S CIENCE IN THE G A RDE N S R e s e a rching, understanding, conserving and communicating the diversity of

1998–99 Annual Report of the Sciences Branch, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Plant Sciences Branch Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney 2000 Tel (02) 9231 8111 Fax (02) 9251 4403 Web Site Address:http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au

Gardens Offices 8.30 am to 5 pm Monday to Friday

Mount Annan Botanic Garden Mount Annan Drive, Mount Annan NSW 2567 Tel (02) 4648 2477 Fax (02) 4648 2465

The Garden is open all year except Christmas Day.

Hours 10 am–4 pm April to September; 10 am–6 pm October to March.

Mount Tomah Botanic Garden Bells Line of Road via Bilpin NSW 2758 Tel (02) 4567 2154 Fax (02) 4567 2037

The Garden is open all year except Christmas Day.

Hours 10 am–4 pm March to September; 10 am–6 pm October to February. Copyright © Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney 1999

Published by: Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Mrs Macquaries Road Sydney 2000

Editor: Penny Farrant

Photography: Jaime Plaza

Cover photo: L to R, Dr Peter Weston, Honorary Research Associate Dr Barbara Briggs and Dr Adam Marchant examine a lotus flower. The lotus flower family formed part of an intriguing story that Gardens’ scientists told to visitors during Science Week — a story about the most exciting new theories on the classification of flowering plants for 250 years. 3

Horticultural Research (cont) Contents Mycological research on the Wollemi Pine 21 Waratah bud borer 21 Armillaria 21 ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS SYDNEY Fusarium 21 Our vision,mission, values & corporate themes 2 Plant Conservation 22 Rare and threatened species 22 PLANT SCIENCES BRANCH Species recovery plans 22 Part 1: Overview 1998–1999 3 Conservation committees 23 Plant Sciences Review 4 Biodiversity strategy 24 Performance measures 5 Bryophytes 24 Conserving plant diversity 5 Wingecarribee Swamp 24 Plant selection 5 Fostering Cooperation 24 Herbarium curation 6 Collaboration with other organisations 25 Collaborative linkages 7 UNE Memorandum of Understanding 25 Teaching and training 7 Supervision of postgraduate students 25 Science promotion 8 Honorary Research Associates 25 Scientific publications 8 Australian Botanical Liaison Officer 25 Customer information and advisory services 9 International and national cooperation 26 Part 2: Individual reports 10 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature 26 Plant Systematics Research 10 Cooperative projects & exchange of information 26 Annonaceae 11 Advisory committees 27 Apiaceae 11 Communicating Science 27 Araceae 11 Scientific journals 27 Asteraceae 11 Books and booklets 27 Caryophyllaceae 11 Electronic information 28 Casuarinaceae 12 Technicians workshop 28 Cycadophyta 12 Monocots II — International Conference 29 Cyperaceae 12 Lectures and talks 29 Ericaceae (subfamily Epacridoideae) 12 Information and Advisory Services 29 : Faboideae 12 Botanical information 30 Fabaceae: 13 Inquiry statistics 30 Ferns 13 Incoming plant collections 30 Freshwater algae 14 Public Reference Collection 30 Lamiaceae 14 Forensic identification 31 Lichens 15 Library 31 Marine algae 15 Managing the collection 31 Meliaceae 15 Library annexe 31 15 The Herbarium Collections 32 Orchidaceae 16 Incoming plant collections 33 Poaceae 16 Herbarium specimen database 33 Proteaceae 17 Electronic data exchange 33 Rafflesiaceae 17 Specimen curation 33 Restionaceae 17 Methodology to assess curatorial standards 33 Rosaceae 17 Integrated pest management 34 Rutaceae 17 Loans and exchanges 34 Vitaceae 18 Living collections vouchers 34 Systematic methodology 18 Specimen mounting program 34 Ecological Research 18 Volunteers 34 Sydney region vegetation 18 Herbarium collections summary of statistics 35 Northern Tablelands 18 Part 3: NSW Biodiversity Strategy Report 36 An overview of the vegetation of NSW 19 Part 4: Appendices 39 Ecology of Sydney Plants 19 A: Plant Sciences Branch Staff 39 Ecological monitoring 19 B: Plant Sciences Branch Volunteers 40 Horticultural Research 19 C: Representation on external committees 40 Flannel Flowers 20 D: Publications available from the Gardens 41 Waratahs 20 E: Research grants 42 Wollemi Pine 20 F: Overseas travel 42 Potting mix improvements 20 G: Cooperative research 43 Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit 21 H: Student supervision 44 Integrated pest management at Olympic sites 21 I: Plant Sciences Branch publications list 46 4 – Our Mission 1998 99 To work with the community to increase the knowledge and appreciation of plants and their critical role in the sustainability of our natural and urban environments, and to manage our open spaces as inspirational places for recreation,cultural events and celebration. Royal Botanic Gardens Syd n ey S Y D N EY • DOMAIN • MOUNT A N NAN • MOUNT TOMAH • NAT I O NAL HERBA R I U M

Our Vi s i o n Our Corporate Themes

To be recognised by the community, the • Controlling our Destiny: What Do We Want the RBG Government and our peers as a centre to be like in 10 to 20 years? of excellence in: • Conserving Plant Diversity: Playing our part in • Management of public open space of influencing plant conservation in NSW, and high cultural, heritage and aesthetic across the world significance • The Millennium Events: Showcasing our gardens to • Botanical and horticultural research the world while managing the threats and taking • Community botanical and advantage of the opportunities horticultural education, information • Our Commercial Activities: Enhancing our core and outreach programs business, while providing services people want • Horticultural practice, display and • Staff, Friends, Volunteers and Visitors: Keeping all of training us safe and healthy • Plant biodiversity and conservation • Customers, Visitors and Clients: More than meeting research and programs their needs • Through these, to be one of the top • The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust: Good five botanic gardens in the world. corporate governance • Botanic Gardens: Sites of excellence in horticulture, conservation and heritage at the Sydney, Mount Our Va l u e s Tomah and Mount Annan Gardens • Botanical Learning and Knowledge • Plant Sciences: Researching, understanding, conserving and communicating the diversity of plants • Plant Conservation • Community Education: The whole community, inside • Heritage Conservation and outside the walls • Horticultural Excellence • The Sydney Domain: A special place for recreation, • Environmental Responsibility festivities, protest, culture and heritage • Community and Visitor Satisfaction • Corporate Services: Our people, • Staff Safety, Skill, Satisfaction and our money, our businesses, Dedication our information technology, our image and our market • Ethical Management • Cost Effectiveness • Land Custodianship 5 Part 1: Overview 98–99 Plant Scien ces Bra n ch

• C O N S E RVING PLANT BIODIVERSITY • R E S E A RCH AND C O L LA BO RATION • P LANT SELECTION

• P U B L I C ATIONS • BOTANICAL INFORMATION • P RO M OTING SCIENCE • H E R BARIUM CURAT I O N

H i g h l i g h t s

★ PlantNET and world list of cycads launched on our web site ★ Monocots II international conference held ★ Plant Sciences Branch reviewed by external panel ★ G a rdens signs Memorandum of Understanding for new Biosystematics degree course ★ Flannel Flower project recognised in NSW Public Sector Aw a rd s

Our perf o rmance

R e f e reed publications

Botanists Ken Hill and Dr Barry Conn were involved Herbarium specimens databased in establishing the world list of cycads and PlantNET.

