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CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.1

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CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.1 DESCRIÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE 1 CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE Juss.1 DORIS GROTH2 ABSTRACT - The deficiency of specialized bibliography had caused great difficulties and changes in the identification of the species, in the procedures of a Seed Testing Laboratory. Therefore, through the morphological characteristics of Convolvulaceae weed seed species, which occur in Brazil and in other tropical and temperate regions, it was elaborated a taxonomical key and drawings in order to help the seed identification of 36 species. It was also presented the main synonyms and some considerations about the species, as identification problems and others. The taxonomical key were based mainly on the colour and pilosity of the seed coat (surface) and the hilum area, the size and the outline of the hilum, which are very stable characteristics. It was used also the size (length, wideness and thickness) of the seeds. The shape of the Convolvulaceae seeds, vary with the amount of seeds developed in the fruit and is not a consistent characteristic that can be used in identification. Index terms: seed identification, weed seeds, Convolvulaceae, Convolvulus, Dichondra, Jaquemontia, Ipomoea, Merremia. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CONVOLVULACEAE Juss. WEED SEED SPECIES RESUMO - A deficiência de bibliografia especializada tem causado grandes dificuldades e incorreções na identificação das espécies. Baseando-se nas características morfológicas das sementes de espécies invasoras da família Convolvulaceae, que ocorrem no Brasil e em outras regiões de clima tropical e temperado, foi elaborada uma chave dicotômica e desenhos para auxiliar na identificação de sementes de 36 espécies. São apresentados,também, os principais sinônimos e algumas considerações sobre a espécie, como problemas na identificação e outros. Na elaboração da chave dicotômica foram utilizadas a coloração e a pilosidade da superfície do tegumento e da área hilar, o contorno e o tamanho do hilo, que são características muito estáveis. Foram utilizadas, também, as dimensões das sementes. A forma das sementes das Convolvulaceae, varia muito em função da quantidade de sementes que se desenvolvem no fruto e não é uma característica muito consistente. Termos para indexação: identificação de sementes, espécies invasoras, Convolvulaceae, Convolvulus, Dichondra, Jaquemontia, Ipomoea, Merremia. INTRODUCTION directly or as allergens; they obstruct lakes, irrigation ditches and drainage-ways; they reduce support capacity of natural Plant species are considered weeds when they interfere or cultivated pastures; they reduce the availability of fish and with man’s activities or his welfare. Such plants grow where wildlife; they make roadsides utility rights-of-way and they are not wanted. They reduce yield and quality of crop landscape plantings unsightly; some of them are toxic and and forage species; they poison livestock and man either can compromise animal live (United States, 1970; Koehn, 1977). Another point is the development of the seed trade, 1 Aceito para publicação em 22.09.2001; trabalho apresentado no 25th Congress of the International Seed Testing Association., em Pretória, África 2 Engª Agrª, Drª, Profª Titular da FEAGRI/UNICAMP; Av. Papa Pio XII, do Sul, de 15 a 24 abril 1998. 99 apt.61, 13066-710, Campinas-SP; e-mail: [email protected] Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 23, nº 2, p.1-13, 2001 2 D. GROTH survival and dissemination with crop seeds. The spread of MATERIAL AND METHODS weed seeds by the combine is another problem, because it The seeds used in this study were obtained at the field disseminates most of the smaller and lighter seeds ripe at the and from Seed Testing Laboratory. The description were done time of harvest (Harper, 1960). No plant is absolutely a weed. On the other hand, plants almost universally desired may be utilizing methods described by Gunn (1969), Groth (1980, occasionally regarded as weed. 1984a), Groth et al. (1979, 1983) and Koehn (1977), that consider the shape, the outline, the size (length, wideness and The seed is one of the distinctive features of the thickness) of the seeds, the colour and pilosity of the seed spermatophytes which sets them apart from the so called lower coat (surface) and hilum area, the size and the outline of the plants. Seed identification is a necessary part of seed testing, hilum. At minimum of 10 fruits and 20 seeds were studied. crop improvement, wildlife management, archaeology, paleobotany and taxonomy. The seed characteristics are The size rank was mentioned, but in exceptional conditions remarkably stable, under varying environmental conditions; can appear seeds very shorter or longer and this size was indicated in