DOCSLIB.ORG

Napredno Korištenje Operacijskog Sustava Linux

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Napredno Korištenje Operacijskog Sustava Linux Napredno koriˇstenjeoperacijskog sustava Linux 7. Grafika i zvuk Dominik Barbari´c Nositelj: doc.dr.sc. Stjepan Groˇs Sveuˇciliˇsteu Zagrebu Fakultet elektrotehnike i raˇcunarstva 06.05.2017 Sadrˇzaj 1 Grafiˇckisustav 2 Zvuˇcnisustav Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 2 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav X11 Sustav koji povezuje aplikacije (klijente) s grafiˇckimserverom X sustav razvijen na MIT 1984. U verziji X11 od 1987. Male nadogradnje odrˇzavajukorak s razvojem grafiˇckihsustava Xorg server Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 3 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav X11 Aplikacije koriste X kroz framework za crtanje grafiˇckihelemenata Uredivanje prikaza svih aplikacija obavlja window manager Konfiguracijske datoteke u /etc/X11/ Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 4 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav X11 Mreˇznisustav Klijent (GUI aplikacija) se moˇzenalaziti na udaljenom serveru X server ostvaruje vezu prema grafiˇckoj kartici NCD-88k X terminal Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 5 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav X11 Arhitektura Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 6 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav X11 Arhitektura X - direktno suˇceljeizmedu X-servera i X-aplikacije GLX - suˇceljeizmedu X-servera i OpenGL aplikacije AIGLX - Accelerated Indirect GLX - suˇceljeizmedu X-servera i DRI-a DRI - Direct Rendering Infrastructure - suˇceljeprema grafiˇckom hardveru, za rastere´cenjeX-servera u 3D iscrtavanjima DRM - Direct Rendering Manager - suˇceljegrafiˇcke kartice Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 7 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Window managers Iscrtava i organizira prozore Stvara ukrase (naslovna traka, izbornici, scroll bar, . ) Primjeri Metacity, Xfwm, Kwin, Compiz, Mutter, Openbox, twm, . Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 8 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav GUI Graphical shells Koriste window manager za prikaz cijelog GUI-ja Omogu´cujupokretanje programa iz GUI-ja, bolje upravljanje prozorima i radnim povrˇsinama,. Desktop environment Predstavlja kompletno rjeˇsenjegrafiˇckog korisniˇckog suˇcelja U mnogim distribucijama dolazi neki predinstalirani desktop environment Mogu se po volji mijenjati - ponovnom instalacijom ili odabirom pri loginu Primjeri: Gnome, KDE, Xfce, Unity, MATE, Cinnamon, . Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 9 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Graphical shells Gnome 3 Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 10 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Graphical shells Xfce Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 11 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Graphical shells KDE Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 12 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Graphical shells MATE Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 13 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Display/Login Manager Grafiˇcko suˇceljeza logiranje Pokre´cese kao servis - na startupu Redovito podrˇzavajurazliˇcitekonfiguracije sjednice - primjerice, izbor desktop environmenta koje ˇzelimokoristiti Primjeri: GDM KDM LightDM Slim ... Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 14 / 21 Grafiˇckisustav Keyboard layout loadkeys X KeyBoard extension (xkb) setxkbmap Postavlja layout na X serveru localectl Alat iz systemd Razne regionalne postavke, ukljuˇcuju´ci layout u terminalu i X serveru Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 15 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav Arhitektura zvuˇcnogsustava Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 16 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav ALSA Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) Podrˇska zvuˇcnog sustava uz hardversku razinu Pristup hardveru Hardverski mikseri Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 17 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav ALSA Naredbe, konfiguracija amixer alsamixer aplay arecord Konfiguracijske datoteke /etc/asound.conf ~/.asoundrc Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 18 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav PulseAudio Sound server Izmedu aplikacije i ALSA Omogu´cujezvuk preko mreˇze Naprednije mixanje zvuka /etc/pulse ~/.config/pulse daemon.conf default.pa Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 19 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav Alternative Zvuk Open sound system (OSS) Potisnut od ALSA-e JACK Sound server Profesionalni audio Grafika Wayland, Mir Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 20 / 21 Zvuˇcnisustav Literatura https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xorg https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Xinitrc https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Start_X_at_login http://jan.newmarch.name/LinuxSound/Sampled/Architecture/ http://www.alsa-project.org/main/index.php/Main_Page http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/PulseAudio/ Dominik Barbari´c (FER) NKOSL 06.05.2017 21 / 21.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THINC: a Virtual and Remote Display Architecture for Desktop Computing and Mobile Devices