Meeting our objectives

• Science programs reviewed and report submitted • Priority research projects identified • Gardens’ science publication strategy reviewed and promotion strategy being developed

• Performance measures drafted R e s e a rch grants ($) • Diagnostic techniques for diseases identification developed • Evalu a ti o n meth o ds for curat orial standards draf t ed • Cultivars and cultivation techniques being tested • Par tne rship Agreeme nt in Cons e rvati o n initia t ed with NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service 6

Plant Sciences Program Review

Is the Plant Sciences Branch of the Royal Botanic Gardens making an effective contribution to the conservation of biodiversity in New South Wales, Australia and overseas? Is it, as stated in the Gardens’ mission statement, increasing people’s knowledge and appreciation of plants? Is it providing the right sort of knowledge in the right sort of packaging? To answer these questions, and to affirm the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney’s place as a leader in plant sciences in Australia and internationally, the current activities and possible future directions of the Plant Sciences Branch were reviewed by an expert panel. The panel was chosen to include a mix of international and Australian expertise, university, herbarium and management experience, and State Government knowledge, ensuring that the report would have credibility with staff and management. The Chair was the Chi e f Execu tive Officer of the Nati o nal Botanical Ins ti t ute in Sou th Afri c a , Profes s o r Brian Hun t l e y. Oth e r memb ers were Profes s o r Pieter Baas (Dir ector, Rijk s h e rba r ium / H ortus Bot a n i c u s , The Neth e rla n d s ) , Profes s o r And r ew Bea t t ie (Dir ector, Cent re for Biod i versi t y and Bio res o u r ces , Macqua r ie Uni versi ty ) , Ass oc i a t e Profes s o r Jenn y McC omb (He a d of Plant Science s , Sch o ol of Bio l o gical Science s , Mur doch Uni versi ty ) , Profes s o r Jeff Doyle (As s oc i a t e Dir ector, Divis i o n of Bio l o gical Science s , Corne ll Uni versi t y, US A ) , Mr David Pa pp s (E xecu tive Dir ector Regio nal Planning, NSW Depa r tme nt of Urban Aff a i r s and Planning). A specially prepared booklet provided a snapshot of the Branch’s major activities, expertise and facilities as of March 1999. Armed with this document, stakeholder submissions, a staff survey and extensive contextual information, the review team visited the Gardens for three days. From program presentations, tours of the major facilities, and meetings with the Trust, stakeholders, students, honorary associates, and the Scientific Committee of the Trust, the team assessed the performance and potential of the Plant Sciences Branch. Two key issues raised were the role of the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney in addressing national and international research priorities, and future directions for the Ecology Section. The first issue in particular sparked a valuable discussion between the Trust and Review Team at their working dinner. Foll o wing lively deba t e and carefu l ly craf t ed con s en sus — drawing on the cons i d erab le exp ertis e and exp erien c e of al l team memb ers — a report was subm i t t ed to the Trust in May. Building on this report, with comm e nt from staff, Trus t ees and the Scient ific Comm i t t ee of the Trus t , a ‘Vis i o n Docu m en t ’ for scienc e in the Gardens was prepa r ed for distrib utio n on 1 Jul y 1999.

Priority Research Areas

The following program groupings devised for the Review represent the current research and management priorities of the Plant Sciences Branch. The Review recommendations will be used to set priorities for the new Millennium.

Systematics Horticulture Systematics and comparative biology of Plant pathology Gondwanic plant groups Horticultural development and conservation Monocots systematics Horticultural Diversity of plants in the Asia-Pacific region Aquatic vegetation Botanical information Other systematics projects Information for the general community Information and standards for the scientific Plant Ecology community Plant community ecology National Herbarium of New South Wales Plant species ecology Ecology books Policy and planning advice 7

P e rf o rmance Measure s

Al t h o u gh good perform a n ce measu res for scien tific re s e a rch are ex trem ely difficult to devi s e , a series of trial perform a n ce measu res has been prep a red . The main assessment wi ll be based on peer revi ew, ben ch m a rking and commu n i t y su rvey: t h e i n tu i tive measu re of good scien ce (in our or ga n i s a ti on and in others) is based on re ading the o utp uts (papers , report s , etc.) and deciding if these meet stated obj ectives or goa l s . In ad d i ti on a ra n ge of o utp ut measu res have been devi s ed that wh en taken toget h er ref l ect the qu a n ti ty of o utput . The Scien tific Com m i t tee of the Trust wi ll be used to determine at regular intervals if s c i en tific obj ectives are being met . In particular they wi ll assess progress against acti on plans produ ced after the Revi ew. One current measur e of our standing is the level of grant funding. In the last year a new grant was awa r ded by the Hermo n Sla de Fou n d a ti o n for an orchid-wasp evol ution a r y stud y, and two three- year proje cts received conti n uing funding. Two Aus t ralian Bio l o gical Res o u r ces Stud y proje cts received conti n uing funding and a six-month cont ract to prepa r e an on-line ‘Cens us of Fres hw a t er Alg ae in Aus t ral i a ’ was suc ces s f u l ly comp l e ted. A new proje ct funded by the Aus t ralian Res e a r ch Council invol ves coll a b orati o n with the Uni versi t y of Melbo u r ne to stud y the ecol o gy of al g al and bryophyte commu n i t ies in regu l a t ed and unregu l a t ed strea m s .

