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The Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “Jump Jet”
Draft for joint Herbert Simon Institute/Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Seminar, 1st April 2011 Practice in Communities: how engineers create solutions ‐ the Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “jump jet”. Jonathan Aylen* and Mike Pryce* Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Manchester Business School University of Manchester “Every aeroplane is different ‐ a self‐optimising shambles” Ralph Hooper, Harrier project designer Aerospace engineers face the task of developing a project from overall design concept through to working prototype and on into sustained use. Engineers often work in small groups when developing an initial concept. Once the basic concept has been agreed they may work in similarly small groups, or as part of larger teams to develop key components of a system. At this stage key design tasks are defined and delegated and then the resulting components are tested and integrated to build a prototype (Vincenti, 1990). Individual sub‐assemblies are usually developed in parallel. So, aeronautical engineering is often seen as a cyclical process of analysis and synthesis, although in practice it is seldom so neat and linear, as the opening quote from a leading practitioner, Ralph Hooper, illustrates. The nature of engineering design is complex, with designers having to cope with many systems and components interacting in dynamic ways. The breadth and depth of knowledge required means no one person can carry out all the tasks of engineering design. Group or team working is essential. Engineering design is an innately social activity. However, mastering the specific skills of any one discipline, and also learning how to utilise the knowledge gained within the group or team, often depends on the abilities of key individuals. -
Pegasus Vectored-Thrust Turbofan Engine
Pegasus Vectored-thrust Turbofan Engine Matador Harrier Sea Harrier AV-8A International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark 24 July 1993 International Air Tattoo '93 RAF Fairford The American Society of Mechanical Engineers I MECH E I NTERNATIONAL H ISTORIC M ECHANICAL E NGINEERING L ANDMARK PEGASUS V ECTORED-THRUST T URBOFAN ENGINE 1960 T HE B RISTOL AERO-ENGINES (ROLLS-R OYCE) PEGASUS ENGINE POWERED THE WORLD'S FIRST PRACTICAL VERTICAL/SHORT-TAKEOFF-AND-LANDING JET AIRCRAFT , THE H AWKER P. 1127 K ESTREL. USING FOUR ROTATABLE NOZZLES, ITS THRUST COULD BE DIRECTED DOWNWARD TO LIFT THE AIRCRAFT, REARWARD FOR WINGBORNE FLIGHT, OR IN BETWEEN TO ENABLE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE TWO FLIGHT REGIMES. T HIS ENGINE, SERIAL NUMBER BS 916, WAS PART OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND IS THE EARLIEST KNOWN SURVIVOR. PEGASUS ENGINE REMAIN IN PRODUCTION FOR THE H ARRIER II AIRCRAFT. T HE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF M ECHANICAL ENGINEERS T HE INSTITUTION OF M ECHANICAL ENGINEERS 1993 Evolution of the Pegasus Vectored-thrust Engine Introduction cern resulted in a perceived need trol and stability problems associ- The Pegasus vectored for combat runways for takeoff and ated with the transition from hover thrust engine provides the power landing, and which could, if re- to wing-borne flight. for the first operational vertical quired, be dispersed for operation The concepts examined and short takeoff and landing jet from unprepared and concealed and pursued to full-flight demon- aircraft. The Harrier entered ser- sites. Naval interest focused on a stration included "tail sitting" types vice with the Royal Air Force (RAF) similar objective to enable ship- exemplified by the Convair XFY-1 in 1969, followed by the similar borne combat aircraft to operate and mounted jet engines, while oth- AV-8A with the United States Ma- from helicopter-size platforms and ers used jet augmentation by means rine Corps in 1971. -
2021-03 Pearcey Newby and the Vulcan V2.Pdf
