The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Devices for Research and Development Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering
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Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Larry A. DeWerd Michael Kissick Editors The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Devices for Research and Development Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Series Editor Elias Greenbaum, Oak Ridge, USA Editorial Board Masuo Aizawa, Yokohama, Japan Olaf S. Andersen, New York, USA Robert H. Austin, Princeton, USA James Barber, London, England Howard C. Berg, Cambridge, USA Victor Bloomfield, St. Paul, USA Robert Callender, Bronx, USA Britton Chance, Philadelphia, USA Steven Chu, Berkeley, USA Louis J. DeFelice, Nashville, USA Johann Deisenhofer, Dallas, USA George Feher, San Diego, La Jolla, USA Hans Frauenfelder, Los Alamos, USA Ivar Giaever, Troy, USA Sol M. Gruner, Ithaca, USA Judith Herzfeld, Waltham, USA Mark S. Humayun, Los Angeles, USA Pierre Joliot, Paris, France Lajos Keszthelyi, Szeged, Hungary Robert S. Knox, Rochester, USA Aaron Lewis, Jerusalem, Israel Stuart M. Lindsay, Tempe, USA David Mauzerall, New York, USA Eugenie V. Mielczarek, Fairfax, USA Markolf Niemz, Mannheim, Germany V. Adrian Parsegian, Bethesda, USA Linda S. Powers, Tucson, USA Earl W. Prohofsky, West Lafayette, USA Andrew Rubin, Moscow, Russia Michael Seibert, Golden, USA David Thomas, Minneapolis, USA For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/3740 The fields of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering are broad, multidisciplinary and dynamic. They lie at the crossroads of frontier research in physics, biology, chemistry, and medicine. The Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering Series is intended to be comprehensive, covering a broad range of topics important to the study of the physical, chemical and biological sciences. Its goal is to provide scientists and engineers with textbooks, mono- graphs, and reference works to address the growing need for information. Books in the series emphasize established and emergent areas of science including molecular, membrane, and mathematical biophysics; photosynthetic energy harvesting and conversion; information processing; physical principles of genetics; sensory communications; automata networks, neural networks, and cel- lular automata. Equally important will be coverage of applied aspects of biological and medical physics and biomedical engineering such as molecular electronic components and devices, biosensors, medicine, imaging, physical principles of renewable energy production, advanced prostheses, and environmental control and engineering. Larry A. DeWerd • Michael Kissick Editors The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics Devices for Research and Development 123 Editors Larry A. DeWerd Michael Kissick Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison USA ISSN 1618-7210 ISSN 2197-5647 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-8303-8 ISBN 978-1-4614-8304-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8304-5 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953254 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Introduction to Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics ...... 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 History . 2 1.3 Phantom Materials . 3 1.4 Dosimetry Phantoms . 4 1.4.1 Phantom Construction . 5 1.4.2 Dosimeters. 6 1.4.3 Computational Phantoms . 7 1.5 Imaging Phantoms . 8 1.6 Scope of the Text . 9 1.6.1 Radiation Therapy Phantoms . 9 1.6.2 X-ray Imaging Phantoms. 10 1.6.3 Non-ionizing Radiation Phantoms. 10 1.6.4 Nuclear Medicine Phantoms . 11 1.6.5 Health Physics and Computational Phantoms . 11 1.7 Conclusion. 12 References . 