    THINC: A Virtual and Remote Display Architecture for Desktop Computing and Mobile Devices Ricardo A. Baratto Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2011 c 2011 Ricardo A. Baratto This work may be used in accordance with Creative Commons, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License. For more information about that license, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. For other uses, please contact the author. ABSTRACT THINC: A Virtual and Remote Display Architecture for Desktop Computing and Mobile Devices Ricardo A. Baratto THINC is a new virtual and remote display architecture for desktop computing. It has been designed to address the limitations and performance shortcomings of existing remote display technology, and to provide a building block around which novel desktop architectures can be built. THINC is architected around the notion of a virtual display device driver, a software-only component that behaves like a traditional device driver, but instead of managing specific hardware, enables desktop input and output to be intercepted, manipulated, and redirected at will. On top of this architecture, THINC introduces a simple, low-level, device-independent representation of display changes, and a number of novel optimizations and techniques to perform efficient interception and redirection of display output. This dissertation presents the design and implementation of THINC. It also intro- duces a number of novel systems which build upon THINC's architecture to provide new and improved desktop computing services. The contributions of this dissertation are as follows: • A high performance remote display system for LAN and WAN environments.
    [Show full text]
  • CNTR: Lightweight OS Containers
    CNTR: Lightweight OS Containers Jorg¨ Thalheim, Pramod Bhatotia Pedro Fonseca Baris Kasikci University of Edinburgh University of Washington University of Michigan Abstract fundamental to achieve high efficiency in virtualized datacenters and enables important use-cases, namely Container-based virtualization has become the de-facto just-in-time deployment of applications. Moreover, standard for deploying applications in data centers. containers significantly reduce operational costs through However, deployed containers frequently include a higher consolidation density and power minimization, wide-range of tools (e.g., debuggers) that are not required especially in multi-tenant environments. Because of all for applications in the common use-case, but they these advantages, it is no surprise that containers have seen are included for rare occasions such as in-production wide-spread adoption by industry, in many cases replacing debugging. As a consequence, containers are significantly altogether traditional virtualization solutions [17]. larger than necessary for the common case, thus increasing the build and deployment time. Despite being lightweight, deployed containers often include a wide-range of tools such as shells, editors, CNTR1 provides the performance benefits of lightweight coreutils, and package managers. These additional tools containers and the functionality of large containers by are usually not required for the application’s core function splitting the traditional container image into two parts: the — the common operational use-case — but they are “fat” image — containing the tools, and the “slim” image included for management, manual inspection, profiling, — containing the main application. At run-time, CNTR and debugging purposes [64]. In practice, this significantly allows the user to efficiently deploy the “slim” image and increases container size and, in turn, translates into then expand it with additional tools, when and if necessary, slower container deployment and inefficient datacenter by dynamically attaching the “fat” image.
    [Show full text]
  • Release Notes for Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 (Lenny), Alpha
    Release Notes for Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 (lenny), Alpha The Debian Documentation Project (http://www.debian.org/doc/) November 11, 2010 Release Notes for Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 (lenny), Alpha Published 2009-02-14 This document is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; with- out even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. The license text can also be found at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html and /usr/ share/common-licenses/GPL-2 on Debian GNU/Linux. ii Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Reporting bugs on this document . .3 1.2 Contributing upgrade reports . .3 1.3 Sources for this document . .4 2 What’s new in Debian GNU/Linux 5.05 2.1 What’s new in the distribution? . .5 2.1.1 Package management . .7 2.1.2 The proposed-updates section . .7 2.2 System improvements . .8 2.3 Major kernel-related changes . .8 2.3.1 Changes in kernel packaging . .8 2.4 Emdebian 1.0 (based on Debian GNU/Linux lenny 5.0) . .9 2.5 Netbook support .