parenthesis. The drawings, made with the stereo- therefore, they provide reliable criteria for positive microscope ”Zeiss” and the light camera, are accompained identification of unknown seeds. with a milimeter scale, that indicate the increase utilized. The Convolvulaceae is a tropical family and seeds of several genus of this family frequently occur in lots of commercial seeds, such as clover, line, lespedeza, lucern, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION soybean, maize, wheat, common beans, rice and sorghum. On the other hand, weeds of most genus, that occur in crop Seeds of the Convolvulaceae family were described by plants have clambing habit that produce some problems on Groth (1980, 1984a - b; 1991, 1997a - b, 1998), Groth et al. cultural practices, harvest and industrial processing, leading (1979), Groth & Boaretto (1985), Kissmann & Groth (1992, to decreased seed yield and product quality. 1999) and Koehn (1977). The Convolvulaceae seeds may be There are many different types of identification keys and recogniz by their wedge shape (in cross section) and basal various methods, which can be used in developing them. hilum. Occasionally, the seeds are flattened or spheroid. There Larger the number of contrasting features that exist between are three hila types: the ipomoea-type hilum is large, nearly the material being treated the easier it is to develop and use circular in outline, usually emarginate at the base and usually the key. surrounded by a flat space and a hilar ridge; the convolvulus- The objective of these work was based on the type hilum is small, wider than long and is not surrounded by morphological characteristics of some Convolvulaceae weed a ridge; the cuscuta-type hilum is a short slit or a whitish line seed species, which occur in Brazil and in other tropical and or a raised point. The embryo is axile linear (anular or temperate regions, to elaborate a taxonomical key and spiralled) and without cotyledons in Cuscuta; axile folded drawings in order to help the correct seed identification of 36 and with obovate cotyledons in Convolvulus, or elliptic species and to present the main synonyms and some cotyledons in Dichondra, or subkidney-shaped to orbicular considerations about the species, as identification problems cotyledons in Jaquemontia or with bilobed cotyledons in and others. Ipomoea and Merremia. Key to seed identification 1. Hilum a short slit or whitish line or a raised point; seed less than 1,25mm in diameter or 0,5-1,25mm in diameter; seed more than 1,25mm in diameter or 1,25mm long, 1,25-2,0mm wide, 1,8-2,0mm thick ....................... Cuscuta spp. (Figure 1) 1. Hilum without these characteristics. 2. Convolvulus-type hilum. 3. Seed coat roughened. 4. Seed more than 3,0mm long and seed coat with numerous blunt tubercles or short thick wavy lines. 5. Seed coat dull, ochre to light greyish-brown; seed 3,0-4,0mm long, 2,0-3,0mm wide, more rounded than sectoroid-shaped ..................................................................................... Convolvulus arvensis L. (Figure 1) Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 23, nº 2, p.1-13, 2001 DESCRIÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES INVASORAS DA FAMÍLIA CONVOLVULACEAE 3 Cuscuta indecora Cholsy Convolvulus arvensis L. Convolvulus crenatifolius Ruiz et Pav. Ipomoea amnicola Morong Dichondra microcalyx Hall.f.Fabris. Ipomoea alba L. Ipomoea asarifolia Ipomoea carnea Jacq ssp. (Desr.) Roem.& Schult. fistulosa (Mart.ex Choisy) D.Austin Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet. Ipomoea coccinea L. Ipomoea ramosissima (Poir.) Choisy Ipomoea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. FIG. 1. Ventral view of Convolvulaceae weed seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 23, nº 2, p.1-13, 2001 4 D. GROTH 5. Seed coat dull, black at the maturity; seed 3,0-3,8mm long, 2,5-3,2mm wide, broadly-ellipsoid to obovoid- sectoroid-shaped ............................................................ Convolvulus crenatifolius Ruiz et Pav. (Figure 1) 4. Seed less than 3,0mm long; seed coat without tubercles. 6. Margins narrow winged; seed coat with numerous blister-like protuberances or short irregularly wavy lines. 7. Wing and seed coat yellowish to yellowish-brown; seed about 2,0mm long, 1,4-1,7mm wide, 1,2-1,3mm thick ...................................................................................... Jacquemontia densiflora Hall.f. (Figure 3) 7. Wing yellowish and seed coat yellowish to brown; seed 2,5-3,2mm long, 1,8-2,3mm wide, 1,5-1,7mm thick ...........................................................................................Jacquemontia velutina Choisy (Figure 3) 6. Margins not winged; seed coat only with numerous blister-like protuberances; seed 2,3-2,7(-3,0)mm long, 1,8-2,2mm wide, 1,5-1,6mm thick ................................... Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. (Figure 3) 3. Seed not roughned,
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