variable data / personalisation in full colour. imageData Group’s current mono print volumes exceed 5 million impressions a month and colour volumes are in excess of 3 million copies a month. imageData Group also has the most cost efficient large format, full colour digital printing facilities capable of printing on virtually any substrate. Products range from large posters and point of sale/point of purchase displays to exhibition and backlit display materials.

Digital Proof A proofing system that does not include the use of film. Data is sent to a printer and imaged directly onto paper. Strides in colour technology increasingly allow digital proofs to serve as contract proofs. After the digital proof is approved, the same file used to create it is sent to the film processor, which creates the film used in the printing process. Digital proofing is generally less expensive than other prepress proofing methods or press proofs but they are not as accurate for checking trapping and identifying moiré problems as overlay and laminate proofs. They are a viable option on most simple print projects and high-end digital proofs can provide even greater accuracy for more complex jobs. Also Known As: dry proof, off-press proof, digital CMYK proof, continuous tone proof, halftone proof and half proof.

Digitise To convert an image or signal into binary code. Visual images are digitised by scanning them, then assigning a binary code to the resulting vector or raster graphics data. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 28

Dimensional The ability of paper to maintain its original size when under pressure, or Stability exposed to moisture.

Direct Emulsion Liquid, light sensitive emulsion that is coated on the screen and then exposed.

DirecType The image personalisation software used by imageData Group to produce highly personalised communications across various forms of media such as digital printing, e-marketing, web and mobile phone messaging.

Disc Supplied A term which implies all digital artwork is supplied on one of a variety of media types; CD, zip disc, optical disc etc. When supplying a disc with digital artwork, it is important to provide a printed copy from your own computer.

Display Card A small piece of point of sale display advertising, attached to a display of merchandise. Also Known As: shelf talker.

Display Type Larger type used for headings etc. Normally about 18 point or larger.

Dithering The process of averaging between pixels of different colours. This results in a smoother, blended transition between the edge of two areas rather than a jagged or 'stair-step' appearance. Also a method used on ink jet printers where colours are produced by mixing coloured dots in a random pattern.

DL A standard finished / folded paper size, A4 flat size folded three times.

DL Envelope A standard envelope size of 110mm x 220mm, mostly used to mail DL finished size items such as compliment slips.

Dmax The Maximum Density in an image.

Dmin The Minimum Density in an image.

Dot The smallest individual element of halftone.

Dot Adjusting the size of the dots in halftones or four colour images to allow Compensation for dot gain and to ensure that the colour and detail of the image print is as intended. Also see dot gain, halftone, ink holdout, screen.

Dot Gain The halftone dots of an image print larger than the size they were on the films or printing plates. This results in some loss of detail. A printing defect causing darker colours or tones due to the spreading of ink on stock. The more absorbent the stock, the more dot gain. Can vary by type of ink as well. Some degree of dot gain is an unavoidable part of the printing process and there are settings in a number of desktop publishing tools to allow for this. Adobe Photoshop, in particular, has settings to allow for dot gain under its colour settings preferences. Also Known As: dot growth, dot spread, and press gain.

Dot Size Relative size of halftone dots as compared to dots of the screen ruling being used. There is no unit of measurement to express dot size. Dots are too large, too small or correct only in comparison to what the viewer finds attractive. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 29

Dots Per Inch (DPI) A measurement of output device (e.g. printer) resolution. Measures the number of dots a printer can print per inch both horizontally and vertically. A 600 dpi printer can print 360,000 (600 by 600) dots on one square inch of paper. While technically different than PPI (pixels per inch), the terms are interchangeable so that DPI can also be the measurement of input device resolution (like a digital camera or scanner), or can be the measurement of the resolution of an image. To check what DPI an image is, open it in Photoshop and choose Image > Image Size from the menu. The DPI (or PPI) is listed in the Resolution value box.

Double Bump To print an image twice so it has two layers of ink.

Double Burn Exposing a plate to multiple images.

Double Each printing unit has two printing plates, allowing twice the number of Circumference pages. Press

Double Coating Coating paper or board twice on one or both sides. Also see Medium- Weight Coated Paper (MWC).

Double One of four basic folds in web printing that forms a sheet into a signature. Digest Fold

Double Gatefold Three parallel folds. The left and right edges of the paper fold and meet in the middle, without overlapping, along a centre fold. The outer panels are usually 1/32" to 1/8" smaller than the inner panels to allow for proper folding and nesting. A double gatefold might be used in the middle of a magazine for a fold-out centre spread. Also Known As: gatefolds and 3 directional gatefold.

Double Page Two facing pages of a newspaper or magazine where the text on the left Spread hand side continues across to the right hand side. Abbreviated to DPS.

Doubling Printing defect appearing as blurring or shadowing of the image. Doubling may be caused by problems with paper, cylinder alignment, blanket pressures or dirty cylinders.

Downloadable Type faces which can be stored on a disk and then downloaded to the Fonts printer when required for printing. These are, by definition, bit-mapped fonts and, therefore, fixed in size and style.

Down Time Loss of chargeable time due to machine breakdown or other factors.

D Press imageData Group’s Komori S40D, Direct Imaging press is a revolutionary four colour B1 format press equipped with direct imaging technology. Printing plates can be imaged on the press itself, thus eliminating the traditional method of off-line plate production. This greatly enhances quality, increasing speed of set-up and changeover, and eliminating environmental issues by dispensing with chemical processing and reducing material wastage. It is the ideal press for poster printing and also allows imageData Group to supply cost effective wet proofs. Also Known As: computer to press.

Drawn On A method of binding a paper cover to a book by drawing the cover on and gluing it to the back of the book. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 30

Drill / Drilling Making the holes in paper for use in a ring binder. Drills can neatly perforate a much greater thickness of paper than can the kind of hole punch you have in the office.

DRM (Digital Provides the software locks put on information distributed digitally to Rights Management) prevent unauthorised distribution.

Drop Cap A large initial letter at the start of the text that drops into the line or lines of text below. Can be decorative.

Drop Shadow A shadow image placed offset behind an image to create the affect of the image lifting off the page.

Drum Scanner An extremely high resolution, prepress scanner that uses a high-speed rotating glass drum to scan transparencies and photographic images. Drum scanners give a much more detailed reproduction of an original than flat-bed desktop scanners and can capture a much greater range of tones. However, the gap between some of the top flatbed scanners and drum scanners is narrowing at a dramatic rate.

Dry Back Phenomenon of printed ink colours becoming less dense as the ink dries.

Dry Transfer Characters, drawings, etc, that can be transferred to the artwork by rubbing them off the back of the transfer sheet. Also Known As: lettering and letraset.

Dual-purpose Bond paper suitable for printing by either lithography (offset) or Bond Paper xerography (photocopy), is usually an un-coated material. Abbreviated to DP bond paper.

Duct The ink reservoir in a printing machine.

Dummy (1) A preliminary layout showing the position of illustrations and text as they are to appear in the final printed piece. (2) A plain white simulation of a booklet or brochure not printed but made up using the intended stock to show the size, shape, fold, and general style of a printed piece. This is the best way to get a feel for the finished product for more complex publications. Also Known As: mock-up.

Dumpbins Point of sale storage boxes usually made of corrugated board for short term promotions and displays. A cost-effective and simple solution to loose fill merchandising. Also see back card. Also Known As: bin.

Duotone A two colour halftone reproduction generated from a one colour photo.

Duplex A capability of printers and copiers that enables printing on both sides of a sheet of paper.

Duplex Paper A paper with a different colour or finish on either side of the sheet. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 31

E EB Double Wall If strength and good printability are required then EB Double wall is a Flute Corrugated good option. Other benefits are that the performance of EB to BC is not Board that different but EB uses much less storage space. Conversion speeds are similar to C flutes.

EB inks Inks cured by electron beams (polymerization). The advantage of EB inks over UV inks is the thickness of the layers that can be applied, as the electron beams penetrate deeply. EB inks are easier to store than UV inks, however, curing has to be done in an oxygen-free environment, in order to avoid oxidation of the ink and the printing material caused by the high-energy electrons.

E-business imageData Group likes to work with customers and harness technology to provide the highest level of customer service and to minimise costs. Customer benefits include speed, efficiency, brand integrity, and lower transactional costs with e-business solutions. E-business is playing an ever increasing role within the business and imageData Group has extensive experience in working with a range of web-based supplier quotation systems and will work with any client’s chosen system. ImageData Group’s IT department has also developed online systems tailored specifically to individual customer’s needs. imageData Group can accept orders, supply proofs, provide invoices, and accept payment electronically.

Editions A series of printed products, usually limited or numbered editions i.e. a specific number are produced and are assigned unique numbers.

Editing Assessing and amending an item before publishing, a manuscript, composition, audio, or visual item.

E Flute A fine flute used for corrugated 'cartons'. It gives excellent crush Corrugated Board resistance and a compression strength better than solid fibreboard. Excellent printability. This single faced flute product is ideally suited for litho laminating display packaging where the thin printed top sheet is mounted onto a corrugated board. The resulting combination adds excellent strength, protection and quality graphics to the overall pack.

Electromechanical Machine which makes gravure printing cylinders. Engraver (EME)

Electronic Publishing via the internet or other electronic format, rather than on paper. Publishing

Electronic The use of a digital printer to create a book. EPOD books often have Publishing on relatively small print runs, even single copies, sometimes causing the Demand (EPOD) method to be derisively referred to as vanity publishing.

Electrophoto- A photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938. Also graphy see xerography.

Elementally The more common name for molecular chlorine free and a method of Chlorine Free bleaching that doesn’t use chlorine gas. (ECF) 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 32

Elliptical Dot A type of halftone screen dot with an elliptical rather than circular shape, which sometimes produces better tonal gradations.

Em A square unit with edges equal to the chosen point size, named from the letter M which was the widest letter.

Embossing A process performed after printing to stamp a raised image into the surface of paper, using engraved metal embossing dies, extreme pressure, and heat.

Emulsion Light sensitive coating found on printing plates and film.

En A unit of measurement that is half as wide as an em.

Encapsulated Computer file containing both images and PostScript commands. The PostScript File preferred file format for saving images, as it is resolution independent. (EPS) Abbreviated to EPS.

Encapsulation A fully sealed film (polyester or polypropylene) to both surfaces of a sheet, enhancing durability.

End-aisle Display A display of a product set up at the end of an aisle in a retail store to call attention to a special offering or price.

End Board In ram-bundling, the piece of plywood or hardboard, placed at each end of the bundle to protect the printed product from the strapping.

End Papers The four page leaves at the front and end of a book which are pasted to the insides of the front and back covers (boards).

Engraving A printing process using intaglio, or recessed plates. Made from steel or copper, engraving plates cost more than plates used in most other printing processes, such as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the plate while the printing press exerts force on the paper, pushing it into the wells and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters and images on the front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised lettering effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process, called thermography.

EP Abbreviation for envelope.

EPS See encapsulated postscript file.

Equivalent Paper Paper that is not the brand specified, but looks, prints and may cost the same. Also Known As: comparable stock.

Erasable A printing form where the print image can be removed from the form and Printing Form the form can be re-used.

Erratum Author's or printer’s error, discovered after the book has been printed.

Estimate The estimated cost of a print job, based on the specification outlined by the client. It is sent prior to entry of an order on the system and prices may change if the artwork or order specification are not the same as the estimate specification. Also Known As: bid, quotation, and tender. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 33

Etching (1) the process of forming a design or drawing on a metal or plastic plate; (2) a design or picture etched on a plate or a print made from an etched plate.

Ethanol Comparatively non-toxic alternative solvent for printing inks.

Eurobind A patented method of binding perfect bound books so they will stay open. Also Known As: lay flat bind.

European Colour A European group of colour management and printing experts founded in Initiative (ECI) 1996. The ECI has been influential in promoting and implementing ICC (International Colour Consortium, www.color.org) and ISO (International Organisation for Standardization, www.iso.org) based colour and printing workflows in Europe and beyond.

Exception In word processing or desktop publishing this is a store of pre- Dictionary hyphenated words that do not conform to the usual rules contained in the hyphenation and justification program (H & J). Some programs, PageMaker for example, only use an exception dictionary.

Expanded Type A typeface with a slightly wider body giving a flatter appearance.

Exposed Flute A double wall product, where the outer most liner is excluded thus Board revealing the top flute profile. This product is ideal for creating unique decorative display packaging, particularly when combined with a preprint flute liner. In addition, exposed flute can also be used as a double wall mounting sheet where the exposed fluting has a litho or screen printed top sheet mounted to it thus creating a strong and rigid product ideal for headers or free standing displays. Also see EB flute corrugated board and NE flute corrugated board.

Exposure (1) In photography, allowing light to reach the light sensitive film and reproduce the image being transmitted. (2) In screen making, allowing light to reach the light sensitive photo stencil and reproduce the image of the light blocking film positive.

Exposure Unit Any exposure system that is self-contained with a light source and screen holding set-up.

Extent Page count in a book.

Ex-works Estimate calculated with no courier or delivery costs. The supplier’s only responsibility is to make the ordered goods available to the client at the supplier's premises. The client bears the cost and risk in transporting the goods from the supplier's premises to destination.

Eyelet Metal, plastic or rubber rings that are inserted into a hole made through another material. They may be used to reinforce the hole (for fastening or hanging), to shield something from the sharp edges of the hole, or both. Also Known As: grommet.

Eyeletting The punching of small holes into a material for the purpose of attaching grommets, cords, or hooks for hanging.

Eyemark A small rectangular printing area, usually located near the edge of a web or design, to activate an automatic electronic position regulator for controlling register or the printed design with subsequent equipment or operations. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 34

F

Fabric The cloth used in screen making to hold the stencil and to screen print through.

Fabric Stretcher A mechanical device for tensioning screen printing fabrics over the screen frame, accurately and correctly.

Face (1) In abbreviation for typeface referring to a family in a given style. (2) The edge of a bound publication opposite the spine. Also Known As: foredge.

Face Material Any paper, film, fabric, laminate or foil material suitable for converting into pressure sensitive label stock. Also Known As: face stock.

Faded Colour Colour lost (usually in large solids or solid tints) during drying or when the printed sheet is exposed to light.

Fast Colour Inks Inks with colours that retain their density and resist fading as the product is used and washed.

Feathering Ink spread at edges of type due to the poor quality of ink or its distribution.

Feeder Equipment for feeding and positioning paper sheets in printing presses.

Feeding Unit Component of a printing press that moves paper into the register unit.

Feet Wire devices inserted into pole toppers to render them able to stand vertically erect.

Felt Side The smoother side of a sheet of paper. The wire side is the rougher side of the paper. The difference happens in the papermaking process but is eliminated when papers are gloss or matt coated.

Ferrous Inks These inks are printed on the reverse side of displays or posters, so a quick change over can be made on pre-magnetized boards. This can be printed all over or have a percentage coverage on paper and for PVC heavier strips / coverage are printed to hold the display on panels. Also Known As: magnetic inks.

F Flute This material offers an exceptional surface for printing and is impressively Corrugated strong thus creating a versatile decorative packaging material. It is Board suitable for printing by screen, flexo and can be processed by new generation litho machines. This single faced flute product is ideally suited for litho laminating display packaging where the thin printed top sheet is mounted onto a corrugated board. The resulting combination adds excellent strength, protection and quality graphics to the overall pack.

Fibre Filaments of plant tissue, such as cotton fibre and wood fibre. Some speciality papers may contain synthetic fibres, such as rayon or nylon. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 35

Fifth Colour Although there can be many additional colours (in addition to the four CMYK process printing inks) a single fifth colour is the most common. Often this is the corporate colour of a company's logo or corporate identity, which needs to be reproduced accurately. Also Known As: spot colour and Pantone.

File Format The information of a digital file is stored in various file extensions / formats. The formats are either based in the application program that created the file, (for example .psd is a Photoshop file), or a more universal format that is supported by most imaging programs such as .tiff and .jpg. Some compress information in the image more so it creates smaller files. Whilst this is good for storage space and emailing, information will be lost in the image when you come to print it. Some common file formats are AI, BMP, DCS, EPS, TIFF, JPG, PSD, GIF, and EPS.

File Transfer Allows the uploading, downloading or transfer of files or websites to a Protocol (FTP) computer.

Filler Extra material used to complete a column or page, usually of little importance.

Filling In A condition when ink fills in the space between halftone dots and also fills in type.

Film Transparent material made of plastic acetate with a light-sensitive emulsion for recording an image.

Film Negative Film developed after exposure. Images appear with transparent black hues and opaque white areas.