Journal of Aeronautical History Paper 2021/03 Pearcey, Newby, and the Vulcan S C Liddle Vulcan to the Sky Trust ABSTRACT In 1955 flight testing of the prototype Avro Vulcan showed that the aircraft’s buffet boundary was unacceptably close to the design cruise condition. The Vulcan’s status as one of the two definitive carrier aircraft for Britain’s independent nuclear deterrent meant that a strong connection existed between the manufacturer and appropriate governmental research institutions, in this case the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) and the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). A solution was rapidly implemented using an extended and drooped wing leading edge, designed and high-speed wind-tunnel tested by K W Newby of RAE, subsequently being fitted to the scaled test version of the Vulcan, the Avro 707A. Newby’s aerodynamic solution exploited a leading edge supersonic-expansion, isentropic compression* effect that was being investigated at the time by researchers at NPL, including H H Pearcey. The latter would come to be associated with this ‘peaky’ pressure distribution and would later credit the Vulcan implementation as a key validation of the concept, which would soon after be used to improve the cruise efficiency of early British jet transports such as the Trident, VC10, and BAC 1-11. In turn, these concepts were exploited further in the Hawker-Siddeley design for the A300B, ultimately the basis of Britain’s status as the centre of excellence for wing design in Airbus. Abbreviations BS Bristol Siddeley L Lift D Drag M Mach number CL Lift Coefficient NPL National Physical Laboratory Cp Pressure coefficient RAE Royal Aircraft Establishment Cp.te Pressure coefficient at trailing edge RAF Royal Air Force c Chord Re Reynolds number G Load factor t Thickness HS Hawker Siddeley WT Wind tunnel HP Handley Page α Angle of Attack When the airflow past an aerofoil accelerates its pressure and temperature drop, and vice versa. -
Front Cover: Airbus 2050 Future Concept Aircraft
AEROSPACE 2017 February 44 Number 2 Volume Society Royal Aeronautical www.aerosociety.com ACCELERATING INNOVATION WHY TODAY IS THE BEST TIME EVER TO BE AN AEROSPACE ENGINEER February 2017 PROPELLANTLESS SPACE DRIVES – FLIGHTS OF FANCY? BOOM PLOTS RETURN TO SUPERSONIC FLIGHT INDIA’S NAVAL AIR POWER Have you renewed your Membership Subscription for 2017? Your membership subscription was due on 1 January 2017. As per the Society’s Regulations all How to renew: membership benefits will be suspended where Online: a payment for an individual subscription has Log in to your account on the Society’s www.aerosociety.com not been received after three months of the due website to pay at . If you date. However, this excludes members paying do not have an account, you can register online their annual subscriptions by Direct Debits in and pay your subscription straight away. monthly installments. Additionally members Telephone: Call the Subscriptions Department who are entitled to vote in the Society’s AGM on +44 (0)20 7670 4315 / 4304 will lose their right to vote if their subscription has not been paid. Cheque: Cheques should be made payable to the Royal Aeronautical Society and sent to the Don’t lose out on your membership benefits, Subscriptions Department at No.4 Hamilton which include: Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK. • Your monthly subscription to AEROSPACE BACS Transfer: Pay by Bank Transfer (or by magazine BACS) into the Society’s bank account, quoting • Use of your RAeS post nominals as your name and membership number. Bank applicable details: • Over 400 global events yearly • Discounted rates for conferences Bank: HSBC plc • Online publications including Society News, Sort Code: 40-05-22 blogs and podcasts Account No: 01564641 • Involvement with your local branch BIC: MIDLGB2107K • Networking opportunities IBAN: GB52MIDL400522 01564641 • Support gaining Professional Registration • Opportunities & recognition with awards and medals • Professional development and support .. -
The Raf Harrier Story