Co n s e r ving Plant Diversity

The Gardens ’ propos e d ‘Cent re for Plant Cons e rvati o n’ grew from a des i r e by botanic gar dens gene ral ly to play a lead role in cons e rving the world ’ s plant diversi t y, and the Royal Bot a n i c Ga r dens Sydn e y in particular to become the hub of plant cons e rvati o n res e a r ch and educ a ti o n in NS W .Coll a b orati o n both within and outs i d e the Gardens was to be a key ingredi en t . A blue prin t is in place and spons o rship is being sought to realise this exci t ing initia t ive. The Gardens is a lead organisation in three, and a support agency in 10, of the 22 priority actions to be achieved by 2001 under the NSW Biodiversity Strategy.We have received $385,000 from Treasury over three financial years for the creation of a ‘master name index’ for plant species (part of PlantNET), an audit of the conservation status of NSW plant communities, and the discovery and description of non-vascular plants (particularly algae) in NSW. Through representation on the NSW Scientific Committee and the NSW Fisheries Scientific Committee, the Gardens helped in the listing of rare and threatened species in the State. Our contributions to the development and enactment of recovery plans include taxonomic advice, threat analysis, propagation of plants for ex situ conservation, and development of the Seedbank at Mount Annan Botanic Garden.

Plant Selection

The Wollemi Pine is being commercialised by Queensland Department of Primary Industry and Birkdale Nursery. Throughout the year propagation and pathogen research continued to ensure that plants survive in horticulture and in the wild. Specific temperature requirements for seed germination, and the response of young plants to levels of soil pH, nutrients and light, provide some answers to the narrow distribution of the Wollemi Pine. Fungal pathogens may be another controlling mechanism in the wild. Individuals planted out at our three Gardens are being closely monitored for growth characteristics. A new ran g e of Fl a n n e l Flower cultivars , Federati o n StarsÔ , was marketed by Royal t y Adm i n i s t rati o n Mar keting and Man a g eme nt (RAMM) as the first produc t of ‘The Coll e ctio nÔ : Royal Botanic Gardens Sydn ey ’ .Thr ee cultivar s are now in comm e rcial propa ga ti on , and four cut- fl o wer vari e ties are in trial sites around Aus t ral i a . The Federati o n StarsÔ were sele cted as the State fl o ral embl e m for NSW to comm em o rat e the Cent ena r y of Federati o n in 2001. Five other species are being assessed for their commercial potential and priorities for their horticultural selection will be set from the Review findings. 8

Herbarium Curation

The preserved collections include predominantly flowering plants, but also many marine and freshwater algae, lichens, liverworts, mosses, ferns and fern allies, cycads and conifers. Technical and scientific curation is required to ensure the long-term preservation of the collection, and to maintain the scientific value of each specimen. Specimens and associated information must be readily accessible to the general community, government agencies and researchers. Technical expertise has been expanded through training programs, research and hands-on experience. In addition to individual curation tasks, a team approach to curation was initiated. This collaborative approach (involving one week each month) enables difficult or large projects to be tackled by a number of staff, so that expertise is shared and large or difficult projects are completed within a shorter time-frame. An integrated pest management (IPM) program is being implemented into the Herbarium to reduce the levels of naphthalene in the collections (traditionally used in preserved collections to aid in the prevention of insect attack). To this end a walk-in freezer room has been installed so that large numbers of boxes of specimens can be frozen more readily should there be any insect problems within the collections. To assess and compare curation over time, an evaluation method has been devised and a pilot program implemented. The standard of botanical, physical and information components of curation is scored in a ‘stratified random’ sample of specimens. To date the evaluation method has been trialed for the main Herbarium collections. Over the next two years it is proposed to extend the method to spirit and slide collections.

Incoming plant collections

A total of 816 plant speci m e ns were reta i n e d for incorporati o n into the Herba r ium from inqui ri e s or as dona ti o ns from the publi c . These repres e nt a significant cont rib utio n to the conti nu i n g docu m en t a ti o n of the flora of the State. Over 30% of these speci m e ns were new record s ,i n clud i n g ext ens i o ns of ran g e and those not recorded previo u s l y in NSW, and rar e or end a n g ered speci e s .

h e r ba r i um col l e ct ion

S um ma ry of Stat i s t ic s 1998–99 1997–98 specimens specimens Herbarium accessions 7423 5344 Specimens mounted 25,158 24,740 Records databased 18,924 18,229 Total databased to date 304,856 285,932 Outgoing loans (loans) specimens (loans) specimens Despatched to other institutions (50) 5482 (52) 3068 Returned to other institutions (51) 3679 (73) 3779 Incoming loans Received from other institutions (81) 9005 (52) 4664 Returned by other institutions (85) 3178 (99) 2564 Exchanges specimens specimens Donated to other institutions 2930 4409 Received from other institutions 3974 3268 Processed for inclusion into Herbarium 3974 3441 Living collection vouchers Specimens processed 107 305 Specimens identified 109 274 9

Collaborative Linkages

The Memo ran d um of Und erstanding betw een the Gardens and the NSW Nati o nal Par ks and Wil dl i f e Servic e is being revis e d to bring it up-to- d a t e with the NSW Biodi versi t y Strat egy and the Gardens ’ st reng t h e ning cons e rvati o n focu s . By the end of 1999 a ‘Pa r tne rship in Cons e rvati o n’ wil l be finalised. The Mon o c ots II conf erence , on the com p a ra tive morpho l o gy, rela ti o nships and cla s s i f i c a ti o n of th e Mono cot yle dons , at t racted 280 dele gat es from 31 cou n t rie s . Seven botanists from the Gardens pl a yed a major role in org anising the conf erenc e and many other memb ers of st a f f and vo lu n teers as s i s t ed. Through representation on key government committees such as the Native Vegetation Advisory Council, the Gardens is having a say in land and water conservation and management in NSW. The Gardens also works with other government agencies in the listing and assessment of rare and threatened species and communites in the State. The Gardens has submitted its first application to the Australian Research Council SPIRT, which provides grants to encourage industry and university collaboration. Further applications will be ready for submission in the 2000 round. An ‘Options Paper for Collaborative Linkages’ was prepared to increase the number and strength of linkages with kindred organisations where this will help us to better meet the Gardens’ mission and objectives. It will become increasingly valuable for the botanists to interact with non-plant scientists and with managers requiring scientific contributions to management problems. The re are a num b er of wa ys we can work with other orga n i s a ti o ns to set res e a r ch prio rit ies and achi e ve State, na ti o nal or interna ti o nal goal s . Two main optio ns are to use a peak indus t ry body suc h as the Council of Hea ds of Aus t ralian Herba r ia (CHAH) or to form strat egic alli a n c es with like orga n i s a ti on s . Cont rib uting to the establi s h m e nt and maintena n c e of regio nal herba r ia provid es an excellen t opportun i t y for the Plant Scienc es Bran c h to cont rib ute to the appreci a ti on , cons e rvati o n and ma n a g eme nt of plant biod i versi t y in NSW. In add i ti on , we can rela t ively simply increase our commu n i t y profi l e , and make bett er use and improve the qua l i t y of the exi s t ing Herba r ium coll e ction s . The re are alrea dy some well managed regio nal herba r ia but others may bene fit from a pa r tne rship with the Gardens . These are some of the optio ns exp l o red in the Optio ns Pap er for Coll a b orat ive Linkages .