Film Positive Film exposed to a film negative and developed. Images appear with opaque black hues and transparent white areas. Required for photo stencils in serigraphy (screen printing).

Filmsetter An output device which produces film positives or negatives directly from ripped data.

Filter Creative effects applied with an illustration program to selectively emphasise or de-emphasise all or portions of an image. Filters can be used to sharpen or blur images or apply special effects. Filters also allow text and graphic images to look like they were created using textured backgrounds or applied on various types of backgrounds using different types of paint.

Final Proof Once called a "Blueline" this is now a digitally generated full colour proof.

Fine Screen Screen ruling with 150 lines per inch or more.

Finish (1) Surface characteristics of paper. (2) General term for trimming, folding, binding, and all other post press operations.

Finished Size Size of product after production is completed, as compared to flat size. Also Known As: trimmed size. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 36

Finishing Any process that follows the actual printing. Includes: trimming, creasing, folding, stitching, binding etc.

First Colour Down The first colour printed on a printing press.

Fit The registration of the different colours on a printed sheet.

Fixed Costs Costs that remain the same regardless of how many pieces are printed. Copyrighting, photography, and design are fixed costs.

Flag The designed title of a newspaper as it appears at the top of page one.

Flash-curing Most screen printing on garments is done with wet ink going onto wet ink. Certain jobs and most dark garment prints need to have key colours (such as white) dried or cured before another colour can print on top of it. On an automatic press a flash-curing heater replaces one of the print heads. Some jobs also need a short cool-down period before the next colour is printed. Therefore, what appears to be a simple six colour design with one flash-cure would need a minimum of eight printing stations - six for the colours, one for the flash heater and one for the cooldown. Flash-curing will often slow down the production cycle of the job.

Flatbed Scanner A desktop or design studio based scanner that works by placing original artwork face down on a glass sheet and an electronic sensor scans the selected image area and outputs the digital file to a desktop computer. The quality of desktop flatbed colour scanners has improved dramatically in recent years. Some of the higher end flat-bed scanners are even capable of prepress quality colour scans.

Flat Colour (1) Any colour created by printing only one ink, as compared to a colour created by printing four colour process. Also Known As: block colour and spot colour. (2) Colour that seems weak or lifeless.

Flat Size Size of product after printing and trimming, but before folding, as compared to finished size.

Flexography A method commonly used for printing on packaging and other uneven surfaces. In "flexo," the plates used in the printing process are often made of rubber or plastic, allowing the inked surface to conform to many kinds of substrates due to its flexibility. Also Known As: flexo and surface printing.

Flood To print a sheet completely with an ink or varnish, flooding with ink is also called painting the sheet.

Flooding A fault within the screen-printing process where images are ‘thickened’ and have un-sharp edges and shadow tones can fill in. Can be caused, amongst other things, by thin ink. Also Known As: splurging.

Floor Graphic Graphics designed for adherence to retail floor space, printed on a unique plastic substrate. Also Known As: floor mat.

Fluorescent Ink Ink that has bright and luminous colour because of the phosphorous chemicals in it. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 37

Fluorescent Paper A white base paper or board coated with a mixture of fluorescent and Board pigments and binders. The coating is activated by ultraviolet light, usually natural light.

Flush Cover Cover trimmed to the same size as inside pages, as compared to overhang cover. Also Known As: cut flush.

Flush Left Copy aligned along the left margin.

Flush Right Copy aligned along the right margin.

Flyer An inexpensively produced circular used for promotional distribution.

Flying Imprinter A device on a printing unit of a web press which allows for one plate to be changed without stopping the machine.

FoamBlast ink Provides a unique raised tactile finish with an extremely high coating weight, which provides a decorative finish. Available in 5 colours; blue, white, red, yellow, and black.

Foamboard Rigid foam centered boards made with paper, veneer, or plastic outers.

Fogging Back Used in making type more legible by lowering the density of an image, while allowing the image to show through.

Foil Blocking A printing process whereby metallic foil is applied to the printing substrate via a heated die for decorative purposes. Also Known As: foil stamping and foil embossing.

Folder A finishing machine dedicated to folding printed materials.

Fold Marks With printed matter, markings indicating where a fold is to occur, usually located at the top edges. Also Known As: fold lines.

Foldout Gatefold sheet bound into a publication, often used for a map or chart. Also Known As: gatefold and pullout.

Folio Printer's technical term for what the rest of the world calls a page number.

Font Fonts provide a document with its own style and appearance. Fonts are designed by people who like the shape and form of letters and these fonts are given names to help identify them from others. Sometimes fonts are designed for specific uses for example, Times, was designed for use in the famous newspaper “The Times”.

Font Issues PCs and Apple Macintosh computers both use different font types and these are not interchangeable. If you are using an Apple computer your fonts will be compatible with your printers. PC TrueType fonts behave differently on the Apple system, this is usually overcome by the use of PDF files.

Food Contact Adhesives meeting specifications for use with food. These Adhesives regulations cover direct food labelling as well as incidental contact. Special product recommendations are necessary for specific applications. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 38

Footer Text or images that appear at the bottom of every page in a document.

Form Each side of a signature. Also spelt forme.

Format Size, style, shape, layout or organisation of a printed product.

Formatting Altering the appearance of text, graphic accents, or visuals by changing their formatting attributes, including (in the case of text) typeface, type size, leading, kerning, and colour.

Former The mechanism that makes the first fold of a web-fed press.

Form Letter A letter template in which address and other details can be semi- automatically inserted by a word processor using mail merge.

Form Roller(s) Roller(s) that come in contact with the printing plate, bringing it ink or water.

For Position Refers to inexpensive copies of photos or art used to indicate placement Only and scaling, but not intended for reproduction. Abbreviated to FPO.

Fountain Trough or container, on a printing press, that holds fluids such as ink, varnish or water. Also Known As: duct and ink fountain.

Fountain Solution Mixture of water and chemicals that dampens a printing plate to prevent ink from adhering to the non image area. Also Known As: dampener solution.

Four Colour The most common system for producing full colour print. Artwork and Process originals are separated using filters and four separate printing plates are produced. The four ink colours are Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK). Because the inks used are translucent, they can be overprinted and combined in a variety of different proportions to produce a wide range of colours. The vast majority of magazines and colour books are produced using four colour process. Theoretically it is possible to produce an adequate range of colours using just Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow. However, in practice much better results are achieved with the addition of black. The black plate is used to strengthen the shadow areas and reduce the amount of CMY inks required. Although the range of colours which can be achieved is adequate for most jobs the process has its limitations. Many colours, which are available as special inks have no close equivalent in four colour process. In some cases it may be necessary to print a fifth plate in order to match, for example, a particularly difficult company logo colour. The additional cost of this is normally prohibitive and the necessity could be avoided at the design stage.

FPO See for position only.

1 Fraction A ratio of two whole numbers, such as ⁄2 (one half). Presents a problem in typesetting because there are too many possible fractions to create a character for each one. Although some fractions are usually included in a character set, the rest must be typeset using subscripted and superscripted characters kerned around a solidus. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 39

Fragrance Designed to add a specific “BURST” of fragrance when applied to a Burst Inks small area of printed sheets. The fragrance is released by gently rubbing the fragrance burst area. Most fragrances can be supplied to order. Also Known As: perfumed inks or scratch & sniffs.

Free Sheet Paper made from cooked wood fibres mixed with chemicals and washed free of impurities, as compared to groundwood paper. Also Known As: woodfree paper.

Free Standing Point of Sale display stands which are independent of other retail shelving Display Units units and can be placed anywhere in store. Made in a variety of materials (FSDU) including card, plastic, timber, steel etc.

French Fold A sheet which has been printed on one side only and then folded with two right angle folds to form a four page uncut section.

FTP See file transfer protocol.

Full Measure A line of type set to the entire line length.

Full-range Halftone ranging from 0 percent coverage in its highlights to 100 percent Halftone coverage in its shadows.

Full-scale Black Black separation made to have dots throughout the entire tonal range of the image, as compared to half-scale black and skeleton black. Also Known As: full-range black. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 40

G

Galley Proof A proof of text before being made up into pages. Also Known As: slip proof.

Gamma The measure of contrast that results in the lightening or darkening of Correction the midtone regions of a document.

Gamut The range of colours available to a specific output device, such as a laser printer or an imagesetter. If the colour range is too wide for that particular device, it is referred to as 'out of gamut'. For example, the RGB colour range is much broader than the CMYK colour gamut (which is what most prepress output devices use). Colours specified using the RGB gamut will often fall out of the gamut range when output on a CMYK device.

Gang Getting the most out of a printing press by using the maximum sheet size to print multiple images or jobs on the same sheet. Also Known As: gang up and ganging-up.

Gatefold An oversize page where both sides fold into the gutter in overlapping layers. Used to accommodate maps into books.

Gathering The operation of inserting the printed pages, sections or signatures of a book in the correct order for binding.

Generation First generation of original copy should yield the best quality.

Ghosting (1) Phenomenon of a faint image appearing on a printed sheet where it was not intended to appear. Chemical ghosting refers to the transfer of the faint image from the front of one sheet to the back of another sheet. Mechanical ghosting refers to the faint image appearing as a repeat of an image on the same side of the sheet. (2) Phenomenon of printed image appearing too light because of ink starvation.

GIF An eight bit (256 colours or shades of grey) or less computer file format. Commonly used to post photographic images to computer bulletin boards and the Internet, GIF files are almost never used for professional printing.

Gilding In book printing, the application of gold leaf to the edges of a book.

Gloss Consider the light reflecting on various objects in the printing industry (e.g. ink, laminates, paper, UV coating and varnish).

Gloss Finish A highly reflective smooth finish projecting a shiny appearance.

Gold Blocking Stamping a design onto a book cover using gold leaf and a heated die or block.

Golden Ratio Proportion of height to width thought to produce the most pleasing result 1:1618. Gondola A section of shelving in a retail store. Usually with shelving running on both sides.] 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 41

Gondola End Product display designed for the end of a gondola. Usually considered a prime, large-display situation.

Gondola Topper POS signage designed to rise above a gondola end display.

Gothic Typefaces with no serifs and broad even strokes.

Gradated Screen tint that changes densities gradually and smoothly, not in distinct Screen Tint steps. Also Known As: degrade, gradient, ramped screen, and vignette.

Grade General term used to distinguish between printing papers, but whose specific meaning depends on context. Grade can refer to the category, class, rating, finish or brand of paper.

Gradient Fill Background fill created with illustration and presentation programs characterised by a smooth gradation from one colour to another, or from one colour to white or black. The transition can be in any direction. Also Known As: vignette.

Graduated Screen A smooth transition between black and white, one colour and another, or colour and the lack of it.

Grain In papermaking, the direction in which most of the fibres run. Tear any piece of paper and it will have one direction where it tears in a straight line (the grain direction) and one where the tear is more ragged (across the grain). Wetting a strip of paper will cause it to curl in the opposite direction to the grain.

Grain Direction Predominant direction in which fibres in paper become aligned during manufacturing.

Grained Paper A paper embossed to resemble various textures, such as leather, wood, etc.

Grams per Square GSM is the term used for the method of measuring paper and board Metre (GSM) weight. Also Known As: grammage.

Graphic Computer data in the form of a picture or an image.

Graphic Design Arrangement of type and visual elements along with specifications for paper, ink colours, and printing processes that, when combined, convey a visual message. Also see design.

Gravure A not very common printing process where the image area is etched below the surface of the plate (an intaglio process). Gravure is most often used for either very high quality or long run printing. The web version is sometimes referred to as rotogravure.

Greeking Gibberish or grey areas to simulate lines of text.

Grey Balance Printed cyan, magenta, and yellow halftone dots that accurately reproduce a neutral grey image.

Greyscale Strip of grey values ranging from white to black. Used by process camera and scanner operators to calibrate exposure times for film and plates. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 42

Grid A systematic division of a page into areas to enable designers to ensure consistency. The grid acts as a measuring guide and shows text, illustrations, and trim sizes.

Grind-off The area which runs along the spine of each section (signature) of a perfect bound book which is removed, after being gathered, to allow the glue to penetrate every leaf. The UK standard grind-off dimension is 3mm.

Gripper On printing presses these are fingers that keep the sheet in place and carry it during the impression.

Gripper Edge Edge of a sheet held by grippers on a sheetfed press, thus going first through the press. Nothing can be printed on this area. Also Known As: feeding edge and leading edge.

Gripper Margin The precise clearance allowed on the paper's edge to avoid damaging the printed image.

Groundwood Low cost papers such as newsprint made by mechanical pulping.

GSM See grams per square metre.

Guard A narrow strip of paper or linen pasted to a single leaf to allow sewing into a section for binding.

Guillotine A machine used to accurately cut or trim a large number of sheets of paper.

Gum Arabic Used to desensitise non-printing areas and to sensitise etching areas on a printing plate.

Gutter The central blank area between left and right pages.

Gutter Margin The blank space, or inner margin from the printing area to the binding. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 43

H

Hairline Register Printing registration that lies within the range of plus or minus one half row of dots. It is the thinnest of printers’ rules.

Hairline Rule The thinnest rule that can be printed. Hairline rules do not print well. Half- point rules are strongly recommended.

Hairlines The thinnest of the strokes in a typeface.

Halftone An illustration reproduced by breaking down the original tone into a pattern of dots of varying size. Light areas have small dots and darker areas or shadows have larger dots. Simulating a continuous tone photograph using dots.

Halftone Process Technique used in printing to reproduce the full range of tones in a photograph or other illustration.

Halo Effect Faint shadow sometimes surrounding halftone printed dots. The halo itself is also called a fringe.

Hanging Indent Where the first line of a paragraph is set full out to the column and the remaining lines are indented by 1 em.

Hanging Sign In retail a sign that usually hangs from the ceiling, rafter, printed on both sides.

Hardback A case bound book with a separate stiff board cover.

Hard Copy Printed copy of information from a computer. A hard copy is so-called because it exists as a physical object. Also Known As: printout.

Hard Dot A very clean, fringeless, sharp dot.

Hardwood Pulp Pulp made from deciduous trees (trees that drop their leaves, such as maple and oak). Hardwood pulp has short fibres, which give paper bulk, body, and smoothness. Papers are often made from a blend of hardwood and softwood pulps, combining the qualities of both into a single paper.

Head The larger bold text at the top of a page.

Header (1) At the top of a page, the margin. (2) POS signage projecting above a retail display.

Head-to-Head Imposition with the heads of each page facing the heads of another.

Head-to-tail Imposition with heads (tops) of pages facing tails (bottoms) of other pages.

Heat Resistance Ability of substrate to resist the effects of high temperature exposure.

Heat Seal To bond or weld material together by the use of heat. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 44

Heatset Web Reelfed press equipped with a drying tunnel which dries the ink before the printed web of paper is either folded, sheeted or re-reeled.

Helvetica The Helvetica sans-serif font was created by the Haas’sche Schriftgießerei Switzerland in 1957. Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, the typeface's name was changed by Haas' German parent company Stempel in 1960 to Helvetica, (derived from Helvetia, the Latin name for Switzerland) in order to make it more marketable internationally. Documentary film director Gary Hustwit has produced a documentary on Helvetica, called simply Helvetica, with a release date of 2007 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the typeface's introduction. Helvetica is widely used in signs, television news identities, and in the logos of companies like 3M, AGFA, BASF, American Airlines, BMW, Hoover, Lufthansa, Fendi, Knoll, Intel, Motorola, Muji, Nestle, Panasonic, Parmalat, Samsung, Staples, Target, Texaco etc. Helvetica is also one of the default typefaces for the Mac OS system. The typeface Nimbus Sans (one of the default typefaces for GNU/Linux) is based on Helvetica, as is Bitstream’s Swiss 721 (imageData Group corporate font family), which even bases its name on the same theme. Helvetica has also replaced Akzidenz Grotesk as the font used for the signs of the New York City Subway system.

Hemp A plant fibre used to make paper. Desirable because it grows quickly and its fibres are strong (they are also used to make rope).

Hexachrome The Hexachrome printing process uses a colour model based on six primary colours as opposed to the traditional four colour process. As well as cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, Hexachrome also adds orange and green into the range. To utilise the six colours, images must be scanned and imported using software that can understand the file formats, which most up to date DTP graphics software can. Orange and green are the hardest colours to reproduce in vibrant shades using the traditional CMYK four colour process and so Hexachrome is used when an extremely high print quality colour reproduction is required. The downside is that it is generally far more expensive at both the prepress and print production stages.