THE RAF HARRIER STORY ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 2 The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the contributors concerned and are not necessarily those held by the Royal Air Force Historical Society. Copyright 2006: Royal Air Force Historical Society First published in the UK in 2006 by the Royal Air Force Historical Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. ISBN 0-9530345-2-6 Printed by Advance Book Printing Unit 9 Northmoor Park Church Road Northmoor OX29 5UH 3 ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY President Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Michael Beetham GCB CBE DFC AFC Vice-President Air Marshal Sir Frederick Sowrey KCB CBE AFC Committee Chairman Air Vice-Marshal N B Baldwin CB CBE FRAeS Vice-Chairman Group Captain J D Heron OBE Secretary Group Captain K J Dearman Membership Secretary Dr Jack Dunham PhD CPsychol AMRAeS Treasurer J Boyes TD CA Members Air Commodore H A Probert MBE MA *J S Cox Esq BA MA *Dr M A Fopp MA FMA FIMgt *Group Captain N Parton BSc (Hons) MA MDA MPhil CEng FRAeS RAF *Wing Commander D Robertson RAF Wing Commander C Cummings Editor & Publications Wing Commander C G Jefford MBE BA Manager *Ex Officio 4 CONTENTS EARLY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND EMERGING 8 STAFF TARGETS by Air Chf Mshl Sir Patrick Hine JET LIFT by Prof John F Coplin 14 EVOLUTION OF THE PEGASUS VECTORED -
The Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “Jump Jet”
The University of Manchester Research Practice in Communities: how engineers create solutions the Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “jump jet”. Link to publication record in Manchester Research Explorer Citation for published version (APA): Aylen, J., & Pryce, M. (2011). Practice in Communities: how engineers create solutions the Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “jump jet”. In host publication Published in: host publication Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Takedown policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s Takedown Procedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact [email protected] providing relevant details, so we can investigate your claim. Download date:29. Sep. 2021 Draft for joint Herbert Simon Institute/Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Seminar, 1st April 2011 Practice in Communities: how engineers create solutions ‐ the Bloodhound Guided Missile and the Hawker Harrier “jump jet”. Jonathan Aylen* and Mike Pryce* Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Manchester Business School University of Manchester “Every aeroplane is different ‐ a self‐optimising shambles” Ralph Hooper, Harrier project designer Aerospace engineers face the task of developing a project from overall design concept through to working prototype and on into sustained use. -
Newsletter No.28
NEWSLETTER NUMBER 28 - AUTUMN 2010 Published by The Hawker Association for the Members Website: www.hawkerassociation.org.uk EDITORIAL We have a very significant anniversary coming up in November - 50 years since the first hover of Ralph Hooper’s P.1127 prototype, XP831. Spare a moment to consider what this first step led to and how much the lives of many of us were influenced by it. We owe Ralph, and Gordon Lewis (who sadly died in October), Bristol’s BE53 designer, a great debt of gratitude. Our traditional Christmas Lunch is coming up; please note that the date is 8th December , not 15 th as given in earlier Newsletters. A Membership renewal form went out with NL.26 …but 94 of you , including 24 for 2009/10 and 12 from 2008/9, have still not responded. Please help your hard working Secretary by paying up! Send your £5 cheques to Barry Pegram at 12 Becket Wood, Newdigate, Surrey, RH5 5AQ. If you are not renewing please call Barry, anyway, so we can take you off the mailing list. Also, please keep sending your Newsletter contributions to: The Editor, Chris Farara, 24 Guildown Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 4EN Telephone 01483 825955; e-mail PROGRAMME FOR 2010 Wednesday 10 th November The BAE Systems Heritage Programme. John L Parker. Wednes day 8 th December Christmas Lunch with partners;12.30 at the Hawker Centre. Tickets for the Christmas Lunch at £16 can be bought from Ken Batstone at the November meeting or you can ’phone him on 01932 229938 then send him a cheque. -
Hawker Aircraft, Hawker Siddeley & British Aerospace in Kingston