    [Show full text]
  • Linux Sound Subsystem Documentation Release 4.13.0-Rc4+
    Linux Sound Subsystem Documentation Release 4.13.0-rc4+ The kernel development community Sep 05, 2017 CONTENTS 1 ALSA Kernel API Documentation 1 1.1 The ALSA Driver API ............................................ 1 1.2 Writing an ALSA Driver ........................................... 89 2 Designs and Implementations 145 2.1 Standard ALSA Control Names ...................................... 145 2.2 ALSA PCM channel-mapping API ..................................... 147 2.3 ALSA Compress-Offload API ........................................ 149 2.4 ALSA PCM Timestamping ......................................... 152 2.5 ALSA Jack Controls ............................................. 155 2.6 Tracepoints in ALSA ............................................ 156 2.7 Proc Files of ALSA Drivers ......................................... 158 2.8 Notes on Power-Saving Mode ....................................... 161 2.9 Notes on Kernel OSS-Emulation ..................................... 161 2.10 OSS Sequencer Emulation on ALSA ................................... 165 3 ALSA SoC Layer 171 3.1 ALSA SoC Layer Overview ......................................... 171 3.2 ASoC Codec Class Driver ......................................... 172 3.3 ASoC Digital Audio Interface (DAI) .................................... 174 3.4 Dynamic Audio Power Management for Portable Devices ...................... 175 3.5 ASoC Platform Driver ............................................ 180 3.6 ASoC Machine Driver ............................................ 181 3.7 Audio Pops
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the X Window System Introduction to X's Anatomy
    An Introduction to the X Window System Robert Lupton This is a limited and partisan introduction to ‘The X Window System’, which is widely but improperly known as X-windows, specifically to version 11 (‘X11’). The intention of the X-project has been to provide ‘tools not rules’, which allows their basic system to appear in a very large number of confusing guises. This document assumes that you are using the configuration that I set up at Peyton Hall † There are helpful manual entries under X and Xserver, as well as for individual utilities such as xterm. You may need to add /usr/princeton/X11/man to your MANPATH to read the X manpages. This is the first draft of this document, so I’d be very grateful for any comments or criticisms. Introduction to X’s Anatomy X consists of three parts: The server The part that knows about the hardware and how to draw lines and write characters. The Clients Such things as terminal emulators, dvi previewers, and clocks and The Window Manager A programme which handles negotiations between the different clients as they fight for screen space, colours, and sunlight. Another fundamental X-concept is that of resources, which is how X describes any- thing that a client might want to specify; common examples would be fonts, colours (both foreground and background), and position on the screen. Keys X can, and usually does, use a number of special keys. You are familiar with the way that <shift>a and <ctrl>a are different from a; in X this sensitivity extends to things like mouse buttons that you might not normally think of as case-sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • Version 7.8-Systemd
    Linux From Scratch Version 7.8-systemd Created by Gerard Beekmans Edited by Douglas R. Reno Linux From Scratch: Version 7.8-systemd by Created by Gerard Beekmans and Edited by Douglas R. Reno Copyright © 1999-2015 Gerard Beekmans Copyright © 1999-2015, Gerard Beekmans All rights reserved. This book is licensed under a Creative Commons License. Computer instructions may be extracted from the book under the MIT License. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux From Scratch - Version 7.8-systemd Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................................................................... vii i. Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. vii ii. Audience ............................................................................................................................................................ vii iii. LFS Target Architectures ................................................................................................................................ viii iv. LFS and Standards ............................................................................................................................................ ix v. Rationale for Packages in the Book .................................................................................................................... x vi. Prerequisites
    [Show full text]
  • Ati Driver Freebsd