12 Part I Phantoms of Radiation Therapy 2 Radiation Therapy Dosimetry Phantoms ................... 17 2.1 Introduction . 17 2.1.1 Need for Therapeutic Dosimetry Phantoms . 18 2.1.2 Overall Design Goals . 18 2.1.3 Literature Review . 18 2.2 Common Concepts for Dosimetry Phantoms . 19 2.2.1 Classification . 19 2.2.2 Phantom Geometry . 20 2.2.3 Phantom Composition . 20 2.2.4 Phantom Coordinate Systems . 22 2.2.5 Dose Measurement System Components . 22 2.2.6 Phantom Measurements. 23 v vi Contents 2.3 Water Phantoms . 24 2.3.1 Construction of Water Phantoms . 24 2.3.2 Characteristics of Water Phantoms . 25 2.3.3 Use of Water Phantoms. 25 2.3.4 Examples of Water Phantoms . 26 2.4 Non-Water Phantoms . 27 2.4.1 Construction of Non-Water Phantoms . 27 2.4.2 Characteristics of Non-Water Phantoms . 27 2.4.3 Examples of Non-Water Phantoms . 28 2.4.4 Use of Non-Water Phantoms . 29 2.5 Integrated Device Phantoms. 30 2.5.1 Construction of Integrated Phantoms. 30 2.5.2 Characteristics of Integrated Phantoms . 31 2.5.3 Examples of Integrated Phantoms. 32 2.5.4 Use of Integrated Phantoms . 32 2.6 Therapeutic Clinical Uses . 32 2.6.1 Installation and Acceptance Testing . 33 2.6.2 Calibration and Commissioning . 34 2.6.3 Periodic Performance Monitoring . 34 2.6.4 Planned Patient Dose Validating. 34 2.7 Future Directions . 35 2.7.1 Automated Data Collection, Analysis, and Management . 35 2.7.2 Materials that More Closely Mimic the Behavior of Tissue . 35 2.7.3 Variable Density Distribution (Deformable) Phantoms. 36 2.7.4 High-Resolution 3D Data Acquisition in Parallel . 36 2.7.5 In vivo Dose Measurement During Treatment Delivery. 36 References . 37 3 Anthropomorphic Phantoms for Radiation Oncology Medical Physics ..................................... 39 3.1 Introduction . 39 3.2 Anthropomorphic Body Phantoms . 40 3.2.1 ART Phantom . 41 3.2.2 RANDOÒ Phantom. 42 3.2.3 ATOMÒ Dosimetry Phantom . 43 3.2.4 Custom Body Phantoms . 44 3.3 Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms . 45 3.3.1 Commercially Available Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms . 46 Contents vii 3.3.2 Anthropomorphic Body-Part Phantoms Developed by a QA Service Organization or Institution for Their Own QA Purposes . 47 3.4 Summary. 49 References . 50 4 Motion Phantoms for Radiotherapy ...................... 53 4.1 Introduction . 53 4.2 Motion in Radiation Therapy . 54 4.2.1 Prostate Motion . 55 4.2.2 Respiratory Motion. 56 4.2.3 Other Treatment Sites Affected by Motion . 58 4.3 Quality Assurance Using Motion Phantoms . 59 4.3.1 Measuring Patient Motion . 59 4.3.2 Accounting for Motion Amplitude . 60 4.3.3 Measuring the Impact of Motion Frequency. 60 4.3.4 Testing Motion Management Techniques . 61 4.4 Motion Phantom Designs. 61 4.4.1 Overview of Motion Phantom Requirements . 61 4.4.2 Commercial Motion Phantoms . 62 4.4.3 Custom Motion Phantoms . 65 4.4.4 Motion Phantoms of the Future . 68 4.5 Dosimetry with Motion Phantoms. 69 References . 70 5 Phantoms in Brachytherapy ............................ 77 5.1 Introduction . 77 5.2 Brachytherapy Dosimetry . 78 5.2.1 Experimental Measurements . 78 5.2.2 Radiation Transport Simulations. 79 5.3 Therapy Simulation and Imaging Phantoms . 81 5.3.1 Surgical Simulation . 81 5.3.2 Brachytherapy Imaging . 82 5.3.3 Contouring Phantoms . 84 5.3.4 Equipment Compatibility. 84 5.4 Future of Brachytherapy Phantoms . 84 References . 85 Part II Imaging Phantoms 6 Imaging Phantoms: Conventional X-ray Imaging Applications ... 91 6.1 Anthropomorphic Phantom for X-ray Imaging . 92 6.1.1 Head/Neck Phantom . 92 6.1.2 Torso Phantoms . 97 viii Contents 6.1.3 Whole Body Phantom . 100 6.2 Phantoms for Acceptance and QC Tests . 101 6.2.1 Radiographic Systems . 102 6.2.2 Fluoroscopic Systems . 111 6.3 Vendor-Specific QA Tools . 116 6.3.1 Agfa Auto QC Tools . 116 6.3.2 Carestream DirectView Total Quality Tool for DR/CR System . ..