Hickies A dust particle sticking to the printing plate or blanket which appears on the printed sheet as a dark spot surrounded by a halo.

High Bulk Paper Paper stock that is comparatively thick in relation to its basis weight.

High Contrast Large difference of dark to light areas in a photographic reproduction.

Highlight The lightest area in a photograph or illustration, as compared to midtones and shadows.

HLS Abbreviation for hue, lightness, saturation in graphic software.

Hologram Laser-created, three-dimensional recording of a 3D or 2D image reproduced by hot foil stamping or embossing onto reflective-backed material.

Holographic A range of three-dimensional eye catching images available in clear and Laminating metallised films which can be used for any number of decorative purposes from greeting cards to book covers. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 45

Hopper A name for the box on a finishing machine where sections are loaded to then be stitched.

Hot Spot Printing defect caused when a piece of dirt or an air bubble causes incomplete draw-down during contact platemaking, leaving an area of weak ink coverage or visible dot gain.

House Style Copy editing rules for spelling, punctuation, etc., used in a publishing house or publication.

HSB (Hue, Hue is the pigment, saturation is the amount of pigment, and brightness Saturation, is the amount of white included. With the HSB model, all colours can be Brightness) defined by expressing their levels of hue, saturation, and brightness in percentages.

HTML (HyperText A method of tagging text in order for it to be presented on the internet. Mark-up Language)

Hue The wavelength of light that represents a colour. Hue is the most differentiating attribute of a colour.

Hyphenation Breaking of words into syllables separated by hyphens. Impedes readability but is usually necessary to maintain even right margins and text colour in fully justified type. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 46

I

ICC Profile A file that contains the mathematical colour characteristics of a device (International (e.g. scanner, printer, monitor, etc,) in a colour workflow. ICC profiles are Colour Consortium) used in conjunction with some colour management systems.

iD-alliance Division of imageData Group developed to service the marketing services and trade printing sectors.

Ident The identifying mark on a sign, i.e. the brand name.

Illustrator (1) An individual who draws or paints images for use in commercial art. Many new tools enable a variety of expressions with traditional media or new computer enhanced illustration techniques. (2) Adobe Illustrator is a drawing package that enables users to create sophisticated artwork, technical illustrations, graphics, and page designs for print, multimedia, and the Web. Illustrator offers a full range of drawing and painting tools, as well as typographic control.

Image Area Portion of paper on which ink can appear.

Imagesetter A device used to output a computer image or composition at high resolution onto photographic paper or film.

Impose The layout of pages on the printed sheet so that they are in the correct order when the sheet is folded up and trimmed. Imagine a 16 page A5 leaflet printed on a single SRA2 sheet. The sheet is folded in half three times before trimming and stitching. If you look at the printed, unfolded sheet you will see that, for example, page 2 is adjacent to page 15 and half the pages are upside down! There are many different imposition layouts - some of them very complex. For example, once the 16 pages have been 'imposed', page 1 and page 2 are both printed back-to-back, and pages 1 and 16 are printed side by side. NOTE: when a series of pages are 'imposed', the left-hand pages should ALWAYS be even numbers and the right-hand pages should ALWAYS be odd numbers. This is traditional etiquette and creates a professional look to the printed job. Also Known As: imposition.

Impression (1) Referring to an ink colour, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through a printing unit. (2) Referring to speed of a press, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through the press.

Impression Cylinder, on a press, that pushes paper against the plate or blanket, thus Cylinder forming the image.

Imprint (1) Required by law if the book is to be published. Shows printer's name, location, and date of publication. (2) To print new copy on a previously printed sheet, such as imprinting an employee's name on business cards. Also Known As: surprint and overprint. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 47

INCA Columbia imageData Group operate 2 INCA Columbia large format, 4 colour digital Turbo Large flatbed presses. Capable of printing on practically any substrate up to Format Digital 40mm thick, right to the edge of the sheet/material with precise register Press accuracy. Instant drying UV curing inks to speed delivery and high durability for interior or exterior use. Resolution 800 x 1200dpi. Maximum sheet size 3200mm x 1600mm, maximum material thickness 40mm, maximum output 160m2 per hour.

InDesign The next generation desktop publishing program from Adobe.

Indigo Digital Brand of short-run printer, uses direct-from-digital media, bypassing the Press (HP) need for plate production. imageData Group operate three HP Indigo 3050 digital presses, for image quality that rivals offset, combined with high-volume printing capacity. The Indigo’s can print up to seven-colour, with high definition images and outstanding substrate selection. Throughput is geared to ensure fast time-to-market, reaching 4,000 four- color A4 single sided images-per-hour (two-up) or 16,000 single-colour A4 images-per-hour (two-up).

Injection A moulding technique wherein molten material is inserted into a mould Moulding cavity and formed by "injecting" a positive mould part into that cavity.

Ink Colour, other than the colour of the paper, is produced by ink. Colour printing falls into two broad categories: spot colour, using pre-mixed inks, e.g. Pantone and process colour, (four colour process) Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. Inks are made up of three basic ingredients: Pigment, (the colour), Vehicle (carries the pigment), and the Drying Agent (speaks for itself). Ink qualities depend on what process the ink is intended for. Lithographic inks are thick bodied (body referring to viscosity, or stiffness). Such inks become more fluid and softer after they warm up. Generally the faster the press, the greater the viscosity required. Inks also need the quality of tack, or stickiness. This plays a role in picking (where the particles of the paper surface are pulled off and collect on the plate and/or blanket leaving white dots in printed areas) trapping, and sharpness of print. In multicolour printing the tack must vary between inks, with first down having the highest level of stickiness. The stranding caused by two sticky materials is referred to as length, with long inks being used on newsprint. If an ink is too short it will build up on the press. Drying is from a combination of some or all of the following: absorption into the paper, oxidation, evaporation, heat, and UV curing. The final appearance of the printed item depends on correct drying.

Ink Absorption Capacity to accept or absorb ink.

Ink Fountain The reservoir on a printing press that holds the ink.

Ink Holdout Resistance to the penetration of ink. Coated papers tend to have good ink holdout. The ink pigments sit on the surface of the coating and are not absorbed into the spaces between the paper fibres. This minimises dot spread and results in a sharp image. Uncoated papers tend to absorb ink into the sheet, but printers can compensate for this and still produce a very bright, sharp image on uncoated paper.

Inking Roller A printing machine roller that carries ink from the fountain to the plate. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 48

Inkjet Printing A printing process where the printer places extremely small droplets of ink onto paper to create an image.

In-line Display POS display that is erected within the line of shelving in a store. Often shelves are removed and actually replaced by the display fixture.

Inline Finishing When a publication goes from a web press to a binding line and is finished in a single operation.

Inline Graphic A graphic that is locked to text so that it moves as preceding text is edited or deleted. Useful for captions, as they will not become separated from the picture.

Insert A piece of printed material that is inserted into another piece of printed material, such as a magazine or catalogue.

Insert Cards Printed graphics designed for insertion into a permanent frames.

Intaglio Printing method in which the image in the plate is etched or recessed. The ink is applied to the plate, wiped clean, and then the ink remaining in the recesses transfers to the substrate.

Interleaving Introducing alternate sheets of blank paper between the printed sheets as they come off the press to prevent set off.

Interrobang Punctuation mark comprised of a question and exclamation superimposed.

ISBN (International A reference number given to every published work. Usually found on the Standard Book Number) back of the title page.

ISDN (Integrated Internet connection at higher speeds than normal phone lines. Services Digital Network)

Island Display A display of merchandise which stands alone in a store and can be shopped from 360°.

ISO Paper Sizes International Standards Organisation European paper size standard. See ‘A’, ‘B’, and ‘C’ series.

ISO 14001:2004 An International Standard on Environmental Management.

ISO 9001:2000 An International Standard on Quality Assurance Management. All imageData Group sites are accredited to this standard.

Italic Type with sloping letters.

Ivory Board A smooth, high white board often used for business cards, invitations, and other quality printed material. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 49

J Jacket The cover in which a hardback book is sold.

Jaggies An image that has been scanned at too low a pixel resolution will appear pixelated. If the graphic is output at too low a printed resolution, it will also appear jagged or aliased. Jaggies can also occur to linked images which have been output to a high resolution printer, or an imagesetter, but where the original linked image file is missing. Also Known As: bitmapped.

Jaw Folder Mechanism on a web press that folds paper into signatures.

JDF (Job An industry standard designed to simplify information exchange between Definition Format) different applications and systems in and around the graphic arts industry. JDF builds on and extends beyond pre-existing partial solutions, such as CIP3's Print Production Format (PPF) and Adobe Systems' Portable Job Ticket Format (PJTF). It enables the integration of commercial and planning applications into the technical workflow. JDF is a comprehensive XML based file format and the proposed industry standard for end-to-end job ticket specifications combined with a message description standard and message interchange protocol. It ensures maximum possible portability between different platforms and ready interaction with Internet based systems.

Job Docket A docket to keep track of jobs by printers. Also Known As: job tickets, job bag and works order.

Job Number A number assigned to a specific printing project in a printing company for use in tracking and historical record keeping.

Jog To vibrate a stack of finished pages so that they are tightly aligned for final trimming or binding.

Jogger A machine with a high vibration rate that is used in the finishing process to even up large stacks of printed sheets.

JPG A JPG is a type of compressed, digital file. This file 'format' was developed by a group of photographic experts who wanted a file format which would allow photographs to be rendered with a good colour and tonal range, yet provide a relatively small file size. By their very nature, JPGs have already had some quality removed and therefore not all JPGs are suitable for high quality colour printing. Also Known As: jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group).

Justify The alignment of text along a margin or both margins. This is achieved by adjusting the spacing between the words and characters, as necessary, so that each line of text finishes at the same point. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 50

K

K (1) Kilobyte 1024 bytes, a binary 1,000. (2) Short for the black in CMYK.

Keep Standing To hold type or plates ready for reprints.

Kerning The adjustment of spacing between certain letter pairs, A and V for example, to obtain a more pleasing appearance.

Keyline An outline drawn or set on artwork showing the size and position of an illustration or halftone.

Key Plate The printing plate used as the guide for other plates, usually containing the most detail. Also Known As: key forme.

Kiss-cut Light cut into the peelable surface of a self-adhesive sheet, leaving the backing sheet intact.

Kitting The collating and packing of numerous components into one lot, i.e. store specific kits. Also Known As: Pick ‘n’ Pack.

Knife Fold A fold created by a blunt straight edge plunging down into the middle of a flat sheet.

Knife Lock A small slot die-cut into a paperboard display to accept a tab that, when forced through the slot, will lock securely. Also see lock in tabs.

Knocking Up The adjustment on one or two edges of a pile of sheets so that they can be cut squarely.

Knockout A shape or object printed by eliminating (knocking out) all background colours. Contrast to overprinting.

Komori imageData Group operates Komori Lithographic printing presses. The Group’s headquarters are home to 6 Komori presses including the Lithrone S40SP multi-colour super perfecting press.

KPIs (Key A set of measures that enables a business to benchmark its performance Performance Indicators) against others or against a set of internally defined targets.

Kraft Paper A tough brown paper used for packing. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 51

L

L*a*b An internationally recognised measure of colour. It incorporates Brightness, Saturation and Hue. L stands for brightness, a and b are combined elements of saturation and hue, representing the Red/Green and Yellow/Blue elements of the colour respectively. There are several versions of L*a*b, the current internationally recognised one is CIEL*a*b (CIE stands for Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). imageData Group's lithographic process prints to an accuracy of 2.5 delta E, the limit of what the human eye can recognise.

Lacquer A non-pigmented, gloss varnish applied to printed material for strength, appearance, and protection.

Laid Paper with a watermark pattern showing the wire marks used in the paper making process. Usually used for high quality stationery.

Laminate A transparent coating applied to printed sheets to give either a shiny (gloss) or neutral (matt) finish. Usually used on the outer covers of brochures or heavy, single sheet, printed materials. Helps protect the document from moisture and heavy usage, as well as being aesthetically pleasing.

Lamination A plastic film bonded by heat, adhesive and/or pressure to a printed Sheet sheet for protection or appearance. Two or more materials bonded together functioning as one.

Landscape The orientation of the page so that the long edge is along the bottom. The opposite of portrait. Also Known As: horizontal.

Large Format A term used to describe printed products larger than 420 x 594mm, 16.5 x 23.5" (A2 size). Uses of Large format items include: graphics for advertising, poster displays, exhibition panels and exhibition systems, promotional point of sale and signage.

Laser Bond Bond paper made especially smooth and dry to run well through laser printers.

Laser Compatible Paper that performs on a laser printer or copier. Laser compatible paper has good dimensional stability that keeps it from curling, changing shape, and causing paper jams in printers and copiers.

Laser Printer A high quality image printing system using a laser beam to produce an image on a photosensitive drum. The image is transferred on to paper by a conventional xerographic printing process.

Last Colour Down Last colour to be printed on the press.

Lateral Reversal A positive or negative image transposed from left to right as in a mirror reflection of the original.

Laydown The imposition supplied by a printer with all the information for outputting films, with such information as grips and margins. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 52

Laydown Order in which colours are printed. Sequence

Lay Edges The edges of a sheet which are placed flush with the side and marks on a printing press to ensure that the sheet will be held properly by the grippers and have uniform margins when printed.

Layout A sketch of the final composed pages of a publication showing the relative positions of headlines, body, and pictures.

Lead or Leading Space added between lines of type to space out text and provide visual separation of the lines. Measured in points or fractions thereof. Named after the strips of lead which used to be inserted between lines of metal type.

Leaders Row of typographic dots or dashes.

Lead Time Time required from receipt of customer purchase order to produce and deliver a product.

Leaf One sheet of paper in a publication. Each side of a leaf is one page. e.g. 1pp, 2pp, etc.

Leaks A fault within the screen-printing process which leads to ink spots appearing in the non-imaged area and also ink leaks around the actual image. Can be caused by marks being present on the stencil in the non- imaged area. Also Known As: bleeds.

Legend (1) The descriptive matter printed below an illustration, mostly referred to as a cutline or caption. (2) An explanation of signs or symbols used in timetables or maps.

Lenticular A 3-dimensional, or motion, effect created on a "flat" surface, achieved by Printing superimposing a grooved plastic sheet over printed matter, causing different portions to be seen from various angles.

Letter Fold Two folds creating three panels which allow a sheet of A4 paper to fit into a standard business DL envelope

Letterpress A relief printing process in which a raised image is inked to produce an impression. The impression is then transferred by placing paper against image and applying pressure.

Letterset A printing process combining offset printing with a letterpress relief printing plate.

Letterspacing The addition of space between the letters of words to increase the line- length to a required width or to improve the appearance of a line.

Library Picture A picture taken from an existing library and not specially commissioned. Also Known As: stock image and stock photo.

Ligature Letters which are joined together as a single unit of type such as oe and æ. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 53

Light Box A specially designed box with the facilities to change light tubes used to show how a printed item will look under different lighting. imageData Group has both on and off press light boxes with facilities for different light tubes.

Lightface Type having finer strokes than the medium typeface. Not used as frequently as medium.

Lightfastness The rate at which dyes, pigments, and paints change colour or get lighter as a result of being exposed to UV or daylight, heat, acids or alkalis. The expected or estimated life of a print can be measured by tests such as the Blue Wool scale (UK) and the Wilhelm laboratory reports (USA). However lightfastness can be affected by the combination of ink and paper used, and therefore all the inks may not fade at the same rate.

Light Table A special table with a light underneath used in reprographics for paste- ups. Also Known As: line-up table.

Light-weight LWC printing paper combines low-freeness mechanical pulp with long Coated Paper fibre cellulose fibres to achieve superior strength. Excellent printability is (LWC) then added by coating both sides of the paper to give it a high degree of smoothness and gloss. LWC is intended for printing applications in which high information capacity is needed. Its main uses are for catalogues and magazines with a high advertising content. The higher the basis weight, the higher the brightness level. LWC comes in different versions suiting heatset web offset printing. A matt-surfaced version is very popular for offset printing of textbooks. A hybrid grade is available in the 60-75gsm range commonly called LWC Hi-Brite. These offer a higher brightness level than conventional LWC, whilst retaining opacity which MWC (Medium Weight Coated Paper) cannot match. Basic weight range 45 – 80gsm, the most popular being 47 and 70gsm. Also Known As: Blade Coated Mechanical.

Limp Cover A flexible book cover, as distinct from a cased-in board cover.

Line Art Any graphic image that is not a halftone image. Line art may be composed of one or more colours.