    Ati driver freebsd Hey, I`m new to teh the bsd *BSD world and just installed Freebsd FreeBSD. Only thing missing is my video driver. ATI Radeon X How to Solved - Switch between ATI and VESA drivers? If you want to automatically load a video driver at boot time, we recommend to do it from /etc/:Radeon​: ​ It allows the use of newer xfvideo-ati drivers and AMD GPUs. This project started in January Initial radeon code comes from Linux. EndSection DESCRIPTION radeon is an Xorg driver for ATI/AMD RADEON-based video cards with the following features: o Full support for 8-, , and. This package contains the xfvideo-ati driver. xdrivers/drm-kmod: Port for the DRM kernel drivers for FreeBSD This port. If I boot X11 with no or with ati driver, the system stops responding, although cursor continues to follow mouse movements. (I suppose. To all those concerned, I have read that FreeBSD would be supported by the latest graphic card drivers, which was also confirmed by. I bought an expensive ATI card when they announced they'll go Note that AMD doesn't provide a driver for FreeBSD, so you'll be using the. We now know for sure that FreeBSD will ship with a kernel mode-setting driver for supporting open-source AMD Radeon graphics with its. AMD tech support has allegedly confirmed that Catalyst is being ported to FreeBSD. A Phoronix reader pointed out this thread. I am not sure that FreeBSD will fully support this card. The Xorg version for FreeBSD is and the ATI driver used is version The reason is, AMD/ATI doesn't support FreeBSD, and you have to resort to the sucky open source drivers.
    [Show full text]
  • The GNOME Census: Who Writes GNOME?
    The GNOME Census: Who writes GNOME? Dave Neary & Vanessa David, Neary Consulting © Neary Consulting 2010: Some rights reserved Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................3 What is GNOME?.............................................................................3 Project governance...........................................................................3 Why survey GNOME?.......................................................................4 Scope and methodology...................................................................5 Tools and Observations on Data Quality..........................................7 Results and analysis...........................................................................10 GNOME Project size.......................................................................10 The Long Tail..................................................................................11 Effects of commercialisation..........................................................14 Who does the work?.......................................................................15 Who maintains GNOME?................................................................17 Conclusions........................................................................................22 References.........................................................................................24 Appendix 1: Modules included in survey...........................................25 2 Introduction What
    [Show full text]
  • OS Linux Desktop Effects
    OS Linux Desktop Effects Tomáš Dlouhý Y04A1L Presentation Content • Basics • Composite Managers • Compiz Fusion • Basic Effects • Advanced Effects • Small scratch Y04A1L Presentation Basics I • Linux Kernel • X Server • Window Manager • Composite Manager Y04A1L Presentation Basics II • How does compositing works? Y04A1L Presentation Composite Managers I • Compiz • Compiz Quinnstorm known as Beryl • Kwin from KDE4 platform • Compiz Fusion (in next chapter) Y04A1L Presentation Composite Managers II • Compiz – Released by Novell in january 2006 – Include effects as Cube, rain, wobbly... – Supports newest NVIDIA / ATI cards only – Most stable – Supports KDE and GNOME Y04A1L Presentation Composite Managers III • Beryl – Fork of compiz – Extended effects from Compiz – Adding: Show, Animations, Emerald (window borders),... – Works with all graphics cards which supports 3d acceleration (requires driver with support 3d) – Supports KDE and GNOME Y04A1L Presentation Composite Managers IV • Kwin 4 – Relativly newest, many effects still under development – Few effects as: mouse position highlight, show all desktop, animations,... – Many effects dont require 3d acceleration (using X Server DRI) Y04A1L Presentation Compiz Fusion • After reunion Compiz and Beryl (renamed to Compiz Extras) • First release in summer 2007 • Adding all advatages from both projects • Come with more effects as Expo, Paint,... • CompizConfig Settings Manager Y04A1L Presentation Basic effects I • Cube – Most popular effect – Can have more then 4 desktops – Change background
    [Show full text]
  • Features Ask Klaus!
