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George Andrew Olah (1927–2017) Hydrocarbon Chemist Whose Work Changed Fuels, Materials and Drugs

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George Andrew Olah (1927–2017) Hydrocarbon Chemist Whose Work Changed Fuels, Materials and Drugs COMMENT OBITUARY George Andrew Olah (1927–2017) Hydrocarbon chemist whose work changed fuels, materials and drugs. eorge Olah transformed the friend Saul Winstein. Olah used understanding of organic low-temperature NMR and super- chemistry and reactions. acids to establish the non-classical GHis Nobel-prizewinning work on structure of this carbo­cation at the carbo­cations — generally unstable centre of the debate over classical chemical species in which a carbon ions and non-classical ions. atom bears a positive charge — led Olah’s studies on compounds to applications including better oil containing carbon atoms with and gas refining, new methods for more than four bonds led to a new synthesizing small molecules and area of ‘hypercarbon chemistry’. the discovery of drugs and materials. He extended the types of reaction Olah, who died on 8 March, was that were possible by showing how born on 22 May 1927 in Budapest. to activate electron-seeking spe- UNIVERSITY RESERVE OF CASE WESTERN COURTESY He attended the Gymnasium of cies, or electrophiles, into super- Piarist Fathers, a Catholic teaching electrophiles. His work on fluorine order that emphasizes classics, his- chemistry helped thousands of tory, languages, liberal arts and phi- researchers to study and develop losophy. He finished school while many fluorinated pharmaceuti- the Second World War was raging. In his Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. cals. About 25% of all drugs currently on autobiography, A Life of Magic Chemistry There, a lab member decided to try such an the market are fluorinated compounds. (2nd edn, Wiley, 2015), he described some acid on a Christmas candle. As if by magic, In 1977, Olah moved with his group to horrifying experiences: living in hiding, los- it cleaved the wax into long-lived carbo­ the University of Southern California in ing his brother to a Russian prisoner-of-war cations. In subsequent papers, Olah called Los Angeles, where he founded the Loker camp and clearing rubble in his bombed city. the substance magic acid. Hydrocarbon Research Institute. His post- After the war, Olah studied organic chem- Before Olah’s work, carbocations were Nobel research with long-time collabora- istry at the Technical University of Budapest. known only as fleeting intermediates tor Surya Prakash focused on green fuels He completed his doctorate in 1949 under existing for microseconds or less in acid- derived from carbon dioxide capture and Géza Zemplén, a former student of Nobel- catalysed transformations. Olah stabilized recycling. In particular, they worked on prizewinning chemist Emil Fischer. In the them and so elucidated their structure using methods to convert natural or shale gas same year, he married Judith Lengyel, his low-temperature nuclear magnetic reso- efficiently to methanol, a clean-burning partner in research as well as in life. He nance (NMR) spectroscopy, and later using renewable liquid fuel that can be used in began his career at the Technical University X-ray analysis. His genius paved the way to place of petrol and diesel, and as a feedstock as an assistant professor, and in 1954 became an understanding of hydrocarbon reaction for petroleum-derived products. Carbon head of organic chemistry and associate mechanisms, which in turn led to improved dioxide is now converted to methanol com- scientific director at the Central Research processes for refining oil and gas. mercially at the George Olah Renewable Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Olah proposed a clear demarcation Methanol Plant near Grindavík, Iceland. Sciences in Budapest. between ‘trivalent’ carbenium ions (for George was a visionary and his breadth + The post-war years were hard. After the example, CH3 ), in which the positively of knowledge was immense. After reports failed Hungarian uprising against Soviet rule charged carbon centre forms bonds with that carbon ions had been observed in in 1956, the future looked bleak. Olah fled three other groups, and carbonium ions space, he suggested that methanol could + his native country with Judy and their tod- (such as CH5 ), in which the carbon forms have had a key role in the evolution of dler son, George, in search of a better life. bonds with five or more other groups. complex building blocks of biology, and (As did around 200,000 other Hungarians.) He showed that the two types of ion are eventually of life. In 1957, Olah joined the Dow Chemical both intermediates in electrophilic reac- He was a hero of chemistry, a role model Company in Sarnia, Canada. At that time, tions, but in different ways. (The former and a caring human being. As one of his the company was manufacturing poly­ involves electrons donated from π orbitals, colleagues, chemist Chi Mak, said, he had styrene using a reaction (the Friedel–Crafts as found in double bonds, and the latter the “audacity to imagine the unimaginable, type electrophilic substitution) that involved involves donations from σ orbitals, a ‘non- think the unthinkable and to dream the carbocations. This was where Olah achieved classical’ situation in which two electrons impossible”. ■ his breakthrough in producing long-lived are shared by three atoms.) This impor- carbo­cations, the work won him the Nobel tant distinction had not been previously Thomas Mathew is a senior scientist at the Prize in Chemistry in 1994. established. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at At Dow, Olah had realized that ‘super- Olah’s work overturned the long-held the University of Southern California in Los acids’ — billions, even trillions, of times assumption that a carbon atom could Angeles, California, USA. He joined George stronger than 100% sulfuric acid — can bind to no more than four other atoms. He Olah’s group in 1996 and remained a close stabilize carbocations. In 1965, he became proved the existence of the 2-norbornyl associate in the years afterwards. a professor at what is now Case Western cation, a non-classical ion proposed by his e-mail: [email protected] 162 | NATURE | VOL 544 | 13 APRIL© 22017017 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. .
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