Teaching and Tra i n i n g

Tea ching and training are also part of the Optio ns Pap er for Coll a b orat ive Linkages . The Gardens ’ mi s s i o n stateme nt shows that we have a clear role in dissemi n a t ing informa ti o n abou t plants. Uni versi t y gradua t es and underg radua t es are appropria t e reci p i e nts for muc h of our scienti f i c in f orma ti on . Teaching in tertiary institutions provides an effective and appropriate means of communicating our understanding about the diversity of plants. As in previous years, Plant Sciences staff delivered occasional lectures, and some practicals, at NSW universities and this will be enhanced in future years, without staff committing to core teaching roles of university academics. Stu d ent sup ervis i o n occu r s at a low level acr oss the bra n ch ,a l t h o u gh some botanists are at maximum sup ervis o ry capaci t y. Inc re a s e d stud ent sup ervis i o n wil l be enco u ra g ed. A spons o rship proposal has been prepa r ed for a pos t - g radua t e scho l a r ship and funding wil l be alloc a t ed to ‘se ed ’A RC SPIR T gran t s . A Memo ran d um of Und erstanding betw een the Gardens , the Aus t ralian Mus e um and the Uni versi t y of New England for the new degree cou r se in Bio s ys t ema t ics was signed , dr awing favou ra b le medi a at t enti o n from The Aus t ral i a n .Cou r se synopses are prepa r ed and text wil l be rea dy for an introduc tory in t a k e next yea r . The cou r se seeks to redr ess the shorta g e of well- t rai n e d syst ema t ists in Aus t ral i a . 10

Science Promotion

A science promotion strategy will be prepared by the start of 2000 to ensure we build on the inherent appeal of the Herbarium and of scientific discoveries, and bring to the forefront the work of Gardens’ scientists. As part of National Science Week, ‘Genetics in the Gardens’ gave participants an opportunity to learn about the most exciting new theories on the classification of flowering plants for 250 years. The afternoon event combined tours of the DNA and electron microscopy laboratories, a talk by a Gardens’ scientist, and a walk through the Gardens to see the plants involved. The 60 participants were enthusiastic in question-and-answer sessions. The event will be repeated in spring and a similar open day is planned for 2000. The Flannel Flower development project received publicity when it was awarded a 1998 Premier’s Public Sector Award, and commercialisation of the Wollemi Pine has kept this intriguing plant in the headlines. Tou r s of the Herba r ium dur ing Herit a g e Week , and coll a b orati o n with the Cam d en Par k Trust on the mo u n t ing and databasing of sp eci m e ns coll e cted by Sir Wil liam Maca rt hu r , proved onc e again that the Gardens ’ coll e ctio n of hi s t orical and scienti f i c a l ly important speci m e ns is a significant attraction .

Scientific Publications

To ensu r e that res e a r ch res ults are eff ectively dissemi n a t ed to the scient ific and gene ral commu n i t y, and that bot a n i c a l , ecol o gical and hortic u l tu r al informa ti o n and advic e is read i l y acces s i b le to the gene ral commu n i t y (two key Corporat e Plan obje ctives ) , a publi c a ti o ns strat egy was prepa r ed. The st rat egy is des i gn e d to improve our abil i t y to provid e appropria t e and tim e ly deli very of hi g h qua l i t y in f orma ti on . Maj o r recomm en d a ti o ns includ e conti nu e d exp a n s i o n of web servic es throu g h Pl a n t N E T , the use of a cont ract or staff sc i en ce - w rit er, a refocus of the two scient ific journ a l s ,a n d im p roved notif i c a ti o n within and outs i d e the Gardens of ma j o r res e a r ch milestone s . • Cunninghamia 5(3) included a range of ecological studies on the vegetation of NSW, including the Scotia map sheet in far western NSW, species distributions and vegetation communities in New England and North Western Slopes areas, as well as a paper describing a methodology for mapping wetland vegetation by using a Global Positioning System. • Cun n i n g hamia 5(4) was devot ed prim a ri l y to the Myrta ce ae ,i n cluding the sixth part of the Ecol o gy of Sydn e y Plant Species and a gene ral artic le on the ecol o gy of this family, as well as two short items on the scient ific cont roversy conc erning Aus t ral i a ’s vegeta ti o n prio r to Eur opean sett l em en t . • Telopea 8(1) contained a major revision of the Australian native palm genus Livistona, with other papers on five new species of Aponogeton, two rare species of Homoranthus from the Northern Tablelands, a vulnerable species of Dillwynia from the Southern Tablelands, and the first record in Australia of a potentially serious weed related to the Serrated Tussock. • Telopea 8(2) included three papers on the eucalypts, with 19 new species and 7 new subspecies, the correct application of some botanical names, a new species of Persoonia for the State, and some taxonomic revisions. • The revised edition of Rare Plants of Western Sydney is page-ready for publication. • The manuscript for the Proteaceae of New South Wales, an enhanced reprint and update from Vol. 2 of the Flora of New South Wales, has been typeset and is ready to be published once changes are available. • A supp l em e nt to Vol . 1 of the Fl o r a of New South Wal e s is types et , and wil l be includ ed as an add end um to that volu m e , as well as being sold sepa ra t ely. A fully revis e d edi ti o n of Vol . 2 is in prepa ra ti o n and the manus c ri p t should be comp l e ted by the end of 19 9 9 . In the nine yea r s since Vol . 1 was publi s h ed , 70 new species (5% of the total num b er) have been des c ri b ed or newly reported for the State. Futur e updates wil l be maintained ele ctroni c a l ly throu g h PlantNET; an appropria t e pu bl i c a ti o n mechanism is under cons i d erati on . 11

Customer Information & Advisory Services

Plant Identification Service

There was a high demand for plant identifications and general botanical information during the year.Customers included members of the public, government agencies, research organisations and commercial groups.A new charging policy will be introduced in 1999–2000.

Fo r ensic Identification

Government analysts identified forensic material (Cannabis) in 46 cases for the Police Service, resulting in revenue of $2,300.