Line Break Command that allows you to break headlines at logical pauses without adding paragraph spacing. Line breaks also help you to avoid an extremely long line followed by a very short line.

Line Copy Copy suitable for reproduction without using a halftone screen.

Linen Tester A magnifying glass designed for checking the dot image of a halftone. Also see loupe.

Lines Per Inch A measure of the frequency of a halftone screen (usually ranging from 55- (LPI) 200). 150 lpi is the standard printing resolution. Fewer lines per inch are often used for printing on newsprint or low quality paper.

Linting Printing problem caused when fibres from uncoated paper are pulled onto the blankets, plates or rollers. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 54

Literature Holder A display stand that holds product or service brochures, used primarily in the retail market place at the point-of-purchase.

Lithocoated Paper coated with a special water-resistant material so that it can Paper withstand the lithographic process.

Lithography By far the most common type of commercial printing. The basic principle on which it works is that oil and water do not mix. A litho printing plate has non-image areas which absorb water. During printing the plate is kept wet so that the ink, which is inherently greasy, is rejected by the wet areas and adheres to the image areas. Artwork is produced digitally with graphic design software. Printing plates are produced by a photochemical process. The plate surface has non- image areas which absorb moisture and repel ink. The flexible plates, which can be made of a variety of materials, are attached to the plate cylinder. The plate is kept moist throughout so that ink only adheres to image areas. During every cycle of the press the ink image is first transferred to a rubber surfaced blanket cylinder and from there to the paper. This indirect method is the 'offset' after which the process is named. The blanket cylinder's flexibility both preserves the delicate plate and conforms to the surface of textured papers. After printing the sheets are taken for finishing.

Loading Clay or mineral fillers used in paper finishing to produce an opaque smooth sheet.

Lock In Tabs Used in cardboard display engineering primarily on POS, tabs that secure display sections or pieces in the intended position without tape or staples.

Logo (1) Short for logotype. A word or combination of letters set as a single unit. (2) The identifying symbol or trademark of an organisation designed as part of a corporate image.

Long Grain Press A press where the longest side of the standard folded product runs parallel to the grain of the paper.

Loose Insert Any item inserted into a printed product without being affixed in any way. Can be either placed (in a specific position in the product) or random (anywhere in the product). Can be carried out by hand or mechanically.

Loose Leaf A method of binding which allows the insertion and removal of pages for continuous updating.

Lossless A method of compressing graphic image data that does not degrade image quality.

Lossy A method of compressing graphic image data by eliminating some redundant information. Results in loss of image quality.

Loupe Lens built into a small stand. Used to inspect copy, film, proofs, plates, and printing. Also Known As: glass and linen tester.

Lower Case The small letters in a font of type. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 55

LPI See lines-per-inch.

Luminescent These are dull colours during the presence of light, but once in the dark Inks (i.e. no light what so ever) they emit light and hence appear bright. There is only a limited colour range available; the most common colours are yellow & green. Also Known As: night glow.

Luminosity A value corresponding to the brightness of colour. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 56

M

M (Megabyte) One million bytes.

Machine Finished Featuring very high bulk, is ideal for printed products in which good Coated Paper (MFC) rigidity is desired. Its matt surface and high brightness factor make for very readable printed text. The relative smoothness of this paper and its low ink absorption facilitate a glossy image. This is an important advantage in colour printing, because it ensures excellent intensity and gloss contrasts, especially in pictures. Speciality magazines and advertising products are among the main uses for MFC. Heatset is the most suitable printing method with this grade. Basic weight range 51 – 80gsm.

Machine Finished An uncoated mechanical paper. Its main characteristic is high bulk Paper (MF) combined with a low weight. Most MF papers are 'tailormade' grades, which are characteristically light and have surfaces meeting particular requirements. Their information capacity (i.e. ability to show fine printed detail) is limited due to the ink-absorption of this grade. The almost entirely mechanical fibre content means the MF will discolour when subjected to sunlight. MF is intended for use in web-offset presses which do not have external ink-drying (coldset) equipment. Basic weight range 45-80gsm, the most popular being 55 and 60gsm. Also Known As: improved newsprint.

Machine Paper with a high gloss finish on one side only. Glazed (MG)

Machine Proof A proof of the job from the printing press. Also Known As: wet proof and press proof.

Macromedia A major publisher of DTP software with such programs as Freehand and Dreamweaver.

Magenta The name of the shade of red from the standard four colour printing inks, CMYK.

Magnetic Ink A magnetized ink that can be read both by humans and by electronic machines. Used in cheque printing.

Make Ready (1) All activities required to prepare a press or other machine to function for a specific printing or bindery job, as compared to production run. Also Known As: setup. (2) Paper used in the make ready process at any stage in production. Make ready paper is part of waste or spoilage.

Make Up The assembly of text, headings, and illustrative material into pages with headlines, folios, columns, etc. (traditionally a manual operation). 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 57

Management imageData Group utilises industry leading TharsternSQL™ Print MIS, Information which provides an integrated solution for managing the print process from System (MIS) sales generation to estimating right through to production, despatching, and invoicing. TharsternSQL™ enables imageData Group to accurately measure all response times and deliveries and enables us to produce actual versus expected data analysis. All production and commercial activities are controlled via a centralised database. Using TharsternSQL™ in conjunction with Crystal Reports, a whole suite of standard reports are available and bespoke reports can be readily developed, to cover all aspects of the account activity including: • orders placed • orders in progress • delivery on time, to specification, correct quantity etc. • quotation turnaround • delivery note accuracy • invoice accuracy • response to complaints

Manilla A tough brown paper used to produce stationery and wrapping paper.

Marbling Paper with strongly stained fibres to give the paper a marble effect.

Margins The non printing areas of a page.

Mark Up Copy prepared with typesetting instructions.

Mask Traditionally, opaque material or masking tape used to block-off an area of the artwork; the inactive area of a bitmapped image which will not respond to changes. Now it is done electronically.

Masthead A panel that communicates the essential details of a publication such as the people responsible for its production, copyright information, publication schedule, etc.

Material Splice An area where tape has been used to attach two rolls of material together to form one continuous web.

Matt Art A coated printing paper with a dull surface.

Mechanical A term for a camera-ready paste-up of artwork.

Mechanical A method of binding which secures pre-trimmed leaves by the insertion of Binding wire or plastic spirals through holes drilled in the binding edge.

Mechanical Any paper containing mechanical wood pulp. Also Known As: part Paper mechanical.

Medium-Weight Paper with a medium-thickness coat. Its double coat gives this paper a Coated Paper consistent surface texture and excellent smoothness, ensuring (MWC) high gloss colour printing. This good surface ensures low dot-gain in offset printing and explains why MWC is so popular for demanding full- colour applications. MWC boasts the highest information capacity of all the mechanical-pulp-based grades. It is most suitable for perfect bound speciality magazines and advertising articles in which quality demands are exceptionally high. Basic weight range 80 – 115gsm. Also Known As: double coated mechanical. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 58

Merchant A distributor of papers, often representing several different paper mills or manufacturers. Also Known As: paper merchant.

Mercury Vapor Screen exposing lamp that is made of mercury enclosed in a quartz tube. Lamp

Mesh Fabric used to make screen for screen printing.

Mesh Count A numbering system to denote the number of threads per inch of mesh.

Metal-halide Screen exposing lamp that is made of mercury and metal halide additives Lamp in a quartz tube.

Metallic Ink Printing inks which produce an effect, e.g. gold, silver, bronze or metallic colours.

Metamerism The tendency of colour to change with the light source in which it's viewed. For example, two reds may appear to match under fluorescent light, but clash badly in the light of the sun.

Microflute Board A board type that offers an alternative to solid board. The small pitch and density of flutes creates a superior surface for printing.

Micrometer Instrument used to measure the thickness of paper.

Micron A unit of measure. One millionth of a meter or about .00004" (25 microns = 0.001").

Midtones In a photograph or illustration, tones created by dots between 30 percent and 70 percent of coverage, as compared to highlights and shadows.

Mill Making Order for paper that a paper mill makes to the customer's specifications. Also Known As: making order.

Mineral Spirits Aliphatic solvent, commonly used to clean plastisol ink from screens. Also Known As: paint thinner.

Mini Sample Small to scale model of a 3d retail display. Can also be but not required to be mocked up.

MIS See management information system.

Mirri Board A smooth glossy highly reflective material ideal as a base for creative applications in packaging and point of sale. Available in silver, gold, blue, copper, green, graphite, pink, purple, and red. Mirri board has an untreated polyester surface which be overprinted suing fully oxidising or UV curing inks. Can also be matt laminated to produce Mirri Silk, resulting in a silky metallised paper or board more resistant to finger printing than straight Mirri board.

Misting Phenomenon of droplets of ink being thrown off the roller train.

Mock-up The rough visual of a publication or design. Also Known As: dummy.

Modern Refers to type styles introduced towards the end of the 19th century. Times Roman is a good example of modern type. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 59

Moiré A printing fault where halftones appear as patterns of dots. Also Known As: cross-screening.

Moisture Content The amount of moisture in paper. It is expressed as a percentage of its weight. Typically, a moisture content of around 7-8% is recommended for printing paper.

Mono Single colour printing (black).

Monochrome An image made up of varying tones in one colour. Also see duotone.

Montage A single image formed from the assembly of several images.

Mottle The appearance of irregular spots or blotches from uneven ink absorption in a printed area that should be even in colour.

Mounting Board A heavy board used for mounting artwork.

Mounting Press Machine that dry mounts photographs and artwork without liquid adhesives.

Multi-Service Any company that provides ideas and products from conception of an idea through manufacturing to in-store display set-up for client's in need of POS advertising. Services include assembly, concept development, design, engineering, fabrication, warehouse/distribution, marketing, model making, printing/decoration promotion planning and research.

M Weight The actual weight of 1000 sheets of any given size of paper. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 60

N

Natural A term to describe papers that have a colour similar to that of wood. Also Known As: cream, off-white, and ivory.

NCR Common name for carbonless paper. (No Carbon Required)

NE Flute A superior double wall combination that maximises the graphical benefits Corrugated that can be obtained from claycoat liners. NE flute provides the optimum Board print surface for both screen printing and post print flexo applications, by having the outer liner fully supported by the N flute profile - this results in the complete elimination of flute shadow. It prevents unwanted density and tone changes during printing. This not only speeds up the printing process, through more control and less waste, but also produces a superb reproduction of your graphics. NE flute is an outstanding versatile design product. It is thin in caliper, light in weight, yet exceptionally strong. It is easily formed and enables tighter constructional tolerances thus permitting the creation of more elegant display packaging.

Negative Film that has been exposed and processed to fix a reverse tone or image.

Neutral Greys without a colour hue.

Newsprint Low quality, absorbent paper used for printing newspapers.

Newton Ring Flaw caused by dust that produce rainbow rings.

N Flute A fine flute that has been specifically engineered to allow for direct litho Corrugated printing. It is light in weight, offers exceptional protection and has a Board superior surface for printing thus making it ideal for decorative packaging applications.

Nipping In the book binding process, a stage where air is expelled from its contents at the sewing stage.

Non Impact Refers to laser printing, inkjet printers, and photocopying devices. Printing

Novelty Printing Printing on products such as coasters, bags, pens, balloons, golf balls etc. Also Known As: advertising specialities and premiums.

Numbering Printing a unique number on a job (e.g. tickets). 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 61

O

Object-oriented A type of drawing that defines an image mathematically rather than as pixels in a bitmap (vector-based as opposed to rasterised).

Oblique A slanted character, the sans serif equivalent to italics.

Offline Finishing Any finishing process which occurs separate from the printing process.

Offprint A run on or reprint of an article first published in a magazine or journal.

Offset Powder A material used to facilitate the subsequent drying of inks. Inks applied onto the surface of a substrate undergo drying. Before stacking printed sheets, a printer “dusts” the inked surface with an offset powder, which prevents the front or printed side of a substrate from intimately contacting the back or unprinted side of a substrate. Although offset powders are very beneficial, they sometimes can contribute detrimental characteristics. For example, a printed substrate that will undergo lamination. The application may a substrate on which a gloss finish and an optically perfect appearance are necessary. The dusting of offset powder acts like a sprinkling of dirt or other contaminant: It will produce surface imperfections in the laminate and seriously detract from the final appearance. Also Known As: offset spray.

Offset Printing The most commonly used printing method, where the printed material does not receive ink directly from a printing plate. It receives ink from an intermediary blanket that receives the ink direct from the plate and then transfers it to the paper. Lithography is an offset printing method.

OHSAS 18001: A guidance document produced by the British Standards Institute on 1999 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.

Old Style A 16th Century style of type characterised by stressed strokes and triangular serifs. An example of an old style face is Garamond.

On Demand Usually refers to printing output only when it is needed, instead of having it stored on the shelf.

On Time In Full When referring to deliveries, this is an order that has been received by the (OTIF) customer, complete and on time.

OKTP Abbreviation for OK to print, indicating that the job is ready to go to press.

One-to-One An approach that concentrates on providing services or products to one Marketing customer at a time by identifying and then meeting their individual needs. It then aims to repeat this many times with each customer, such that powerful lifelong relationships are forged. Whilst at first the concept appears to be only suitable for a niche market of rich clients, modern information technology, particularly the new interactive mediums, provide an opportunity to bring personalised and customised products to the mass market yet at a mass produced price. Also see DirecType. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 62

Onion Skin A translucent lightweight paper used for air mail stationery.

Opacity The amount of show-through on a printed sheet. The more opacity or the thicker the paper the less show-through. (The thicker/heavier the paper the higher the cost).

Opaque Ink which does not allow the substrate beneath to show through.

OPI (Open A process in which low resolution files are replaced automatically by high Prepress Interface) resolution files at the prepress stage.

Optical Character Electronic scanning device that can read characters, either typed with a Reader (OCR) special OCR font, or computer created, and convert these characters to magnetic form.

Optical Disc A direct access storage device written and read by laser light. CDs, DVDs, and laser discs are optical discs

Optical The optical graphics resolution is the real maximum resolution that an Resolution input device, such as a scanner or digital camera, can render a bitmap image. As opposed to the interpolated resolution, which is where the input device's software will enlarge the image resolution by artificially adding pixel data.

Optical Storage Storing or archiving data on optical discs such as CD or DVD.

Originals The basic elements of the artwork. Includes photographs on print or transparency, illustrations, line artwork, etc.

Orphan Line of type on its own at the top or bottom of a page.

OTS (Opportunities The advertisements in a campaign - the number of times the target To See) audience is potentially exposed to the advertisement. Use of the word 'opportunities' allows that not everyone who reads or looks at an issue containing an advertisement sees the ad.

Outdoor General term referring to out-of-home media, usually billboards, but including transit, skywriting, etc.

Outer Form Form (side of a press sheet) containing images for the first and last pages of the folded signature (its outside pages), as compared to inner form.

Outline A typeface in which the characters are formed with only the outline defined rather than from solid strokes.

Outline Halftone Removing the background of a picture or silhouetting an image in a picture.

Out-of-register When the colours of a printed image are misaligned.

Output Computer image transferred to colour proof, paper, film or temporary plate material by an imagesetter device.

Outsert A printed element which is usually stitched to the outside of a magazine cover. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 63

Outwork Work that is produced through a sub-contractor.

Overlay Proof Colour proof consisting of polyester sheets laid on top of each other with their image in register, as compared to integral proof. Each sheet represents the image to be printed in one colour. Also Known As: celluloid proof and layered proof.

Overprinting Any printing that is done on an area that has already been printed (pre- printed). For example, digitally printing personalised information on lithography pre-printed sheets such as car showroom address details.

Overs (1) Additional paper required to compensate for spoilage in printing. (2) Copies printed in excess of the specified quantity. (printing trade standard is to allow for + - 10 % to represent a completed order.)

Overspray Access ink or coating material. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 64

P Packing Material, usually paper, placed on the printing press to give an even pressure for printing.

Page One side of a leaf in a publication.

Page Count Total number of pages in a book including blanks.

PageMaker Widely used desktop publishing software from Adobe.

Page Makeup The assembly of all the elements that make up a page.

Page Printer The more general (and accurate) name used to describe non-impact printers that produce a complete page in one action. Examples include laser, LED, and LCD shutter xerographic printers, ion deposition, electro- erosion, and electro-photographic printers.

Page Proof Initial output to proofing printer. The best stage for identifying and correcting mistakes, typos, and other problems.

Pagination The numbering of individual pages in a multi-page document.