HAWKER AIRCRAFT, HAWKER SIDDELEY & BRITISH AEROSPACE IN KINGSTON H.G.Hawker Engineering 1920 - 1935 Hawker Aircraft 1935 - 1963 Hawker Siddeley Aviation 1963 - 1977 British Aerospace 1977 - 1992 Brief History In 1920 the Sopwith Aviation team re-started as H. G. Hawker Engineering Co., named after their pilot Harry Hawker. New aircraft were sold in small numbers until Sydney Camm became Chief Designer in 1925. 3,000 of Sydney Camm’s Hart and Fury biplanes were built through the 1930s, making Hawker very profitable. Hawker’s success allowed Tommy Sopwith to buy other British aircraft companies and form Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Hundreds of Sydney Camm’s Hurricane monoplane fighters were in service from the start of the war. 14,000 were built and it became the most successful allied fighter. Camm’s Typhoon and Tempest fighters were also invaluable in ground attack and intercepting V1 flying bombs. From 1948 the company, always based in Kingston, moved to the Richmond Road factory, with Dunsfold Aerodrome for final assembly and flight testing. Sir Sydney Camm’s jet aircraft were equally successful, 2,500 Sea Hawks and Hunters were built. Ralph Hooper secured Hawker’s future when he devised the vertical take-off P.1127 and its Harrier development. Under Chief Designer John Fozard the Harrier became the only successful vertical take-off combat aircraft. Over 800 were sold. As Chief Engineer Ralph Hooper directed the design of the Hawk advanced trainer and light fighter. Nearly 1000 had been sold by 2012. By 1977, when it was nationalised into British Aerospace, Sir Thomas Sopwith’s Hawker Siddeley Aviation owned half of Britain’s aircraft industry. -
100 Years of World Class Aircraft from Kingston-Upon-Thames by Chris Farara, Hawker Association
100 Years of World Class Aircraft from Kingston-upon-Thames by Chris Farara, Hawker Association This was the story of the Kingston aircraft factory (Kingston-upon-Thames, in Greater London) from 1912, and the legacy associated through the firms that bore the names of ‘Tommy’ Sopwith and Harry Hawker and culminated, through amalgamation, into the British Aerospace site which finally closed in 1993. It was told through some 96 slides that ensured no significant design of any period was overlooked. The lecture followed a chronological path and interspersed factory, characters and products. To attain brevity in this report, these three elements are summarised separately. Factory – the Kingston Roller Skating Rink was acquired by Sopwith in 1912, and was used as a design and manufacturing plant, with airframes assembled and flown from Brooklands. By 1914 the company had to acquire larger premises at nearby Canbury Park Road in which production of early WW1 aircraft types was conducted. Even this proved inadequate to meet demand and the Government built a further large factory at Ham: about 1 mile north of Kingston. Although it was Government-owned, the Sopwith Company managed the site. In 1920, when Sopwith was wound-up, and replaced by H.G. Hawker Engineering, a much reduced workforce was located in the Canbury facility to conduct design and production. Assembly was located at Brooklands. This closed in 1938 and the company opened a satellite factory and aerodrome at Langley (near Slough). In 1948 Hawker acquired the Ham Works, and chose to centre all Kingston based activity there. Three years later Dunsfold in Surrey - some 20 miles south - was acquired from the MoD to replace Langley and it remained the factory-associated aerodrome until 1998. -
CASM-Aircrafthistories-AV-8Aharrier.Pdf
CANADA AVIATION MUSEUM AIRCRAFT HAWKER SIDDELEY AV-8A HARRIER UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS BuNo 158966 Introduction As this is written approaching the 50th anniversary of the first flight of the prototype Hawker P.1127 aircraft, one cannot help to think about a sight as quite as incredulous as that of a small, yet mighty jet- powered fixed-wing aircraft, high in the sky, with an unparalleled cacophony emanating from its engine exhaust ducts – and to add to all of that, it’s not moving! For ages man has marveled at how the diminutive hummingbird could perform its daily routines while in a hover, pirouette on a dime and even fly backwards, all with seemingly little effort but with a furious beating of their tiny wings. Someone must have pondered how it would be to harness that energy and enable man and machine to perform similarly. In fact, famed American inventor Thomas Alva Edison, sometime in 1905 prophesied, “The airplane won’t amount to a damn