Public Reference Collection INQUIRY STATISTICS 1998–1999 1997–1998

Over 297 hours were spent by Inquiries by mail 1543 1886 environmental consultants, students, government departments, bush Inquiries by telephone 2517 2229 regenerators and local enthusiasts Inquiries in person 733 408 identifying plants using the Public Commercial inquiries * 118 152 Reference Collection to identify plants. & consultancies Volunteers continued to update and expand the collection — 168 new Specimens identified 6146 5061 specimens were added and 58 Replies within 7 days 87% 85% specimens were updated in line with new information and name changes. *1998-1999 revenue $23,299; 1997-1998 revenue $23,457

Electronic Information

The development of the first phase of the Gardens’ integrated electronic Plant Information Network (PlantNET) was completed and made available to both internal and external users via the internet (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.gov.au). The first phase of PlantNET includes the following three modules: NSWplants (a list of the names of vascular plants occurring in New South Wales, together with their subdivision distribution), WeedAlert (a database tracking system that monitors the introduction and movement of introduced plants within New South Wales) and Plants@Risk (providing the names and distribution of rare and threatened plants within New South Wales). Cycad pages (interactive keys, description, photographs and additional information on cycads from around the world) and AlgaeNET (a census of freshwater algae in Australia) are now ready to be linked to PlantNET.

Pland Pathology Diagnostic Unit

The Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit processed 168 samples for disease diagnosis. Clients ranged from home gardeners (36%), commercial growers (8%), nurseries (2%), horticultural consultants (26%), to government departments and authorities (27%). Root disease, wilting and ultimately plant death were the bulk of the disease problems with Armillaria sp., Phytophthora root rots, Rhizoctonia root rots and Fusarium crown and root rots being most frequently diagnosed. All diagnoses were accompanied by a report which included possible control procedures. The Unit also answered a large number of phone inquiries. The Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit was contracted by the Olympic Co-ordination Authority to develop a policy on the control of pests and diseases at all sites to be used for the Sydney Olympics. In accordance with the desire for these Games to be ‘environmentally friendly’there was a heavy emphasis on the use of biological control and integrated pest management. 12

Part 2: Individual Reports

Research AIM: to pursue botanical, horticultural and other appr opriate research programs that meet the needs of the community and contribute to understanding and conservation of plants.

PLANT SYSTEMATICS RESEARCH

Botanical research at the Gardens has a strong focus on plant systematics — recognising and describing species and establishing the evolutionary relationships between them. Systematics is the basis for communicating about plants and their conservation, and for understanding biogeography.

Objectives

•Maintain and develop research programs with an emphasis on the Australian flora. • Develop programs that add to knowledge about plant groups, their evolution and biology, especially through macromolecular systematics. • Enhance programs that contribute to the conservation of plant species and communities.

Outcomes

•Increased knowledge of plant species and the relationships between species and other groups of plants provided to other Government agencies, the general public and used as a basis for well-informed species conservation and natural resource management.

Strategies

• Study priority plant groups with emphasis on families, but also conifers, cycads, ferns, bryophytes, lichens and algae. •Assess and develop new macromolecular systematics programs and techniques, and increase the range of plant groups investigated using this technology. • Contribute treatments to Flora of Australia and other Floras. The task of systematics is to map biological diversity in both time and space. Spatial mapping is easy to understand — it produces the same kinds of maps that we use in everyday life, such as road and topographic maps. Mapping biological diversity in time is a more difficult concept to understand. It results in ‘maps’ depicting the pathways of evolutionary descent, which connect different plants, and indeed, all living things through shared ancestors. Maps of evolutionary relationships have many uses, the most fundamental of which is classification. A classification that accurately reflects evolutionary relationships underpins all of comparative biology. Botanists reconstruct the pattern of evolutionary history by comparing different plants — by analysing their similarities and differences. Until recently, botanists largely relied on similarities of shape and form in comparing different plants, but advances in molecular techniques now enable botanists to use DNA sequence comparison as a standard tool to study evolution. Since 1991 researchers at the Gardens have been using DNA sequences to investigate the evolutionary history of Australian native plants and their exotic relatives. Many of these plant groups have descended from ancestors that lived at a time when Australia was connected by dry land to other southern landmasses including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, New Zealand, New Caledonia and New Guinea. Analysis of DNA sequences has helped to show us precisely which plant species belong to these 13

‘disconnected’ groups. This work is important because much of the heritage significance of our native flora derives from its ancient evolutionary history and its long period of isolation. Research continued on plant groups prominent in the State’s flora, and of scientific importance in Australia and elsewhere.

Annonaceae

The history of the atemoya, a commercial ‘custard-apple’ crop in Australia, was investigated by Honorary Research Associate, Professor David Mabberley, and the hybrid formally described and named: Annona ´ atemoya.

Apiaceae

Dr Peter Michael’s revision of Eryngium in Australia and New Zealand is continuing with the help of SEM pollen studies.

Araceae

Taxonomic revision of the spectacular foliage-plant genus Alocasia was completed by Dr Alistair Hay for the Malesian region and published for West Malesia and Sulawesi. A taxonomic revision of Alocasia in the Philippines is in press. Ten new species were published for West Malesia and Sulawesi — 33% of the species recognised. Eight species were highlighted as being of conservation significance. Building on the completed work, Ms Carol Wong of the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore has begun a molecular systematic study of the genus towards the degree of PhD, co-supervised by Dr Hay. Revision of the large genus Schismatoglottis in Malesia continued and is expected to be completed this year. Ms Yuzammi, working for the degree of MSc at UNSW and the Gardens, continued her taxonomic studies of Javan Araceae, completing several small genera and progressing well with the difficult genus Homalomena. The manuscript of a semipopular book, Aroids of Borneo, written by Dr Alistair Hay and Peter Boyce (Kew), was completed and favourably received by the publisher and reviewers. It is expected to be published by early 2000. The first instalment of a grant of US$10,000 was received from the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Asia-Pacific-Oceania) to fund travel to Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, to provide expert identification of accessions of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) and related plants in taro germ plasm collections.

Asteraceae

Joy Everett continued her project on Craspedia, identifying and returning all specimens on loan from other herbaria. A note on an enigmatic species of Podolepis, grown in nineteenth-century Paris from Australian material, was published by Professor David Mabberley. Honorary Research Associate Dr Peter Michael is bravely trying to resolve taxonomic problems in the introduced genus Onopordum (Tribe Cardueae).

Caryophyllaceae

Profes s o r David Mab berle y inves ti ga t ed the history of ‘L ychnis ´ ha a ge a n a ’ hybrids and showed these gar den plants to be cultivar s of what has now to be calle d Sil e ne ban k s i a . A sum m a r y of Lychnis (i . e . Si l en e p.p .) grown and natura l i s e d in Aus t ralia was publi s h e d in Telo pea . 14

Casuarinaceae

Funding was received from ABRS to study molecular relationships within the family, but work has not yet commenced.