Painted Sheet Sheet printed with ink edge to edge. The painted sheet refers to the final product, not the press sheet, and means that 100 percent coverage results from bleeds off all four sides.

Palette (1) Limited number of colours available for a given image, typically 2 colour, 256 colour, or 24-bit. (2) A name often applied to floating toolbars in certain applications (e.g. Photoshop).

Pallet A platform with a slatted bottom, used to hold and ship cartons of paper and finished goods stacked on top of each other.

Panel POS or exhibition posters for indoor or outdoor use. The final graphic can be made up of any number of panels, which are usually numbered.

Pantone A registered name for an ink colour matching system, often abbreviated Matching System to PMS. The proprietary PMS colour matching system is the most popular method of specifying extra colours (not out of the CMYK four colour process) for print. Pantone colours are numbered and are made up out of a base set of colours. By specifying a specific Pantone colour, a designer knows that there is little chance of colour variance on the presses. Pantones are generally used as spot colours, such as logos, to ensure colour consistency for corporate identities. However, they can also be used in halftone graphics and for duotones. Pantones can be simulated using the colours from the CMYK spectrum, and Pantone publish a guide for doing so.

Paper A complex matted web of cellulose fibres. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 65

Paperboard Within the commercial papermaking industry, the term used to describe a thick sheet of paper. Because of this simple definition, there is some confusion as to what qualifies as paperboard. The term is not familiar to many English speakers, who use the broader non-technical term cardboard instead. Paperboard is not usually corrugated, but the common term cardboard generally does include corrugated-sandwich forms. So, a technical person would call thick paper "paperboard" and the corrugated-sandwich composite construction "corrugated", but an ordinary speaker would refer to them both as "cardboard". Thickness, bulk and caliper are significant aspects to paperboard manufacture, as the end product must be able to withstand the bending forces of packaging, load carrying, shipping etc., while still maintaining their shape. Consequently, these paperboard products are usually comprised of two or more plies to provide the required stiffness. Within the industry, paperboard is referred to by weight (pounds per 1000 square feet (MSF) or edge-crush pounds per lineal inch for stacking strength properties), pressure (pounds per square inch), by thickness (by thousandths of an inch, or 'points' - i.e. 0.009" thick paperboard is also known as 9-point) or by name (foodboard, corrugating medium, boxboard etc.).

Paper-ink Affinity The tendency for paper and ink to attract, and stay attracted to each other. This keeps the ink on the paper and off the reader's hands or the next sheet. An incompatibility between ink and paper can cause printing problems.

Papermaking Creating a web of fibre from plant cellulose (or, less commonly, from synthetic fibres). Papermakers today follow the same steps that its inventor, Ts'ai Lun, followed almost two thousand years ago: pulping vegetable matter and leaving the cellulose fibres behind; mixing the pulp with lots of water; draining it; forming paper on a sieve-like mould; pressing the paper to remove some of the water; and drying it to remove the rest of the water. Technology has speeded up the process and helped to improve the smoothness, brightness, and printability of the paper, but it hasn't changed the essence of papermaking.

Paper Stock Supply of paper according to specifications such as size, type, weight, opacity, etc.

Papyrus An aquatic plant found in northern Africa. Although papyrus is considered to be the first paper, it is not, in the strict definition of the word, paper (which is a matted web of individual fibres). Rather, peeling the plant, which is constructed like an onion, and placing one layer on top of another made early papyrus “paper”. The natural juices acted like glue, bonding the layers and leaving the cellular structure of the plant layers intact.

Parallel Fold A method of folding, i.e. two parallel folds will produce a six page sheet.

Part Mechanical A paper containing up to 50% mechanical pulp, with the remainder being made up of chemical pulp. Also see mechanical.

PAS 75 A British Standards Institute Kite Mark specification for the print industry. It amalgamates many of the requirements of ISO 9001, 14001, 27001 and OHSAS 18001. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 66

Pass for Press The final approved version of the job prior to going to press. Some form of proof will have been signed by the client indicating that the job is ready for production to commence.

Paste up The various elements of a layout mounted in position to form camera- ready artwork. Pre-digital era.

PDF See portable document format.

PE Proof reader mark meaning printer error, as opposed to an error by the customer.

Pearlescent Developed to offer a range of translucent pearlescent effects in 5 colours Acetate Film (silver, gold, red, blue, and green). The appearance is more suited for use over a dark background.

Pearling When ink incorrectly forms liquid droplets or pearls on the printed sheet. The pearling appearance is caused by the ink being too thin.

Penetration Change of appearance of the face material due to movement of one or more components from the adhesive or the substrate. Also Known As: bleed through.

Percentage In screen printing the amount of coverage in a halftone dot is called percentage or tint. A 10% dot is much smaller than an 80% dot. When screen printed, a dot grows in size. This is called dot gain and it can be as much as 30% when printing on an automatic press and 40% when using a manual. For this reason you should try not to apply any tints in designs above 70% (they will just grow and be a solid). It is also important to take into account dot gain when using tints. Always use a smaller tint percentage than you think because in most drawing programs you cannot specify the dot gain (you can in Photoshop!).

Perfect Binding A bookbinding technique in which the pages are glued, rather than sewn, to the cover and used primarily for paperbacks, small manuals, brochures, phone books, etc. Thinner publications, such as trade magazines and journals, are generally saddle stitched.

Perfecting Printing both sides of a sheet in one pass through the press.

Perfector A printing press which prints both sides of the paper at one pass through the machine. imageData Group’s range of lithographic presses include a Komori 540SP B1 super perfecting press. Also Known As: perfecting press.

Perf Marks On a "dummy" marking where the perforation is to occur.

Perforating Creating a line of punched dots on a printed sheet so that a part of a sheet can be detached by the end user at a later date.

Permanence A paper's ability to resist tears, fading, and general aging over time. The national standard for permanence requires a pH of 7.5-8.5; at least 2% calcium carbonate; and no ground wood or unbleached fibre. The standard also has specific fold endurance and tear resistance requirements. Paper meeting the standard for permanence can be expected to last more than 100 years. Paper with a pH level of 5.5 or higher can be expected to last up to 50 years. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 67

Permanent In the retail sector a display with an intended length of use of six months Display or more.

Personalised Process where each copy in a print run is unique. A common application Printing of this process is the insertion of contact details, i.e. name and address. Although with the emergence of products such as DirecType it is now possible to create photo-realistic images; unique for each end customer.

Petroleum-based An ink using petroleum as the vehicle for carrying the pigment. Ink Ink manufacturers are seeking new vehicles to reduce the need for petroleum-based solvents, which may be toxic at high levels. Also see ink and vegetable-based ink.

PH A number used for expressing the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. Paper with a pH below 7.0 is considered acidic; paper with a pH above 7.0 is considered acid-free, or alkaline.

Phosphorescent Inks containing optically active Phosphorescent pigments which absorb Glow in the energy from a light source and then re-emits it as light, when viewed in Dark Inks darkness.

Photochromic Mostly used for the printing of security documents. Prints are nearly Printing Inks colourless and become coloured when exposed to sunlight, strong artificial light or ultraviolet light. This photocolouration is reversible. The printing inks contain photochromic compounds which are protected against other ink components and are used to deter counterfeiting.

Photocopy A mechanical printing process that uses a light sensitive printing element, magnetic toner and a heating element to fuse the toner to the paper.

Photosensitive Light sensitive.

Photoshop Originally an Apple Macintosh based software program, now available for both Apple and PC computers. Created by Adobe Systems for the manipulation of digital images.

Pica A printing industry unit of measurement. There are 12 points to a pica. Originally, one pica was approximately 0.166in. Now, in the era of computerisation, a pica is 1/6 of an inch.

Picking The effect of ink being too tacky and lifting fibres out of the paper. Shows up as small white dots on areas of solid colour, and is generally a paper manufacturers quality control problem.

Pick Out A problem on press caused by unevenly sealed paper, or paper with low bonding strength. The ink "picks" off weak areas of the paper, lifting coating from a coated stock, or lifting fibres from an uncoated stock and transferring them to the printing blanket. These fibres will eventually be transferred back onto the sheets being printed, causing print inconsistencies.

Pick-up Page An exact repeat of a page used in a previous edition.

Pi Fonts Characters not usually included in a font, but which are added specially. Examples of these are timetable symbols and mathematical signs. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 68

Pigment Particles that absorb and reflect light and appear coloured to our eyes; the substance that gives ink its colour.

Piling In printing, the build-up of ink on rollers, plates or blankets which cause an uneven, mottled appearance in the print.

Pinholing Unwanted holes in printed areas.

Pin Marks In web printing, the web of paper can be driven into the folder by pins which penetrate the surface of the web on the outer edges of the sheet. The resulting holes are called pin marks. Pin marks are usually trimmed off but newspapers often have visible pin marks.

Pin Register A standard used to fit film to film, and film to plates, and plates to press to assure the proper registration of printer colours.

Pipelining The ability of a program to automatically flow text from the end of one column or page to the beginning of the next. An extra level of sophistication can be created by allowing the flow to be re-directed to any page and not just the next available. This is ideal for US-style magazines where everything is 'Continued on...'

Pixel The smallest distinct unit of a bitmapped image displayed on a screen.

Plan-o-gram In retail the diagrammed configuration of products as they will occupy a given shelf section. Often developed in conjunction with a key manufacturer, who seeks to maximize space allocated to his own brands. Also Known As: shelf set.

Planographic A method for printing ink onto paper, where the image sits on the same surface as the printing plate. The image area is greased to attract ink, while the rest of the plate attracts water and repels ink. As the paper is pressed onto the flat surface of the plate, it picks up ink from the greasy image areas and a small bit of water from blank areas. This is the printing process used in lithography and offset lithography.

Plate A sheet of metal holding the image from which an impression is produced.

Plate Cylinder The cylinder that holds the inked printing plate in position.

Platemaker Device with lights, timing mechanism, and vacuum frame used to make contact prints, duplicate film, proofs and plates.

Platesetter A machine where the printing plate is produced directly from data without the need for film. Also Known As: computer to plate (CTP).

Plugging Printing problem when ink fills in around halftone dots, causing a loss of shadow detail.

PMS See pantone matching system.

PNG (Portable "Ping", developed for use on the Internet. It became popular after the Network Graphic) standard GIF file format was ruled to breach copyright and will increase in popularity as software developers can incorporate PNG compatibility without paying royalties. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:28 Page 69

Point A measurement unit equal to 1/72 of an inch. 12 points to a pica, 72 points to an inch. Abbreviated to Pt.

Pole Display A pole situated behind the merchandise holding up a flag / banner, the pole is hidden from view by the merchandise.

Pole Topper The display carrying the POS message on top of the pole to achieve extra visibility.

Polybagging A version of finishing in which finished products of the same item, or a set of different items, are bagged together in polythene bags, providing extra protection.

Polyethylene An extruded, tough, stretchy film having limited temperature resistance but good moisture barrier properties.

Polypropylene A polyolefin plastic similar in properties to polyethylene but with higher temperature capability and greater strength.

POP Advertising or promotional displays in a store. Also Known As: POS (Point of Purchase) (point of sale).

POPAI The non-profit, global trade association of the point-of- (Point of Purchase purchase / marketing at retail industry. (www.popai.com) Advertising International)

Pop-up A POS display piece that virtually automatically assembles when unpacked.

Porosity Refers to the openness or compactness of the fibres in a paper and is measured by the ability of air to pass through the sheet. The more open a paper is, the greater its porosity.

Portable Document A file format that has captured all the elements of a printed document as Format (PDF) an electronic image that you can view, navigate, print or forward to someone else. PDF files are created using Adobe Acrobat, or similar products. PDF files are invaluable as they can be read and / or opened by any computer operating system, regardless of how the original file was created.

Portrait The orientation of the page so that the short edge is along the bottom. The opposite of landscape. Also Known As: vertical.

Positive A true photographic image of the original made on paper or film.

Post Card Size Standard post card size is A6 (148mm x 105mm).

Post-consumer Paper material recovered after being used by a consumer. Recovered Paper

Poster POS large sign on paper or cloth, intended to attract consumer attention.

Poster Frames Usually outdoor frames for posters and large advertisements. Layers of adverts may be mounted at one time, on one frame whereby the top one can be taken off to reveal the next ad. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 70

Poster Paper An outdoor poster paper for pasteable signage applications where image quality and resolution is a priority. Typically an uncoated paper designed for outdoor exposure with the durability to withstand wet pasting and ability to soften before being posted.

PostScript A page description language developed by Adobe Systems. Widely supported by both hardware and software vendors, it represents the current 'standard' in the market.

Post Testing In the retail sector this refers to store audits undertaken after a display has been in situ to judge its effectiveness. Usually measured by increase in sales and/or brand awareness.

PPD (PostScript A special file used to define the output options for a specific printing Printer Description) device. PPDs are used by some Windows based applications and by Macintosh computers to define printing devices.

PPI (Pixels Per Inch) The representation of the number of pixels used to create an image on a computer monitor.

Precision Sheeting Converting rolls of paper into finished sheet sizes in a single operation.

Pre-consumer Paper recovered after the papermaking process, but before use by a Recovered Paper consumer.

Pre-flight A checklist used as a final check to ensure that all prepress tasks have been done. Once a designer is happy with fonts, images, and colour choices, and has everything arranged just the way they want it to look, it's still not ready to print or “go to press”. During the prepress stage the designer has to make sure that the desktop publishing file has all the necessary information in it, properly arranged, so that the design will print the way it was intended to. Also Known As: prepress, reprographics, and repro.

Premium Any paper that is considered better than grade #1 by its manufacturer.

Prepress The process of preparing digital files for printing. Prepress tasks will vary depending on file complexity and printing method but some may include double-checking fonts; making sure graphics are in the right format; preparing camera ready artwork; creating colour separations; adding crop marks; trapping; imposition; producing prepress proofs; and obtaining film for creating printing plates. Also Known As: pre-flight, reprographics, and repro.

Pre-print To print portions of sheets that will be used later for over printing.

Pre-print The method of adding up to 6 colours and varnish, in one pass, onto a Flute Board liner prior to corrugating. The advantage of this application is that due to having no flute profile to contend with an excellent print reproduction can be achieved as print registration and colour balance are more readily controlled.

Press Pass Event at which make ready sheets from the press are examined by the 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 71

client before authorising full production to begin.

Press Proof A copy obtained from inked type, plate, block or screen from the actual proposed production press for checking purposes; the most accurate sample of how a finished piece is intended to look. Also used to check for consistency and accuracy. Also Known As: machine proof and wet proof.

Press Run In the printing of a job, the total number of copies produced in one printing. Also Known As: print run.

Press Time Amount of time that one printing job spends on press, including time required for make ready.

Pressure- Paper material with self sticking adhesive covered by a backing sheet. sensitive Paper

Price Break Quantity at which the unit cost of paper or printing drops.

Price Card POS signage designed primarily to feature brand name and brand price.

Price Channel The extended groove attached to the front of retail shelves, designed to hold plastic pricing numerals by snapping them into the channel. Can also be used to affix other POS items, i.e. wobblers.

Primary Colours Additive and subtractive primary colours can be mixed to form all other colours. The additive primary colours are red, green, and blue (RGB), and can be added together to make all other colours, as is done when light is emitted from the screen of a television set or computer monitor. The subtractive primary colours (cyan, magenta, and yellow) are those that, when mixed, subtract light from white to make all the other colours. This is what happens when pigments are mixed to create printing inks.

Printability How well a paper performs with ink on press. Absorbency, smoothness, ink holdout, and opacity all affect printability.

Printer Pairs An imposition showing consecutive pages as they appear on a signature.

Print Driver A piece of software used to control or ‘drive’ a peripheral device such as a scanner or printer.

Printing The process of applying images to a variety of surfaces. A non exhaustive list of printing processes including: offset lithography, thermography, gravure, letterpress, screen, digital, laser, dye sub, and photographic.

Printing Methods A means or tool for placing ink on paper. Most printing is done with a plate. The four main types of printing methods are relief, where words or images are raised above the surface of the plate; intaglio, where they are etched through the surface; plano- graphic, on the same plane as the surface; and stencil, or screen printing, cut below the plate surface. Words and images may also be "printed" electronically, using 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 72

photocopiers and inkjet printers.

Printing-on- Print on demand with digital technology is used as a way of printing items demand for a fixed cost per sheet or finished article, irrespective of the size of the order. While the unit price of each physical printed item is higher than with litho printing, when setup costs are taken into account digital print on demand provides lower per unit costs for very small print runs than traditional printing methods. Some key business benefits are: 1) large inventories of the printed items do not need to be kept in stock, 2) the technical set-up is usually quicker and less expensive than for traditional printing and 3) there is little or no waste from left over products.