    FEATURES Ask Klaus! Klaus Knopper answers your Linux questions Thanks for reading this, Klaus; it really means a lot to me that you take time to help out the Linux community. Mark Mina If I’m not completely mistaken (having no such model for test- ing), the main challenge with this note- AskBy Klaus Knopper Klaus! book really seems to be the graphics Knoppix Install adapter, which is a hybrid Intel + ATI/ Hello, Klaus. I have been using your AMD RadeonHD 6550M. You will most OS version 6.4 as supplied on the likely need a new kernel (at least 2.6.38 DVD with the January 2011 Linux Maga- or 2.6.39) with the Radeon DRM module zine. I like it so much that I would like to and Xorg 1.10 with the xorg-video- install it on the hard drive on one of my radeon driver, which is currently in De- machines. I have looked through the bian/ unstable. This is quite distro-inde- files but cannot find a way to install it. pendent; the most recently released ones Can you please advise? I am not on the will be the best candidates. Internet but hope to be on in the next You may also succeed by switching off couple of months. Best Regards, John one of the graphics chipsets in the BIOS Stirling and explicitly configuring the other in Xorg. The Intel version may be a good A Knoppix harddisk install option candidate. For Knoppix, try to boot with: exists in the Preferences menu with the “0wn” (“zero work needed”) knoppix xmodule=intel utility.
    [Show full text]
  • Embedded Systems 2/7
    Embedded systems 2/7 J.-M Friedt Introduction Virtual memory access Embedded systems 2/7 Kernel module basics Using the kernel: timers J.-M Friedt Conclusion & lab session FEMTO-ST/d´epartement temps-fr´equence [email protected] slides at jmfriedt.free.fr September 9, 2020 1 / 24 Embedded systems 2/7 J.-M Friedt Operating system: the need for Introduction drivers Virtual memory access Kernel module basics Using the kernel: timers • Hardware abstraction: hide low level functions so that the developer Conclusion & lab session can focus on the functionalities provided by the peripheral ! a single entry point providing system calls (open, read, write, close) hiding access to hardware • Homogeneous interface to all peripherals (\Everything is a file") • Only the kernel can access hardware resources (DMA, interrupts) • Share resources and make sure only one process can access a given hardware function • Add functionalities to the Linux kernel: modules 2 / 24 Embedded systems 2/7 J.-M Friedt Virtual memory/hardware memory Introduction Hardware memory addressing Virtual memory • hardware memory: a value on the address bus identifies which access peripheral is active Kernel module basics • each peripheral decodes the address bus to detect whether it is the Using the kernel: target of a message timers • Conclusion & lab only one peripheral must match a given physical address (otherwise, session conflict) Virtual memory addressing • each process has its own address space • memory organization independent of physical constraints • dynamic loading
    [Show full text]
  • How-To Gnome-Look Guide
    HHOOWW--TTOO Written by David D Lowe GGNNOOMMEE--LLOOOOKK GGUUIIDDEE hen I first joined the harddisk, say, ~/Pictures/Wallpapers. right-clicking on your desktop Ubuntu community, I and selecting the appropriate You may have noticed that gnome- button (you know which one!). Wwas extremely look.org separates wallpapers into impressed with the amount of different categories, according to the customization Ubuntu had to size of the wallpaper in pixels. For Don't let acronyms intimidate offer. People posted impressive the best quality, you want this to you; you don't have to know screenshots, and mentioned the match your screen resolution. If you what the letters stand for to themes they were using. They don't know what your screen know what it is. Basically, GTK is soon led me to gnome-look.org, resolution is, click System > the system GNOME uses to the number one place for GNOME Preferences > Screen Resolution. display things like buttons and visual customization. The However, Ubuntu stretches controls. GNOME is Ubuntu's screenshots there looked just as wallpapers quite nicely if you picked default desktop environment. I impressive, but I was very the wrong size, so you needn't fret will only be dealing with GNOME confused as to what the headings about it. on the sidebar meant, and I had customization here--sorry no idea how to use the files I SVG is a special image format that Kubuntu and Xubuntu folks! downloaded. Hopefully, this guide doesn't use pixels; it uses shapes Gnome-look.org distinguishes will help you learn what I found called vectors, which means you can between two versions of GTK: out the slow way.
    [Show full text]