Cycadophyta

Special Botanist Ken Hill continued his diverse studies on the Cycadophyta. Work continued on the molecular phylogeny of Cycad genera (a collaborative project with researchers in UK and USA), to be submitted for publication in 2000. Detailed studies also continued on the systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Cycas, utilising both morphological and molecular techniques. This project is partly collaborative with researchers in China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines, and will result in a series of regional treatments. Two papers on the Cycads of Thailand were published in the journal Brittonia in 1999. A popular picture book on cycads of Australia with about 400–500 illustrations is in preparation with Australian horticulturist Dr R. Osborne, and will be published in late 1999. The world list of cycads, providing an accurate and up-to-date listing of current cycad names and synonyms, was developed as a searchable database on the internet. This is a collaborative project with Dr D.W. Stevenson of the New York Botanical Garden.

Cyperaceae

A study on the tribes Abildgaardieae and Fimbristylideae by Karen Wilson, in collaboration with Dr Jeremy Bruhl (University of New England) and Kerri Clarke (University of New England PhD student), continued. A poster was presented at the Monocots II conference covering preliminary results on the genera Crosslandia, Abildgaardia and Bulbostylis. In March, the three researchers spent two weeks in the field in the NE Kimberley and around Kakadu National Park, studying these species and collecting material (herbarium, pickled and silica-gel- dried for DNA studies). The monsoon season proved to be an excellent time for getting flowering specimens, as well as fruiting specimens of annuals that flower early in the Wet. Karen Wilson also began a joint project with Dr Bruhl and Ms Xiufu Zhang (University of New England PhD student) to study the generic limits of Carpha and its relations.

Ericaceae (subfamily Epacridoideae)

Dr Elizabeth Brown continued working on the systematics of the Epacridaceae, with particular emphasis on the genus Leucopogon. In conjunction with Associate Professor Chris Quinn and Nicola Streiber, a BSc honours student (both University of New South Wales), a significant part of Astroloma and Styphelia have been analysed phylogenetically. The resulting cladogram is inconsistent with current generic concepts of these two genera and Leucopogon.

Fabaceae: Faboideae

PhD student Peter Jobson (University of Technology Sydney) and his RBG supervisor Dr Peter Weston, made further progress on a taxonomic revision of Dillwynia (Mirbelieae). They were assisted by Jeanne Wilson, a Watson Travelling Fellow, who spent five months at the RBG helping with molecular lab work and fieldwork, by Technical Officer Kathi Downs who also helped with fieldwork, and by Honorary Research Associate Joy Thompson who provided curatorial assistance. In a seven-week field trip to SW Western Australia, all eight Western Australian taxa of Dillwynia were observed and collected. Dillwynia glaucula, a rare and threatened species from the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, was formally named and described in Telopea. Publications describing several more new species are in various stages of preparation. Peter Jobson and Dr Weston have also commenced a cladistic analysis of Dillwynia based on morphological characters. The results of this analysis will be tested using a molecular data set that Jeanne Wilson began to assemble, and for which lab work will be completed later in 1999. 15

Dr Peter Weston has been collaborating for some years with Dr Michael Crisp of the Australian National University to resolve phylogenetic relationships between genera of the ‘egg and bacon pea’ tribes Mirbelieae and Bossiaeeae. They have been joined by Simon Gilmore (formerly a Technical Officer in molecular systematics at the Gardens) in analysing relationships between Pultenaea and its close relatives from alignments of chloroplast spacer and nuclear ITS DNA sequences. This analysis confirms Crisp and Weston’s earlier suggestion that Pultenaea selaginoides, a rare Tasmanian endemic, should be placed in a new genus of its own. The results have been submitted for publication in the journal Taxon. Dr Mary Tindale continued research with Dr Tony Brown, Lyn Craven and Bernard Pfeil (CSIRO Division of Plant Industry), on Glycine, the ‘native soya beans’,for the Flora of Australia. Two horticulturally valuable new Erythrina hybrids raised in Hawai’i (E. ´ malottorum and E. ´ neillii) were formally described and named by Professor David Mabberley.

Fabaceae: Mimosoideae

Dr Mary Tindale and Dr Philip Kodela continued their research on for the Flora of Australia. Dr Tindale contributed a new Queensland species, Acacia celsa, to the monograph on the Acacia aulacocarpa group by Maurice McDonald (CSIRO Division of Plant Industry) and Bruce Maslin (Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management). Ongoing research on Acacia also included collaborative projects on the New South Wales species between Dr Phillip Kodela, Dr Barry Conn and Ken Hill with newly appointed Honorary Research Associate Terry Tame. A significant outcome of this work will be a computerised identification and information system for the State’s wattles.

Ferns

The publication of Volume 48 of the Flora of Australia represents a milestone in the documentation of Australian Pteridophytes (as well as cycads and conifers). Honorary Research Associate Dr Mary Tindale contributed the Introduction covering the history of pteridological research on Australian species together with sections on the morphology, cytology, biogeography and ecology of the group.While there have been many contributors to this fern flora, a considerable amount of the information is based on the rich collections in the National Herbarium of New South Wales and the earlier taxonomic studies of Dr Tindale. Professor Carrick Chambers, also an Honorary Research Associate, in collaboration with Dr Penny Farrant, prepared the account of the genus Cheilanthes (Adiantaceae) and the genera Blechnum, Pteridoblechnum and Stenochlaena (Blechnaceae); botanical illustrators from the Herbarium, Dr Penny Farrant and Marion Westmacott produced many of the illustrations. Substantial progress has been made by Honorary Research Associate Professor John Thomson in our ongoing study of the and evolutionary history of bracken ferns. Genomic ar chi t ectur e in 73 acces s i o ns of Pt erid i u m , repres en t ing the genus world wide , has been inves ti ga t ed using arbitrary primed PCR (RAPDs). Each of 17 primers produced 1–4 intense bands probably derived from multiple copy sequences containing homomorphic core base runs. These intense bands are consistent with (i) apparently extreme base stability over long evolutionary times (ii) occurrence as recognisable subprofiles in combination with one or more other such subprofiles (iii) geographic localisation (e.g. separately to Australasia, South and Central Ame ric a , tropical Sou th East Asi a , Afr ica) or to particular taxa (e.g. to ‘ta ll ’ tropical P. revolu tu m ) . An important exceptio n is P. ca u d a tu m : plants of this taxon from Col om bi a , Pan a m a and Cos t a Rica appear to be hybrid s / i n t rogres s i ves of P. ara ch n o i d eu m with a north e rn hemi s ph e re form. Additive band patterns occur in P. yarrabense (esculentum ´ revolutum), confirming its hybrid/introgressive status. Relationships indicated by the RAPD analysis are consistent with the results of a morphometric overview of frond variation amongst bracken taxa. 16