Printing Plate The physical plate which carries the image.

Print Quality The overall excellence of a printed piece. Paper, ink, press, and the skill of the press operators all affect print quality.

Print Ready File A computer file that has been converted into a PostScript language file and is ready to be submitted to a RIP for printing. Print ready files will contain all the information, fonts, and graphics, necessary for printing.

Print Run The total number of finished copies of a publication.

Print To File The process of converting an application file into a print ready file using a specific printer driver.

Process Colours See four colour process.

Process Plates A set of printing plates using halftones representing process colours, to produce a variety of colours and shades, usually three or four colour process.

Production Run Term used to describe the actual printing job on press.

Profile Refers to specific colour settings to be used with different papers and ink sets, to create the correct colour reproduction. It is used to transform from one colour space to another.

Progressives Colour proofs, taken at each stage of printing, showing each colour printed singly and then superimposed on the preceding colour.

Promotional A display designed specifically for the duration of a particular promotion. Display Also see permanent and semi-permanent display.

Proof A test print produced to show what the finished product will look like. These can be made in a variety of different ways and at different stages of the production process. The simplest form is a colour laser or inkjet print which can create a rough impression. It should be remembered that at this point there are still a number of stages through which the data has to pass and therefore a laser print cannot be relied upon as an accurate proofing method. Photochemical proofing systems like Cromalin have for many years been the most popular method. The colour print is produced directly from the separated films and therefore gives an accurate interpretation. Sometimes the colours can be even sharper and more vivid than can be achieved on the press and there is a danger of creating 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 73

unrealistic expectations for the client. The most accurate method is a wet proof. This involves using a special proofing press, designed for very short runs, or using a production press as imageData Group do, and actually print a quantity of sheets using the real stock and real inks. Of course this requires producing the films and plates, not to mention the cost of make ready which makes wet proofing an expensive option, particularly if corrections are required. This is a bad time to start looking for typographical errors. Increasingly popular are digital proofing systems which aim to simulate the Cromalin type proof. They are essentially very high resolution colour printers which make use of colour management techniques for their accuracy.

Proofing Press There are special proofing presses which are built with the specific purpose of creating accurate proofs. The advantage is that the proofs are printed using the same materials (ink and paper) as the intended print job, without the commercial commitment of the press proof. The downside is that the colours are often more vibrant than they would be on the actual printed document.

Proof of Delivery A delivery signed for (on paper or digitally), by the customer, as having (POD) been received. Delivery date and time are also usually noted. imageData Group scan all PODs into Tharstern MIS so they can be forwarded onto the client electronically as a PDF if required.

Proof Reading To read and mark typesetting corrections in written matter.

Proof Reading A standard set of signs and symbols, used in copy preparation, to Marks indicate corrections on proofs. Marks are placed both in the text and in the margin with a line connecting them. Also Known As: proof correction marks.

Proportional A method of spacing whereby each character is spaced to accommodate Spacing the varying widths of letters or figures, so increasing readability. Books and magazines are set proportionally spaced; typewritten documents are generally monospaced.

Prototype Blank construction of a POS piece, used as the engineering model for the finished item.

public-iD Division of imageData Group developed to service public sector clients.

Pulp The basic material used in papermaking, broken down mechanically or chemically.

PUR Binding The same process as perfect binding, but a synthetic adhesive (Polyurethane React) is used in place of conventional hot-melt glue. The glued spine is more pliable and the adhesive bond much stronger than a perfect bound product and so has increased longevity. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 74

Q

Quad Specified typesetting size, em-quad, en-quad, hence the old term from the pre-digital era, Quadding: the addition of space between words/letters to fill out a line of type using en or em blocks.

Quality imageData Group is committed to supporting its clients’ brand by supplying high quality finished service & products on a right first time basis. Operational controls throughout the Company are ISO 9001:2000 compliant ensuring that imageData Group can guarantee the highest levels of project control across all print processes. imageData Group’s commitment to continual improvement also means that if there is a better, faster or more economical way to achieve the client’s objectives, imageData Group will make it happen. By monitoring imageData Group’s operation against Key Performance Indicators, and acting on any service or product deviancies, the company can identify areas for continuous improvement.

Quark Xpress The industry standard typesetting and page layout program. Highly recommended.

Quarter-fold Two or more folds, each fold at 90 degrees to the previous one. Also Known As: right-angle fold.

Quarter Tones The tones in an image that lie between the midtones and the highlights. Three quarter tones lie between the midtones and the shadows.

Quarto Sheet folded twice making an 8-page signature.

Quick Set An ink resistant to drying on the fountain system, press rollers and blankets while drying quickly on the substrate to help avoid setoff transfer to the backside of the next sheet in a pile and handling without smudging.

Quire 1/20th of a ream (25 sheets).

Quotation Price offered by a printer to produce a specific job. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 75

R

Rack Drying The drying of screen printing sheets in racks, usually in ambient temperatures, but sometimes placed in a heated room or area.

Racking The manual placing of screen printing sheets on racks for drying.

Ragged Left Type that is justified to the right margin and the line lengths vary on the left.

Ragged Right Type that is justified to the left margin and the line lengths vary on the right.

Rag Paper High quality stationery paper made from cotton rags.

Ram Bundled A method of packing printed products by strapping a bundle very tightly with end-boards to compress the product and keep it flat for subsequent machine insertion.

Ranged Left/Right Type aligned to left or right margin.

Raster Image A RIP is a hardware or software tool that processes a digital PostScript file Processor (RIP) and converts it (rasterizes) to a printable format.

Raster Rulings Shows the resolution that a human eye can discern from certain distances. Used when deciding the actual production resolution.

Rasterization The process of converting mathematical and digital information (vector commands) by an output device into a series of dots.

Ream 500 sheets of paper.

Reclaimed Printing screens conditioned for re-use by the removal of excess ink and Screens stencil, and the reconditioning, if necessary, of the screen printing fabric to receive a new stencil.

Reclaiming (1) The process of removing both ink and stencil from the screen fabric, after a printing run, in order to re-use the fabric for a later job. (2) The process of distilling used solvents to obtain a re-usable, cleaner solvent for cleaning screens.

Recovered Paper Paper that has been separated, diverted or removed from the solid waste stream.

Recycled Paper New paper made entirely or in part, from old paper.

Reel Term used for continuous roll or web of printing paper.

Reel Width The dimension of a reel of paper measured across the reel (against the grain). 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 76

Refining The process of cutting, breaking, and flattening the cellulose fibres in pulp. Pulp fibres need to be flattened and frayed in order to form a strong, flexible paper. The refiner has metal discs that can be adjusted to create longer or shorter fibres.

Reflectivity Ability of paper or board to reflect light; a measure of gloss.

Reflow Reflow affects the character spacing within fonts and adds more space than was intended, and it can change the layout of the entire document. Reflow can occur when one element of the original file is missing in the file supplied to your printer. Providing an accurate hard copy proof with your digital files will ensure this error is caught and corrected.

Refractiveness A measure of how much a sheet of paper deflects the light that hits it. The more light a sheet deflects, the greater its refractiveness, making a printed image more brilliant and detailed. Also Known As: brightness and whiteness.

Register When a printed sheet is 'in register', it means that all the plates (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black, in the case of a four colour process job) are lining up accurately on the printing press and producing a clearly defined colour image. If a job is out of register, there will be a blurring at the edges of images that are made up of more than one colour.

Register Marks A set of fine line crosses, or other suitable devices added to original artwork to provide reference points for accurate subsequent multi-colour printing or finishing.

Registration The quality of alignment of the coloured inks when applied to paper.

Relief Printing method using a raised image, e.g. letterpress or flexography.

Repeat The printing length of a plate cylinder, determined by one revolution of the plate cylinder gear.

Reprographics The process of producing four colour separations from artwork for plate production. Also Known As: repro, pre-flight, and prepress.

Resample To change the resolution, and resulting size, of an image by removing or adding of data in the file.

Resolution The measurement used in typesetting to express quality of output. Measured in dots per inch, the greater the number of dots, the smoother and cleaner the character/image will appear. Photographs need to be scanned at a resolution of 300 dots per inch. Screen resolution is 72 dots per inch and something that looks wonderful on a computer screen or on the Internet could look terrible when printed. Vector files define resolution in a completely different way and therefore can be used successfully at any size. Adobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand can both be used to develop vector files.

retail-iD Division of imageData Group developed to service retail sector clients.

Retouching A means of altering artwork or colour separations to correct faults or enhance images. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 77

Reverse Out Type, graphic or illustration reproduced by printing ink around its outline, thus allowing the underlying colour or paper to show through and form the image. The image 'reverses out' of the ink colour. Also Known As: knockout.

Revise Indicates the stages at which corrections have been incorporated from earlier proofs and new proofs submitted, e.g. first revise, second revise, etc. Also Known As: revision.

RFI (Request for A process used by a number of companies to secure as much Information) information as possible for a product or service being sought, usually requesting strategic proposals on how suppliers would provide such a product or service.

RFQ (Request A document that contains detailed information about a potential buyer for Quotation) and a request for prices for the products or services they require.

RGB (Red, These are the primary colours of light, which computers use to display Green, Blue) images on your screen. An RGB computer file must be translated into the CMYK (the primary colours of pigment) colour space in order to be printed on a printing press.

Rich Black Because of impurities in commercial printing inks, 100% solid black generally appears nearer to a dark grey. Because of this, printers often add a 'wash' of other coloured inks to create a rich black. Typically this is 40% of cyan, but other combinations of cyan, yellow, magenta, and black are not unknown.

Right Reading A positive or negative which reads from left to right.

RIP See raster image processing.

Roll Label Pressure-sensitive labels that are produced in a continuous roll form.

Roman Type-face that has vertical stems, as distinct from italics or oblique that are set at angles.

Rosette The formation created by the dots that make up four colour images. The dots, in magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow, and black, overlap each other in a cluster. Because the dots are not perfectly round and because they are turned at angles to each other, this cluster resembles the arrangement of petals in a rose.

Rotary Printing Accomplished by means of a cylindrical impression cylinder and a cylindrical printing plate.

Rotary Trimmed In-line trimming of a product as it passes over slitting knives. Very cost effective, but can leave a “feathered” edge. Not as clean-cut as a static knife trim on a finishing line.

Rough A preliminary sketch of a proposed design.

Rub and Reveal These inks, applied by the screen process are used primarily to hide Thermochromatic printed messages or images. When rubbed the thermochromatic ink Inks changes to a semi-transparent grey / white state allowing the message underneath to be read, the message becomes fully hidden again when the ink returns to temperature. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 78

Rubber Plate Flexible relief plate made from rubber and used in flexography.

Rubbing When printed ink appears dry but does not resist surface rubbing or abrasion. Also Known As: scuffing.

Rub-off Rub off occurs when ink is transferred from one surface to another, usually caused by pressure of stacked material. Can also be caused during the finishing process if the pressure of clamps is too tight. Also Known As: set-off.

Rub Removable Available in silver and gold these opaque inks have been designed to Latex Ink print over tickets or promotional cares and are readily removable using a coin or fingernail to display a pre-printed message underneath.

Ruleup Map or drawing given by a printer showing how a printing job must be imposed using a specific press and sheet size. Also Known As: press layout, printer's layout, and ruleout.

Runaround The ability within a program to run text around a graphic image within a document, without the need to adjust each line manually. Also Known As: text wrap.

Runnability The ability of a paper or board to perform on a printing press without problems.

Running This is the direction in which the fibres lay within paper. In most cases it is Directions best to print running with the grain as this gives the paper more stability. Outer paper packaging usually shows which way the grain runs.

Run On A printing price can be quoted as a figure for the basic job plus a figure for additional copies. For example, the price may be 2000 copies at £300 with £25 for a 500 run on. This enables the client to calculate a range of prices for different quantities. It is very important to note that the run on price is for copies printed at the same time as the main run. For instance, in the example given, you could not have 2000 copies today and then expect to have another 500 at some future date for just £25. In most cases the set-up and make ready charges represent a large proportion of the print cost. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 79

S

Saddle Stitching A method of binding where the folded pages are stitched through the spine from the outside, using wire staples. Generally people would call it stapling but in printing it is called stitching.

Safelight Lamp used for the illumination of a darkroom without affecting light- sensitive materials.

Sandwich Panels composed of a lightweight core material to which two relatively Construction thin, dense, high strength faces, or skins, are adhered.

Sans Serif A typeface that has no serifs (small strokes at the end of the main stroke of the character). Helvetica, Geneva, and Arial are examples of sans-serif fonts.

Satin Finish A smooth finished paper with a sheen to the surface.

Saturation The amount of grey in a colour. The higher the grey content, the lower the saturation.

Scale The means within a program to reduce, or enlarge, the size of an image to achieve the correct size for printing.

Scaleable Artwork Vector art, the type of illustration produced by software such as Illustrator and Freehand. Because the files describe the shape of the images by mathematical formulae, rather than exact pixels, they are, like Postscript, resolution independent.

Scaling A means of calculating the amount of enlargement, or reduction, necessary to accommodate a photograph within the area of a design.

Scamp A sketch of a design showing the basic concept.

Scan To convert human-readable images into bitmapped or ASCII machine readable code. imageData Group has a very high resolution drum scanner, which produces superb digital scans from colour slides, prints or flat artwork. The associated scanning software automatically converts and compensates the file to CMYK, ready for printing.

Scanner An electronic device using light sensitivity to translate a picture or typed text into a pattern of dots which can be understood and stored by a computer. Also Known As: optical scanner.

Scanning Using a scanner to digitise images to be manipulated, output or stored on a computer.

Score Heavier paper and boards need to be scored with a rule to make folding easier, more accurate, and to ensure that the material will not damage. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 80

Screen (1) A screen is like a printing plate used in the screen printing process. One screen is needed for each colour to be printed. (2) A screen is a thin transparent film onto which is printed a very fine matrix. A screen enables a continuous tone image, such as a photograph or transparency, which cannot be reproduced by most printing process, to be broken down into tiny dots which can be printed and which from a normal viewing distance give the illusion of continuous tone. Screens are also used to print tints of solid colours by altering the size or spacing of the dots. Screens are referred to in terms of DPI (dots per inch) or dots per centimetre and the finer the screen, the better the quality of reproduction.

Screen Angles Angles at which screens intersect with the horizontal line of the press sheet. The common screen angles for separations are black 45 degree, magenta 75 degree, yellow 90 degree, and cyan 105 degree.

Screen Density Refers to the percentage of ink coverage that a screen tint allows to print. Also Known As: screen percentage.

Screen Fabrics Most fabrics used for screens are made from one of the following materials: - Silk used to be the most common fabric because of its durability, but it is not used as much today because other fabrics, especially synthetics, have proven to be as good or better and are less expensive. - Organdy is inexpensive and is good for short and medium runs. - Nylon is the most durable fabric (synthetic or natural). It is a good choice for print applications involving convex or concave surfaces. - Polyester is widely used for its durability and versatility. - Metal Mesh is made of stainless steel, copper, bronze, or brass and is used when plastic substrates are printed with heated inks.

Screen Frequency The number of lines or dots per inch on a halftone screen.

Screen Mesh (1) A term generally indicating screen printing fabric. (2) That portion of the screen printing fabric which can be counted or measured to identify fineness or coarseness of the fabric.

Screen Printing A process where the ink is transferred to the printing surface by being squeezed through a fine fabric sheet stretched over a frame. The screen carries a stencil which defines the image area. The process is most suitable for short runs. Screen printing is usually used for large poster work and display material. Also Known As: silkscreen printing.

Screen Ruling The number of lines per inch (or centimetre) on a halftone or tint screen, equal to the number of dots per inch on the printed image.

Screen Tint Colour created by dots instead of solid ink coverage. Also Known As: benday, fill pattern, screen tone, shading, tint, and tone.

Screen Washer A unit in which printing screens can be washed out to remove ink residues after printing, or be reclaimed completely by removing the stencil, usually by high pressure spray.

Script A typeface designed to look like handwriting.

Scum Unwanted deposits of ink in the non-image area of a printed piece. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 81

Seal See aqueous coating.

Section A folded sheet which is assembled with others to make up a book. Sections are saddle stitched together to form a booklet. Larger booklets of, say, more than sixty pages could be, and usually are, perfect bound.