until they get a machine that will act like a hummingbird – go straight up, go forward, go backward, come straight down and alight like a hummingbird. It isn’t easy…Somebody will do it.” To incorporate the furious flapping of wings in order to emulate the flight of birds on a manned flying machine was, now in hindsight, obviously impractical, and various early attempts to fly vehicles employing such a method failed miserably, many with unfortunate and sometimes humorous outcomes. Oftentimes these inspired efforts were recorded on film for posterity and now can be seen in old black and white newsreel footage, usually resulting in gales of laughter emanating from the now aviation technology savvy viewing audience. -
The Hans Rossbach Aces Collection This Is Quite an Incredible Set of Covers with Over 270 Signature of Top Luftwaffe VIP’S
THE CENTENARY OF THE ROYAL The Hans Rossbach Aces Collection This is quite an incredible set of covers with over 270 signature of top Luftwaffe VIP’s. It took Hans over three years to assemble back in the 1970’s. He AIR FORCE personally visited all aces including great names like Willy Messerschmitt, Werner Von Braun, Herman Obarth, Albert Speer, Erich Hartmann, Adolf August 2018 Galland, Gerd Barkhorn plus many more. There is even a cover signed by Issue 4 five members of Richthofen’s original flying circus. Many of the individual covers are now worth well over £200 with the Von Braun and Messerschmitt now worth £1500. Other rare signatures include Rudel Batz, Hanna Reichi, Hans Bauhr (Hitlerís pilot), Matoni, Skorzaney, Kurt Tank. Hans only did 100 sets of all 80 covers. Each cover has a biography of the signatures printed on the cover, plus numerous b/w photos inside. He originally stated that there are only 20 or so complete sets anywhere in the world. You can’t imagine how much time and effort went in to getting the photos that are inside the covers, the travelling, overprinting of envelopes etc. Each can be identified by a number in a red circle on the reverse, we list here what we have available at this point, but there are still lots of gaps to fill and will keep trying HRA06 £150 £50 per month HRA02 £100 £50 per month over 2 months over 3 months 1971 RAF Fylingdales cover, signed by Ludwig Meister, Josef 1986 Biggin Hill Kraft, Hans Joachim Jabs and Hans Martin Madeball. -
AEROSPACE Oct Cover.Indd
www.aerosociety.com INTERIOR INNOVATION DESIGNING THE NEXT-GENERATION PASSENGER EXPERIENCE October 2015 LRS-B BOMBER CHOICES TAIWAN AEROSPACE 100 YEARS OF WESTLAND A regal Christmas celebration in Mayfair No. 4 Hamilton Place is ideal for those looking for Christmas celebrations with elegance and glamour. A magnificent Edwardian Town House awaits, setting the scene for extraordinary seasonal entertaining. Award winning caterers, foodbydish, have crafted a selection of mouth-watering Christmas menus that are truly first-class. The comprehensive party packages have been designed to make the most of your budget and include venue hire, menus, drinks and production. book ɯBowl Food options from £99+VAT ɯThree-course seated menu from £109+VAT now For more information visit www.4hp.org.uk or contact the Venue Team on 020 7670 4314 / 4316 or [email protected] | No. 4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ * Images show hired chairs that would be an extra cost Volume 42 Number 10 October 2015 Innovations in Etihad cabin designs Barnstorming to Airline interiors are Australia the new battleground Tracey Curtis-Taylor 14 between airlines — prepares to fl y a 1942 Rogier Westerhuis but how do you make 28 Boeing Stearman your cabin design biplane to Australia. Contents soar? Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: The Editor, AEROSPACE, No.4 Hamilton Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK [email protected] Comment Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and feedback. analysis and comment. 58 The Last Word 10 Antenna Keith Hayward considers Turning point for air displays? Howard Wheeldon looks how research into at how RAF Marham is hypersonic transport could It seems like another world now, that black and white footage of Farnborough in 1952 preparing for the arrival of transform the cost of access with bodies and wreckage sprawled and black smoke rising.