Freshwater algae

With the arrival of Dr Tim Entwisle, a research program in the ecology and systematics of freshwater algae was established. The final papers in a revision of the freshwater red algal order Batrachospermales were seen to publication, and a full taxonomic account was submitted to ABRS for the Algae of Australia series. A collaborative molecular systematics study with Dr Morgan Vis (University of Ohio, USA), using the rbcL gene revealed the presence of a distinct Australasian clade within the Batrachospermales including many of the newly described endemic species. Variation within Australian representatives of at least one presumed cosmopolitan species is much greater than that found between some species in the order. Molecular sequencing has also shown that populations of the Australasian endemic monospecific family Psilosiphonaceae, are widely divergent. The Tasmanian and New Zealand populations are most similar with the NSW population (from Barren Grounds Nature Reserve) basal to both. This latter result will form part of a biogeographical paper to be delivered at the International Botanical Congress in July 1999. The taxonomic revision of the widespread and common green algal family Zygnemataceae in Australia is a collaborative effort between Simon Lewis at the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and Dr Tim Entwisle in Sydney. Simon Lewis has finished collecting from most States in Australia and has prepared a preliminary dataset and tentative identification for most taxa. A full account will be submitted to ABRS for the Algae of Australia series in early 2001. In the second stage of the Census of Freshwater Algae in Australia,Lucy Nairn checked nomenclature and added further records, as well as making final improvements to the database design. The database was sent to ABRS in May, and an on-line version will be available as part of PlantNET by the end of 1999. Discussions have been initiated regarding a post-graduate study with (Professor Andrew Beattie) and the Department of Land and Water Conservation (Dr Bruce Chessman), to look at ecological and biodiversity survey techniques for stream algae. Another area of possible future collaboration (with Dr Joe Zuccerello,University of New South Wales) concerns a molecular study on population variation in stream algae around Sydney to assess their mobility and evolution. A collaborative study on the ecology of stream algae in rocky streams around Melbourne with Dr Barbara Downes (The University of Melbourne) was hampered by Dr Entwisle’s move to Sydney but further ARC funding has ensured that the project will continue.

Lamiaceae

Systematic studies on the genus Teucrium in Australia by Dr Barry Conn resulted in the discovery of an undescribed species from the Pilbara region of north-western Western Australia and possibly two undescribed species from Queensland. Flowers of the Queensland species were collected for the first time during field work associated with this project. A re-assessment of the morphological variation within the Prostanthera cryptandroides and P. euphrasioides group resulted in these being regarded as a single species (P. cryptandroides), with subspecies cryptandroides being rare and endemic to New South Wales and the more common subspecies euphrasioides extending from New South Wales to Queensland. Collaborative papers on Clerodendrum and Rotheca (Dr Dorothy Steane, University of Tasmania and American co-workers), Faradaya and Oxera (Dr Rogier de Kok, CSIRO, Canberra) were published by Professor David Mabberley. The common ‘Oxford and Cambridge bush’ grown as Clerodendrum was shown not to belong in the genus and must be called Rotheca myricoides ‘Ugandensis’.An account of the family for Flore de la Nouvelle-Caledonie was completed by Professor Mabberley and Dr de Kok. Work continues on the family in tropical Australia and Malesia, including a collaboration on Vitex with Dr B.M.P.Singhakumara (University of Sri Jayawaredenepura, Sri Lanka). 17

Lichens

In collaboration with Professor J.A. Elix, Australian National University, Dr Alan Archer continued his work on the chemotaxonomy of Pertusaria, with a study of specimens from Rwanda and Burundi. A revision of the lichen family Graphidaceae (the so-called Script Lichens) in Australia has begun with an examination of specimens in the genera Graphis, Graphina, Phaeographis and Phaeographina. A number of new species in each genus have been identified.

Marine algae

Dr Alan Millar, Phycologist and Senior Research Scientist, submitted for publication five major floristic treatments from regions including Norfolk Island, the Herald Cays in the Coral Sea, eastern parts of the Philippines, and both the north and south coasts of Papua New Guinea. These papers include about 750 documented species. The Philippines marine flora project involved collaboration with six other internationally recognised phycologists from such countries as the Philippines, the United States, Australia, and Belgium. Professor Eric Coppejans from the University of Gent also spent three months at the RBG as a visiting Research Fellow working with Dr Millar on his collections from PNG amassed over a 20-year period. The documentation of some 350 species resulted from their collaborative efforts. Investigations with Drs R. De Nys and M. Hommersand from the University of NSW and North Carolina respectively, have revealed several interesting compounds in red algal genera endemic to New Zealand and Australia. Some of these may have major antifouling and antibacterial properties. Dr Millar’s research has attracted approximately $250,000 in grant funding over the past three years, and has been further recognised by the NSW Biodiversity Strategy with an injection of $100,000 over the next two years to document new species from New South Wales.

Meliaceae

A paper on Australian taxa of Meliaceae was published by Professor David Mabberley (in the light of the delay to the publication of the family account prepared long ago for Flora of Australia). A paper on the sexual habits of the New Zealand kohe-kohe (Dysoxylum spectabile) was completed (with Dr M.F. Large, Massey University, Palmerston North) and Dr J. Braggins, University of Auckland). An account of the family for Families & Genera of Vascular Plants is in preparation.

Myrtaceae

Special Botanist Ken Hill continued with systematic studies in the eucalypts, commenced as collaborative studies with the late Dr Lawrie Johnson. Two papers were published in 1998–99, and further work is in progress with newly appointed Honorary Research Associate Don Blaxell. Dr Peter Wilson’s collaborative project with Professor C.J. Quinn of the University of New South Wales has finished after three years’ funding by the Australian Research Council. In the course of this project, sequences of the chloroplast gene matK have been obtained for around 100 taxa representing almost all major groups of Myrtaceae plus examples from closely related families. Analysis of these identifies ten robust clusters of genera plus a few genera with no clearly supported affinities.A new genus was identified and the status of a number of genera in the Leptospermum group has been brought into question. Two students have completed honours projects in association with this research program. DNA has been exchanged with a laboratory in Wisconsin, USA, where a different chloroplast gene, ndhF, is being sequenced. The data from both projects will be combined and the results presented at the International Botanical Congress in August, 1999. 18