Security Paper Paper incorporating special features (dyes, watermarks etc) for use in cheque printing.

Selective Binding Recent developments in binding technology enable specific sections to be included in, or excluded from, a single copy within a print run, dependant upon electronic information linked to the address file of the recipient.

Self Cover A cover that is the same paper stock as the internal sheets.

Self Mailer A printed item independent of an envelope. A printed item capable of independent travel in the mailing arena.

Self-tensioning A screen frame that enables the fabric to be tensioned and re-tensioned without the aid of a stretcher.

Semi-permanent Any form of display which is likely to be used for less than six months but Display more than two months.

Separations Term used in the four colour process printing world, each film or printing plate showing images of one specific colour, e.g. Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black.

Serif A small cross stroke at the end of the main stroke of a letter.

Serigraphic Printing method whose image carriers are woven fabric, plastic or metal Printing meshes that allow ink to pass through some portions and block ink from passing through other portions. Serigraphic printing includes screen and mimeograph.

Set Off Undesirable transfer of wet ink from one sheet to the back of another as they lie in the delivery stack of a press. Can be cured by interleaving if necessary. Also Known As: offset.

Set Solid Type set without leading (line spacing) between the lines. Type is often set with extra space; e.g. 9 point set on 10 point.

Shade Hue made darker by the addition of black, as compared to tint.

Shadows Darkest areas of a photograph or illustration, as compared to midtones and highlights.

Shape Dots are also used in various shapes ranging from diamonds, to squares, circles, and ellipses. An elliptical dot is the best to use because it tends to chain together and is easier to burn on a screen and the dot gain will not be as noticeable in the midtone range.

Sharpening A technique of increasing the contrast between all ranges of the tonal difference within an image. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 82

Sheet - 4 sheet, 1.02m x 1.52m portrait. Small panel poster whose visual impact is more suited to pedestrians; often found in shopping centres or thoroughfares (though some are sited on bus shelters). There are approximately 70,000 4 sheet panels in Great Britain. - 6 sheet, 1.8m x 1.2m portrait, alternatively called superlites. Principally sited on bus shelters, they are back-lit to improve night-time impact and are usually sited to catch motorists’ vision as well as pedestrians’. There are over 25,000 6 sheet panels in Great Britain. - 12 sheet, 3.05m x 1.52m landscape. From mid-1991, this size of panel has no longer been used for roadside posters though it is still used for some transport posters. There are fewer than 1,000 remaining. - 16 sheet, 2.03m x 3.05m portrait. Often found attached to the side of buildings. There are about 11,000 such panels in Great Britain. - 32 sheet, 4.06m x 3.05m landscape. Often found attached to the side of buildings. There are fewer than 2,000 panels remaining in Great Britain. - 48 sheet, 6.1m x 3.05m landscape. The predominant large poster size, of strong impact to both passing motorists and pedestrians. There are more than 40,000 48 sheet poster panels in Great Britain. - 64 sheet, 8.12m x 3.05m landscape. A variant on the 32 sheet size. There are fewer than 700 in Great Britain. - 96 sheet, 12.2m x 3.05m landscape. Often referred to as supersites, although some include 64 sheet and miscellaneous larger panels in that description. There are about 2,500 such panels in Great Britain.

Sheet Fed A printing press which prints single sheets of paper, not reels as on a web press.

Sheetwise A method of printing a section. Half the pages from a section are imposed and printed. The remaining half of the pages are then printed on the other side of the sheet.

Sheet Work Sections printed by backing up a sheet with a different form from the front. The opposite of work and turn.

Shelf Edge Strip Extruded metal or plastic moulding covering the front edge of a retail display shelf that communicates price, unit cost, etc.

Shelf Life The period of time during which a product can be stored under specified conditions and still remain suitable for use. Also Known As: storage life.

Shelf Organizer In store an implement designed to help present products. Usually has tracks or channels which separate the overall area and allow products to be displayed in specific places.

Shelf Talker Small printed POS display signs, attached to shelf edge displays designed to draw attention to a product.

Shell A printed job which contains blank areas intended for additional printing at a later stage.

Short Grain Press A press where the shortest side of the finished product runs parallel to the grain of the paper.

Short Run A small quantity print run for a publication. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 83

Show-through When the printing on one side of a sheet is seen from the other side. A frequent problem with thin papers. Also Known As: opacity.

Shrink Wrapping Shrink packaging is used to protect printed or unprinted pieces. The advantages of shrink wrapping are many. In addition to being able to see the product through the wrapping, the film acts as a protector from dust if you don’t plan to use the product immediately. The packaging is neat and the product can be bundled in the quantity the end user would find most advantageous. The product is inserted into a folded roll of polyethylene film which is heat-sealed around the edges of the product. It then goes into a shrink tunnel where the proper temperature shrinks the film tightly around the product. This process can also be done with out shrinking the film around the product leaving the film loose.

Sidebar A vertical bar positioned usually on the right hand side of the screen.

Side Guides The guides on the sides of a printing press that consistently positions the sheet sideways as it is fed through the press.

Side Heading A sub heading set flush into the text at the left edge.

Sidelay The datum point on the press, at 90 degrees to the grip edge, which controls the lateral position of the sheet. The same sidelay must then be used when trimming the sheet to ensure that the image position remains constant. Sidelay is the term used both for the edge of the printed sheet and the mechanical device on the press which determines the position.

Side Stitched To bind by stapling through sheets along, one edge, as compared to saddle stitch. Also Known As: side stabbed, cleat stitch, and side wire.

Signature A sheet of printed pages which when folded become a part of a book or publication.

Single Face Material made up of a flat facing piece with a corrugated piece glued to it. Corrugated Board

Single Wall Material made of two flat pieces with a corrugated inner glued inside. Corrugated Board

Size A solution based on starch or casein which is added to the paper to reduce ink absorbency.

Skewing When the plate or blanket cylinder are not parallel and so do not make proper contact.

SLA (Service An agreement between client and supplier regarding acceptable Level Agreement) parameters of services and products.

Slip Sheets (1) Separate sheets (stock), independent from the original run, positioned between the "printed run" for a variety of reasons. (2) A release treated sheet used to protect the edges of rolls from sticking to each other whilst stacked.

Slit To cut rolls of stock to specified widths. Either rotary or stationary knives or blades are used with mechanical unwinding and rewinding devices. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 84

Slurring A smearing of the image, caused by paper slipping during the impression stage.

Small Caps A set of capital letters which are smaller than standard and are equal in size to the lower case letters for that typesize.

Smoothness The surface property of paper that describes its degree of uniform evenness and flatness. When printing, the smoother the paper, the better the ink dot formation and the sharper the image.

Smudge Resistance of a printed paper surface to ink blurring or smearing and thus Resistance related to the absorption of the paper. Also Known As: smear resistance.

Soft Copy An electronic copy of some type of data, such as a file viewed on a computer's display or transmitted as an e-mail attachment. Such material, when printed, is referred to as a hard copy.

Soft Dot A type of dot in a halftone screen whose edge is not smoothly circular, which can create a fuzzier image. Contrast with hard dot.

Soft or A specially coded hyphen which is only displayed when formatting of the Discretionary hyphenated word puts it at the end of a line. Hyphen

Softwood Pulp Pulp made from coniferous trees (evergreen trees with cones and needles, such as pine and fir trees). Paper is often made using a blend of pulps; softwood pulp has long fibres, giving paper strength; hardwood fibres are short, lending smoothness, bulk, and body.

Solid Any area of the sheet receiving 100 percent ink coverage, as compared to a screen tint. Also Known As: block colour.

Solvent A chemical substance capable of thinning or reducing the viscosity of ink, coating or adhesives. Specifically, a solvent is a liquid that dissolves another substance.

Solvent Inks Manufactured from resins (polymers), in powder or granular form, such as acrylic, vinyl, polyester, urethane, and epoxy. These form the chemical backbone of the ink and give it its finished properties. The resins are dissolved in a mix of volatile solvents to create a fluid of a suitable viscosity for printing.

Soy-based Inks Inks using vegetable oils, instead of petroleum products, as pigment vehicles and thus are easier on the environment.

Sparkle Varnish A high gloss UV varnish containing metallised polyester flakes (glitter). These add “sparkle” when applied to selected areas of a printed image and will produce “shelf appeal” and visual impact to a wide range of printed products. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 85

Special Colours This refers to colours which are produced using specially mixed inks from one of the commercially available colour ranges such as Pantone, DIC or Focoltone. They are most commonly used in two colour printing. If, for example, the exact colour of a company logo could not be achieved from a CMYK mix then it would be necessary to print a fifth plate with the special ink. Also Known As: Pantone and spot colour.

Special These are inks that puff, feel like suede, glitter, sparkle, reflect, or glow. Effects Inks They are generally harder to use and cost more money.

Specifications Complete and precise written description of features of a printing job, such as type size and leading, paper grade and quantity, printing or binding method. Abbreviated to specs.

Spectrophotometer Instrument used to measure the index of refraction of colour.

SPI This is the same as PPI and is really how we should talk about a (Samples-per-inch) scanner’s resolution. SPI appears in some scanner adverts it is the same as PPI and DPI.

Spine The binding edge at the back of a book.

Spine Glued A product which is held together with a thin film of adhesive running down the spine of each page. Can be produced in-line (on press) on some web presses.

Spiral Bind A type of binding where a metal or plastic wire is spiralled through holes drilled along the binding side of a document. Different coloured wires can be selected. This handy iD guide is spiral bound.

Split Fountain Putting more than one ink in a printing fountain to achieve special colour affects.

Spoilage Paper that, due to mistakes or accidents, must be thrown away instead of delivered printed to the customer, as compared to waste.

Spot Colour An ink colour. The ink is usually Pantone Matching System (PMS) consisting of named or numbered colours and is often only applied to a partial area of the sheet. Also Known As: Pantone.

Spot Gluing Applying a spot of glue (or glue dot) to attach one piece of material lightly to another.

Spot Varnish Varnish used to highlight a specific part of the printed sheet.

Spread (1) Two pages that face each other and are designed as one visual or production unit. (2) Technique of slightly enlarging the size of an image to accomplish a hairline trap with another image.

Squeegee A tool used to force ink through the openings of a screen printing stencil when in contact with a substrate. It consists of a rubber or plastic strip or blade held in the edge of a wooden or metallic handle. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 86

Squeegee Angle The angle formed by the near-vertical axis of the squeegees and the plane of the screen, measured when the squeegee is in position, but no force or movement has been applied.

SRA A series of standard sizes for un-trimmed paper. They are slightly larger than the corresponding A-series sizes. Printers buy un-trimmed paper, bind it and then trim it down to standard A-sizes.

SRA0 = 900 x 1280 mm SRA1 = 640 x 900 mm SRA2 = 450 x 640 mm SRA3 = 320 x 450 mm SRA4 = 225 x 320 mm

S/s (Same size) An instruction to reproduce to the same size as the original.

Stab Stitch Finishing process whereby a single stitch (staple) is placed in the top left hand corner of a document.

Stacker Device on the take-off end of a press that automatically stacks sheeted labels.

Stack Press Flexographic press where the printing stations are placed one above the other, each with its own impression roll.

Stamping Term for foil stamping.

Standard Background of 60 percent neutral grey and light that measures 5000 Viewing degrees Kelvin, the colour of daylight on a bright day. Also Known As: Conditions lighting standards.

Standee Usually a cardboard engineered POS display product which is not used to house products.

Standing Cap A large capital letter that shares a baseline with the adjoining text but rises above it.

Static Cling Signage printed on plastic material which adheres to smooth surfaces without adhesive, typically used on windows.

Stem The main vertical stroke making up a type character.

Stencil The component of a printing screen which controls the design to be printed.

Step-and-repeat A procedure for placing the same image on plates in multiple places.

Stet Used in proof correction work to cancel a previous correction. From the Latin: 'let it stand'.

Stickyback Double-faced, adhesive coated material used for mounting printing plates to the plate cylinder.

Stiffener A fabric strip, folded back to enhance the strength on the edge of a display. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 87

Stochastic A relatively new method of reproducing halftone screens. Traditional Screening halftone screens (also called amplitude modification (AM)) simply adjust the size of the dots to reproduce tonal variations in images. Larger dots produce darker tones, whilst smaller dots reproduce the lighter areas of an image. Stochastic screening aims to achieve a higher quality reproduction of graphic images by using complex mathematical algorithms to modify the number of halftone dots. By varying the position and clustering of halftone dots, stochastic screening can achieve a smoother tonal reproduction and a higher quality printed reproduction of image detail. Another advantage of using a stochastic screening method is that it can have a dramatic effect on reducing the potential for moiré patterns to appear. Also Known As: frequency modulation (FM).

Stock A word used for paper or board.

Stock Art Copyright-free photos.

Stock Order Order for paper that a mill, or merchant, sends to a printer from inventory at a warehouse, as compared to a mill order.

Strap A sub heading used above the main headline in a newspaper article.

Strawboard A thicker board made from straw pulp, used in bookwork and in the making of envelopes and cartons. Not suitable for printing.

Streaks A line which appears across the image, in the direction of the squeegee, affecting screen-printed sheets. Usually caused by a fault on the squeegee blade.

Streamer POS item that can be printed on numerous substrates including paper and cloth. Displayed either inside or outside.

Stretch (1) The tensioning of screen printing fabric preparatory to securing it to the printing frame, or by self-stretching frame. (2) The degree to which a material can accommodate deforming tension.

Stretch Frame A screen printing frame so constructed that after the fabric is secured, additional stretch can be applied by threaded rods, bolts, cams, corner adjustments, etc. Also Known As: retensionable frame.

Strike-through The effect of ink soaking through the printed sheet.

Stringing (1) Signage which is stretched over wire, usually to spell out words or an advertising slogan. (2) ) Mechanically applied string or cord to a tag or similar product, usually pre-printed on a thin card stock, e.g. clothes price tags, gifts tags, etc.

Strip To assemble images on film for platemaking. Stripping involves correcting flaws in film, assembling pieces of film into flats, and ensuring that film and flats register correctly. Also Known As: film assembly and image assembly.

Style Sheet A collection of tags specifying page layout styles, paragraph settings and type specifications which can be set up by the user and saved for use in other documents. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 88

Sub-contract Supply of services or products from a third party. Given the extensive facilities within imageData Group, only specialist finishing processes are subcontracted.

Subscript The small characters set below the normal letters or figures.

Substrate Any material or surface that is to be printed. For example, paper is a printing substrate. Other printing substrates include plastics, card, and even metals.

Subtractive The inks (cyan, magenta, and yellow) used in process colour printing to Primaries create different colours. In contrast to additive primaries, these produce darker colours when combined.

Supercalendered An uncoated grade containing mechanical pulp and fillers. It has a Magazine Paper smooth finish with a polished appearance, produced by rolling the paper (SC) between calenders. It is probably the most economical magazine paper if its price-to-information-capacity ratio is taken as a measure. This grade is made for heatset web offset and gravure presses. SC is particularly suitable for mass circulation and full colour magazines. SC offset is used for TV programme magazines, direct advertising products, newspaper supplements, and other printed articles in which high information capacity is an essential requirement. Another of SC's outstanding features is its good brightness. Powerful supercalender rolls give this paper a dense, smooth, and glossy finish. Basic weight range 52 – 80gsm.

Superscript The small characters set above the normal letters or figures.

Surprint Taking an already printed matter and re-printing again on the same. Also Known As: overprinting.

Swatch A colour sample.

SWOP Specifications recommended for web printing of publications. (Specifications for Web Offset Publications)

Synthetic Papers Any non-wood or cloth paper, usually petroleum (plastic) based. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 89

T

Tabloid 279mm x 432mm (US), 375mm x 290mm (UK), a page half the size of a broadsheet.

Tabular Setting Text set in columns, such as timetables.

Tack That property, governed by viscosity and adhesion, which renders a film of printing ink sticky to the touch.

Tags The various formats which make up a style sheet i.e. paragraph settings, margins and columns, page layouts, hyphenation and justification, widow and orphan control, and automatic section numbering.

Tamper Proof Destructive label. A pressure-sensitive construction made with a face Label material having a low strength so that attempted removal of a label made from this stock will usually result in destruction of the label.

Target Ink Densities of the four process inks as recommended for various printing Densities processes and grades of paper. Also see total area coverage.

T-Barr A bar which is T-shaped and used to hang either two signs next to each other or to house a large poster which would be hung over it and seen from both sides.

Tear Strength A measure of how likely a paper will continue to tear once started. Tear strength will be different with and against the grain of paper. Paper to be punched should have good tear strength.

