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Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Emerald Ash Borer FHTET-2008-07 U.S. Department Forest Service Animal and Plant Health April 2008 of Agriculture Inspection Service Abstracts were submitted in an electronic form and were edited to achieve a uniform format. Contributors are responsible for the accuracy of their abstract’s content. Statements of the contributors from outside of the U.S. Department of Agriculture may not necessarily reflect the policy of the Department. Some participants did not submit abstracts, and so their presentations are not represented here. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Remarks about pesticides appear in some technical papers represented by these abstracts. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. On the cover: year-old emerald ash borer galleries. Photo by David Cappaert, available at www.forestryimages.org as UGA1460075. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. EM E RALD ASH BOR E R RE S E ARCH AND DE V E LOPM E NT Mee TING October 23-24, 2007 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Compiled by: Victor Mastro1, David Lance1, Richard Reardon2, and Gregory Parra3 1USDA APHIS, PPQ, Otis ANGB, Massachussetts 2USDA Forest Service, FHTET, Morgantown, West Virginia 3USDA APHIS, PPQ, Raleigh, North Carolina For additional copies of this or the previous proceedings (2003: FHTET-2004-02, 2004: FHTET-2004-15, 2005: FHTET-2005-16, and 2006: FHTET-2007-04), contact Lenora MacNevin in Otis ANGB, Massachus- setts, at (508) 563-9303 (email: [email protected]) or Richard Reardon in Morgantown, West Virginia, at (304) 285-1566 (email: [email protected]). __________________________________________________________________________________ iii FOREWORD Damage caused by the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, has increased dra- matically since it was first discovered in June of 2002 near Detroit, Michigan. Parts of seven states now have known infestations: Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and, most recently, West Virginia. The infested area also extends into Ontario, Canada, where EAB has been found as far east as Toronto. Tens of millions of ash trees are either now infested or have already been killed. According to a USDA Forest Service report, projected impacts on urban areas and forest settings are estimated to be in the billions of dollars. The EAB program currently is doing a more in-depth economic assessment. When the EAB was first discovered in North America, there was little information on this insect. Within its native range, when feeding on indigenous species of ash, EAB behaves similar to many of the North American buprestid species, attacking only weakened or dying trees. Its natural range is still not completely known, and there was a general lack of knowledge about the behavior and biology of this species in particular and of the other Agrilus species and buprestids in general. The current management approach of the USDA and affected states is to limit artificial move- ment of EAB with focused, aggressive regulatory and public-outreach programs. Given the limitation of monitoring tools and the size of the area that needs to be surveyed, the limits of the infestation were only beginning to be understood in 2006. In 2007, new populations were discovered in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Active management has attempted to eradicate outlying infestations, focusing on those farthest from the core. The attempts to survey and delimit infestations have clearly pointed out the critical need for more effective survey tools. The program moved from visual survey to the use of trap trees in 2005. In 2008, the program will adopt a trap and lure based on visual cues and compounds released by stressed trees. Traps will be deployed in a systematic survey covering a 100-mile-wide band encircling the area known to be infested. In addition, most of the remainder of the United States will be surveyed using traps placed at sites that pose a risk of introduction. Control options have also been limited; to date, only ash tree removal has been applied on a large scale as a management tool. This approach is expensive, and its success is compromised by the limitations of past survey techniques. Research support has been provided by federal and state agencies from the time EAB was dis- covered. The urgency of the need and the size of the mountain that had to be scaled, however, were brought into focus in 2005 at the annual EAB research meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At that meeting, a large number of scientists from many disciplines were brought together to produce a com- pilation of researchable topics that could provide products useful to support the control program. The Deputy Administrator of APHIS-PPQ provided $1.3 million in additional funding to support eight of the highest priority EAB projects. In the current report, we can see the first fruits of this expanded research program as well as preliminary products of ongoing research. These include better characterization of the insect’s host-finding, mate-finding, and dispersal behaviors; discovery and evaluation of natural enemies and efficacious pesticides; design of a first-generation attractant and trap; and development of effective regulatory treatments. The program is adopting several of these findings. As noted above, a comprehensive survey will be carried out using an attractant-baited trap. After experimental releases of three species of parasitoids in 2007, the program is constructing a para- site production facility. In 2008, both the USDA forest Service and APHIS are adding an additional $1 million to the existing funds to further accelerate the process. Useful products of these combined efforts will follow in the years to come; meanwhile, EAB continues its onslaught on Fraxinus in our forest and urban areas. Emerald Ash Borer Research and Development Meeting—2007 iv _________________________________________________________________________________ Although research on the Asian longhorned beetle and other invasive forest pests was not included in the most recent review, we plan to take advantage of this gathering of researchers and managers to exchange information as appropriate in the future. It is only by this type of exchange, the adoption of new techniques, and innovation that we can hope to keep pace with the introductions threatening our forests. Vic Mastro Emerald Ash Borer Research and Development Meeting—2007 ___________________________________________________________________________________ v CONT E NTS EM E RALD ASH BOR E R PROGRAM Rep ORTS EM E RALD ASH BOR E R IN PE NNSYLVANIA .................................................................................1 Sven-Erik Spichiger MANAGING TH E EM E RALD ASH BOR E R IN CANADA ...................................................................2 Kenneth R. Marchant MOD E LING EM E RALD ASH BOR E R SP R E AD IN OHIO AND MI C HIGAN ............................................3 Anantha Prasad, Louis Iverson, Matthew Peters, Jonathan Bossenbroek, Davis Sydnor, and Mark Schwartz BE HAVIOR , BIOLOGY , AND EC OLOGY OF EM E RALD ASH BOR E R DE NDRO C HRONOLOGI C AL Rec ONSTRU C TION OF TH E ESTA B LISHM E NT AND SP R E AD OF EM E RALD ASH BOR E R ......................................................................................................................4 Nathan W. Siegert, Deborah G. McCullough, Andrew M. Liebhold, and Frank W. Telewski MOD E LING TH E SP ATIAL AND TE M P ORAL DYNAMI C S OF ISOLAT E D EM E RALD ASH BOR E R PO P ULATIONS .6 Nathan W. Siegert, Andrew M. Liebhold, and Deborah G. McCullough MOD E LING EM E RALD ASH BOR E R DIS pe RSAL USING PE R C OLATION TH E ORY : ESTIMATING TH E RAT E OF RANG E EX P ANSION IN A FRAGM E NT E D LANDS C A pe ..........................................................7 Robin A. J. Taylor, Daniel A. Herms, and Louis R. Iverson IM P A C TS OF EM E RALD ASH BOR E R -INDU ce D GA P FORMATION ON FOR E ST COMMUNITI E S ................10 Daniel A. Herms, Kamal J.K. Gandhi, John Cardina, Robert P. Long, Kathleen S. Knight, Annemarie Smith, and Deborah G. McCullough EM E RALD ASH BOR E R GE N E TI C S : AN UP DAT E ........................................................................11 BAlicia M. Bray, Leah S. Bauer, Robert A. Haack, Therese Poland, and James J.
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