Template A standard layout usually containing basic details of the page dimensions.

Temporary A display product which usually has a short life span and often used for Display specific, timed events such as Mother’s Day, Easter etc.

Tender With so many different and varied products in the marketplace, a tender is designed to help organisations find an appropriate solution, and supplier, at the best possible price.

Tension Tightness of screen fabric when stretched.

Tent Card A tent shaped, folded piece of print which is usually used on desks, bars and counters etc and acts as a promotional tool, i.e. a calendar.

Text The written or printed material which forms the main body of a publication.

Text Paper A high quality, light weight printing paper.

Text Type Typefaces used for the main text of written material. Generally no larger than 14 point in size. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 90

Text Wrap See runaround.

TharsternSQL™ imageData Group operates the TharsternSQL™ Print Management Information System. The system manages the entire print process from sales generation and estimating right through to production, despatching, and invoicing. Also see management information system.

Thermal Transfer A thermal printing process utilising a temperature sensitive ribbon that, through heat and pressure, is selectively transferred to a printable surface thus creating the desired image. The ink is transferred from the ribbon to the print surface, thus the term “thermal transfer”.

Thermography A printing process whereby slow drying ink is applied to paper and, whilst the ink is still wet, is lightly dusted with a resinous powder. The paper then passes through a heat chamber where the powder melts and fuses with the ink to produce a raised surface.

Thickness The thickness of a single piece of paper, as measured in thousandths of an inch, called "caliper". Thickness measurements define the bulkiness of a sheet of paper, but the actual number of sheets in an inch-high stack of paper is referred to as PPI, or pages per inch. This is usually measured under slight pressure with a special gauge.

Thin Space The thinnest space normally used to separate words.

Thumb Index An index where the divisions or chapters are cut into the edge of the publication.

Thumbnails Sketches or small versions of an illustration, especially on a computer.

Tick Marks Small marks printed at the edge of the image area to enable accurate trimming of a finished sheet. Also Known As: trim marks.

TIFF A common file format, mostly for uncompressed photos and Bitmap (Tagged Image illustrations. File Format)

Tint The effect of adding white to a solid colour or of screening a solid area to lighten an image.

Tip In The separate insertion of a single page into a book either during or after binding by pasting one edge.

Tissue Overlay Usually a thin transparent paper placed over artwork for protection and used for marking colour breaks and other printer instructions.

Tolerances The specification of acceptable variations in a range of printing parameters to take account of the imperfections in each process.

Toner Negatively charged chemical used by Laser printers to create documents.

Tooling Usually refers to die cutters, butt cutters, etc., used to cut out labels, etc.

Total Area Total of the dot percentages of the process colours in the final film. Also Coverage (TAC) Known As: density of tone, maximum density, shadow saturation, total dot density, and total ink coverage. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 91

Tracking The amount of space in between all letters in selected text. Unlike kerning, adjusting tracking will change the letter spacing between all letters, not individual characters. Slightly reducing letter spacing to –3 often improves the appearance of text.

Training & Acknowledged as experts in the industry, imageData Group regularly Consultancy holds training workshops for customers’ personnel. Tailored to their specific needs the workshops can cover a specific area or the whole spectrum of print (litho, screen & digital) and related reprographics and print finishing processes. The workshops ensure that delegates gain a better understanding of the processes and how to get the very best and most cost-effective results from them. Also see blue sky days.

Translucent Substrate or material that permits light to pass through it, but is less clear than "transparent."

Transmissive Instrument used to measure the coverage of exposed film. Densitometer

Transparency A full colour, photographically produced image on transparent film.

Transparent Ink A printing ink that does not conceal the colour under it.

Trapping Because the commercial printing process involves laying down colours in sequence it is nearly impossible to align every graphic object exactly. Because of this, objects of different colours, that are next to each other, are set to trap. What this means in practice is that one object overlaps the other by a fraction of a millimetre, thereby ensuring that there is no white space between them.

Trim The cutting of the finished product to the correct size.

Trim Line The line in a layout where a guillotine cut is to be made after printing.

Trim Marks Marks are incorporated on the printed sheet to show where the trimming is to be made. Also Known As: tick marks.

Trim Size The size of the printed material in its finished stage (e.g. the finished trim 1 1 size is 5 ⁄2 x8 ⁄2).

Triple Wall Material made with four flat pieces and three corrugated pieces. Corrugated Board

TrueType Fonts A computerised font type used to represent alpha-numeric information in documents. TrueType fonts are common to both Windows and Macintosh computer platforms.

Turn Around Amount of time needed to complete a job. Times

Twin Wire Paper which has an identical smooth finish on both sides.

Typeface A complete set of characters forming a family in a particular design or style. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 92

Typesetting Setting type or typesetting is the process of putting text into the right style and size of type and the desired arrangement on the page in preparation for printing. Typesetting was once the realm of skilled typesetters but today is handled by the designer, using desktop publishing software to set type. Also see typography.

Typo (US) An abbreviation for typographical error. An error in the typeset copy.

Typography The design and layout of type. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 93

U

U&lc An abbreviation for UPPER and lower case.

UCR (Undercolour A technique for reducing the amount of magenta, yellow, and cyan in Removal) neutral areas and replacing them with an appropriate amount of black.

Ultraviolet The section of the electromagnetic spectrum in the 200 to 400 nanometer region that is used to expose screens and cure certain types of inks.

Ultravisions Panels, mainly in the larger sizes, comprising of rotating vertical triangular bars with different posters mounted on each of the three sides so that rotation of the panels enables three posters to be shown sequentially.

Unbleached A term applied to paper or pulp which has not been treated with bleaching agents.

Uncalendered Papers that are not smoothed by going through the calendaring process.

Uncoated Paper Paper that has not been coated with clay. Recycled and bond are typical uncoated paper stocks. Bond paper is primarily used for stationery, e.g. letterheads, compliment slips, etc. Also Known As: offset paper.

Undercut In printing presses, the difference between the radius of the cylinder bearers and the cylinder body, to allow for plate (or blanket) and packing thickness.

Under-run Production of fewer copies than ordered.

Unit The combination of inking, plate, and impression operations required to print a single colour (on multicolour printing presses). A four colour press has four printing units.

Universal Gives protection to authors or originators of text, photographs or Copyright illustrations, etc, to prevent use without permission or acknowledgment. Convention (UCC) The publication should carry the copyright mark, the name of the originator, and the year of publication.

Unsharp Masking Technique of adjusting dot size to make a halftone or separation appear sharper (in better focus) than the original photo or the first proof. Also Known As: edge enhancement and peaking.

Up Term to indicate multiple copies of one image, printed in one impression, on a single sheet. "Two up" or "three up" means printing the identical piece twice or three times on each sheet.

UV Ink Ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet (UV) light whilst still on press. UV drying improves turnaround time because it eliminates waiting for the first side to dry before printing the second side. This eliminates the need for the paper to pass through the press more than once. UV ink is used by imageData Group on its range of screen printing presses. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 94

UV Resistant Being resistant to ultra violet (UV) light or sunlight. UV light, or sunlight, will cause non-resistant materials and surfaces to fade or discolour.

UV Varnishing A method of adding a gloss or matt finish to printed surfaces. The advantage of UV varnishing is that it is similar to printing an extra colour and can be applied to selected areas to produce special effects. The UV refers to the ultra violet lamp under which the varnished sheets pass for rapid drying. Also Known As: UV coating. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 95

V

Vacuum Formed A type of moulding, in which thin plastic is heated and sucked into the mould by means of a vacuum created by drawing air out through tiny pin- holes.

Value The shade or tint of a colour.

Varnishing A finishing process whereby a transparent varnish is applied over the printed sheet to produce a glossy finish. Also Known As: UV varnishing.

Vector Resolution and device independent, vector images are produced using mathematical descriptions of shapes. Made up of primitives, vector images require much less storage space and memory than bitmaps, i.e. the file size for a vector image the size of a business card will be pretty much the same for the same image on a billboard. They don't distort when re-sized like bitmaps, can be infinitely re-scaled and have no specific resolution until output.

Vegetable-based Using vegetable oil, rather than petroleum solvents, as the vehicle for Ink carrying pigment. Vegetable ink colours tend to be more vibrant than petroleum-based inks, but may take longer to dry.

Vellum A finish of paper that is somewhat bulky and is slightly rough.

Verso The left hand page of an open book.

Vertical The ability to adjust the interline spacing (leading) and manipulation of Justification text in fine increments to make columns and pages end at the same point on a page.

Vignette A photo or illustration, in which the tones fade gradually away until they blend with the background they are printed on.

Vignette Halftone Halftone whose background gradually and smoothly fades away. Also Known As: degrade.

Vinyl Synthetic plastic products which can be made in film, sheet or other forms. Vinyls can be manufactured in rigid or flexible constructions. Generally more flexible and formable than polyesters. A tough durable plastic film having excellent resistance to oils, chemicals and many solvents. It has excellent abrasion-resistance and can also be coloured. Its high stretch is due to the addition of plasticiser. Also Known As: PVC and polyvinyl chloride.

Virgin Fibre Paper or board pulp fibre, which is being used for the first time, as compared to recycled fibre. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 96

Virgin Paper Paper made exclusively of pulp from trees or cotton, as compared to recycled paper.

Viscosity The amount of tack and flow of a printing ink or varnish.

VOC Petroleum substances used as the vehicles for many printing inks. (Volatile Organic Compounds) 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 97

W

Wall Banner Large slogan or advert which is hung from a wire across a store.

Wall Display A form of printed display which is usually hung on the wall of a store. Can be mounted directly onto a flat wall or at an angle.

Warm Colour A colour with a reddish tone rather than a blue tone. Browns, oranges, reds, and yellows are generally considered to be "warm" colours.

Wash Up Removing printing ink from a press, washing the rollers and blanket. Certain ink colours require multiple washups to avoid ink and chemical contamination.

Waste Unusable paper or paper damage during normal make ready, printing or binding operations, as compared to spoilage.

Waterless A printing process that runs on offset lithography presses, but without Printing using water. The non-image areas of the plate are coated with silicone, allowing the ink to run off freely into shallow wells in the plate. Because finer dots can be used in waterless printing, the image is very detailed. The cost for this printing process is relatively high.

Watermark An impression, incorporated in the paper making process, showing the name of the paper and/or the company logo.

Web A web printing machine is one that accepts the paper on a large roll (the web). These are very fast presses but are only economic for long run and high volume work. Most people have seen film of newspapers being printed - this is a web process. The majority of magazines you find in the newsagent have been printed by web. The alternative is sheet fed.

Web Break Split of the paper as it travels through a web press, causing operators to re-thread the press.

Web Fed Press A printing press with paper supplied by a web rather than single sheets.

Web Gain Stretching of paper.

Web Perfector A web-printing machine that prints on both sides of the web at once.

Web Tension The tension or pull exerted by the web press on the web roll.

Weight The degree of boldness or thickness of a letter or font.

Wet-on-dry Screen printing one colour of ink and drying it first before screen printing a second colour on top of it.

Wet-on-wet Screen printing one colour of ink directly onto another colour without curing or drying in between. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 98

Wet Proof Proof from the press that the final job will be produced on. Also Known As: machine proof or press proof.

Wet Trap To print ink or varnish over wet ink, as compared to dry trap.

WF (Wrong Font) Abbreviation used when correcting proofs to indicate where a character is in the wrong typeface.

Whiteness The measure of the amount of light reflected from a sheet of paper. How white a paper is depends on how evenly it reflects all colours in the visible spectrum. If it reflects more blue than red and yellow, it will have a cool, blue tinge to it, making it appear brighter than white. A cool paper will appear brighter than a similar paper with a warm tinge. A cool or warm tinge doesn't affect paper quality, but it does create optical impressions. For example, in colour printing with blues and blacks predominating, a cool white sheet tends to brighten the colours. But colour printing with reds, oranges and yellows predominating, a neutral or warm white sheet tends to make the colours appear clearer and stronger.

White Point The samples in an image that will print the lightest tone possible of the intended output device.

White Space The area of a page with no printing on it.

Widow A single word left on the last line of a paragraph which falls at the top of a page.

Window Display POS signage intended to be hung in a retailer’s window.

Window Strip Displayed horizontally at the bottom of a window to promote products and messages.

Wire The wire mesh used at the wet end of the paper making process. The wire determines the textures of the paper.

Wire-O A finishing trade name for mechanical binding using double loops of wire through a hole. Also Known As: wire binding.

With the Grain Parallel to the grain direction of the paper being used, as compared to against the grain. Also see grain direction.

Wobbler POS piece that hangs down from a shelf, usually from the price channel. Also Known As: dangler.

Woodfree Paper Made from chemical pulp only with size added. Supplied calendered or supercalendered.

Word Break The division of a word at the end of a line.

Work and Tumble A method of printing where pages are imposed together. The sheet is then printed on one side with the sheet being turned or tumbled from front to rear to print the opposite side. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 99

Work and Turn A method of printing where pages are imposed in one form or assembled on one film. One side is then printed and the sheet is then turned over and printed from the other edge using the same form. The finished sheet is then cut to produce two complete copies.

Work and Twist To print the same plate twice on the same side of a sheet turning the sheet through 180 degrees between print runs.

Work in Progress Term used to refer to all jobs currently going through the production (WIP) system.

Workflow Refers to having a complete system of scanner, monitor, software, printer, and paper which are all calibrated to each other. This makes colour management easier and quicker.

Wove A finely textured paper without visible wire marks.

Wrap-around A roll of printed material wrapped around a medium, i.e. a label wrapped around a tin, a cover used on pull out forms which starts at the back of the binding stub and wraps all the way around the length of the form and back up to the binding stub perforation in the front, and in retail POS designed to wrap around a display.

Wrong Reading An image that is backwards when compared to the original. Also Known As: flopped and reverse reading.

WYSIWYG Describes a program that allows the user to see what the end result will look like whilst an application, image or document is being created. WYSIWYG is an acronym for "what you see is what you get." 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 100

X

Xerographic Papers made to reproduce well in copy machines. Paper

Xerography A photocopying/printing process in which the image is formed using the electrostatic charge principle. The toner replaces ink and can be dry or liquid. Once formed, the image is sealed by heat.

Xerox imageData Group operates a range of Xerox digital presses including iGen3’s, DocuColor’s, Docutech’s, and Nuvera’s. Xerox digital printing presses integrate digital colour printing into existing workflows to enable applications such as print on demand and one-to-one marketing.

X-height The height of a letter excluding the ascenders and descenders, i.e. 'x', which is also height of the main body. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 101

Y

Yellow One of the four process colours, or CMYK, the Y is for yellow.

Yellowing A process over a lengthy period of time that changes the colour of white paper as a result of exposure to air, heat, light, moisture and other elements. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 102

Z

Zip File Zipping a file compresses one or more files into a smaller archive. It takes up less hard drive space and less time to transfer across a network or the internet. 319890_iDG.qxd:iDG print_jargon 17/4/15 09:29 Page 103

Numbers 2 Colour Commonly used for stationery because of its cost effectiveness. The Printing typical design includes a special colour, such as a Pantone ink, along with black. The special ink is for the 'company colour', usually the logo and the black is for text. In addition, tints of both inks could be used to produce variations of the colour and greys respectively. For example, if a strong blue is chosen as the main colour then the opportunity exists to have a pale blue tint, perhaps as a background 'ghost' image. A range of greys is also available from tints of black. Two colour printing can be an economic way of producing brochures and catalogues if full-colour images are not required. There are creative options, such as duotones which can be considered if the subject matter is suitable. imageData Group’s print facilities include a Komori Sprint GS 228P B2 two colour press.

2 Up, 3 Up, etc Printing where one or many of the same images are printed on the same side of a sheet. Also Known As: up.

3d visual Computer generated models which provide clients with a visual of the final point of sale product before production begins.

3-knife Trimmer Three guillotines that trim top, bottom, and side of a publication in one pass.

8 Sheet A poster measuring 1.53m x 2.03m traditionally made up of eight individual sheets.

16 Sheet A poster size measuring (30.5m x 2.03m). Also see sheet.

32 Sheet A poster size measuring (3.05m x 4.06m). Also see sheet.

96 Sheet A poster size measuring 12.2 m x 3.05m. Also see sheet.

When you have finished with this handy iD guide please recycle it. [email protected] www.imagedata.co.uk

imageData Group is a family owned and managed print and communications company, established in 1983. Our team of dedicated account managers work with some of the biggest names in retail, corporate and public sectors to deliver

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