Orchidaceae

Dr Peter Weston has been collaborating with James Indsto (Westmead Institute for Cancer Research) in photographing the near ultraviolet reflectance from flowers of Dendrobium and its close relatives. This project evolved from an interaction between two of Mr Indsto’s interests: orchid growing and photography. He noticed that reflectance patterns of some of his dendrobium flowers were very different in the human visible range and the near-ultraviolet. He and Dr Weston then agreed to systematically survey reflectance patterns across the subtribe Dendrobiinae. Species known to be pollinated by honeybees and bumblebees turned out to exhibit boldly contrasting patterns in the near-ultraviolet, while bird-pollinated species have more uniformly reflecting or absorbing flowers. Preliminary results of this work have been submitted for publication in the proceedings of Monocots II. Most Aus t ralian ground orchids belo ng to the trib e Diuri de ae , a group in whi c h most of th e gene ra are cha r acteris e d by distin c tive, derived fea tu r es (synapomo rphi e s ) , but in whi c h in t erg ene ric rel a ti onships have, with a few exception s , been poorly known. Dr Peter Wes t on has co ll a borat ed with Dr Paul Kores , Dr Mia Mol vray (both Uni versi t y of Ok l a h om a , USA) and Dr Mar k Chase (RBG Kew) in assemb ling and analysing ma t K chl o roplast sequen c es from a sample of sp ecies repres en t ing most diur id gene ra. The resu l t ing cla dogram res o l ves rela ti on s h i p s betw een most gene ra with strong sup port. In the few cases whe re distin c tive morpho l o gic a l cha r acters are shared by different gene ra, the molecular phylo geny has strong ly con f i rm ed their close rela ti on s h i p . This work has a num b er of in t eres t ing bio l o gical implication s , but one of th e most fascinating is the pattern of orig in of poll i n a ti o n by insect pseud ocopu l a ti on . Thi s poll i n a ti o n syndrome , in whi c h male insects cros s - po ll i n a t e flowers in the process of at t emp tin g to mate with them, has cle a r ly evol ved independ ent l y in at least four different diur id lineages . Why are our ground orchids so sexy? This que s ti o n cle a r ly warrants furth e r res e a r ch, but a fou n d a ti o n is laid in the paper to be publi s h e d in the proceedi n g s of the Mon o c ots II conf erence . A cha r acteris t ic of poll i n a ti o n by pseud copu l a ti o n is that each orchid species is usua l ly poll i n a t ed by onl y one species of in s e ct. Moreover, clo s e ly rela t ed orchid species are usua l ly poll i n a t ed by clo s e ly rela t ed insects . Did the associ a ti o n betw een a particular ances t ral orchid and a particular ances t ral in s e ct evol ve togeth e r with a gradua l ,s i mu l t a n e ous diversi f i c a ti o n of both orchids and their poll i n a t ors? Or has the associ a ti o n betw een each group of clo s e ly rela t ed orchids and poll i n a t ors been more ch a o ti c ,i nvol ving sud d en poll i n a t or shifts? PhD stud ent Jim Mant (Aus t ralian Nati on a l Uni versi t y) and his sup ervis o rs, Dr Peter Wes t on and Dr Rod Pea k a l l (Aus t ralian Nati on a l Uni versi t y) are inves ti ga t ing this que s ti o n by recons t ruc ting the phylo geny of the orchid genus Ch i l o gl ot t is and its thynnine wasp poll i n a t ors using molecular markers. The y were suc cessful in winning a Sla de Fou n d a ti o n res e a r ch grant to fund the neces s a r y field work and laborat ory work. Australian orchids also show interesting biogeographic patterns. The genus Calochilus for instance, includes species that are endemic in tropical Australia, New Caledonia, and in southern Australia and New Zealand. PhD student Andrew Perkins and his supervisors Dr Weston and Dr Murray Henwood (University of Sydney) have been analysing phylogenetic relationships within Calochilus in order to gain a better understanding of its biogeographic history. Morphological characters suggest that the New Caledonian endemic is more closely related to the southern Australian species group than either is to the tropical Australian taxa. This pattern is inconsistent with a Gondwanic origin of this genus.

Poaceae

The Systematics section has an important role to play in assessing the potential weediness of introduced plants. Dr Surrey Jacobs, Joy Everett and Dr Maria Amelia Torres (Museo de la Plata, Argentina) investigated the biology of Nasella tenuissima, a newly cultivated species that is closely related to N. trichotoma (serrated tussock), a serious pasture and environmental weed. They concluded, in a paper published in Telopea, that N. tenuissima is potentially a serious weed and should be banned from propagation and sale. Honorary Research Associate Dr Peter Michael is describing a new native species of Echinochloa (Poaceae: Panicoideae) for publication in Telopea. 19

Proteaceae

Dr Peter Weston and Technical Officer Carolyn Porter continued their molecular systematic research on the Proteaceae using chloroplast DNA spacer and nuclear ITS DNA sequences. They have completed sequencing for a pilot study of relationships in the Tribe Grevilleeae and are in the process of assembling an ITS data set for the subfamily Persoonioideae. Preliminary analyses from both of these studies have interesting taxonomic and biogeographic implications. For example, the work on Persoonioideae strongly suggests that the closest relatives of Toronia, previously treated as a New Zealand endemic, are a small group of Persoonia species restricted to south-western Australia. Despite the publication of ‘definitive’ regional flora treatments of the Proteaceae, new species continue to be discovered. For example, a new species of Persoonia surprisingly turned up in a well-settled part of the Hunter River valley, and was formally named and described by Dr Peter Weston in Telopea.

Rafflesiaceae

An account of Robert Brown’s work on the plant with the largest flowers known, Rafflesia arnol d i i , a paras i t e of vines in Sum a t ra, was subm i t t ed by Profes s o r David Mab berle y. The work cle a r s up ma n y long - h e ld misconc eptio ns on the taxono my and nomen cl a tu r e of R. arn ol d i i and its alli e s .

Restionaceae

Hono rar y Res e a r ch Ass oc i a t e Dr Barb a r a Brig gs conti nu e d work comm en c ed with the late Dr La wrie Joh n s o n on the cla s s i f i c a ti o n of this Sout h e rn Hemi s ph e re family. Data on the floral and vegeta t ive fea tu r es of the Aus t ralian gene ra were combi n e d with data from Sou th Afr ican memb ers in a large clad i s t ic analysi s , pa r t of a cooperat ive stud y with Profes s o r Peter Linder of the Uni versi t y of Cap e Town. Ana l yses of DN A sequen c es of rbcL and the trnL-trnF regio n of the chl o ropl a s t gen om e ,j oi n t ly with Seni o r Technical Officer Dr Adam Mar chant and Technical Officer Caro ly n Porter, ha ve produc ed a phylo gene tic hypothesis of rela ti o nships with alli e d families and among gene ric groups within the family. Progress towa r d implemen t ing an improved cla s s i f i c a ti o n has in c lud ed the tran s f er of previo u s l y des c ri b ed species to the appropria t e gene ra in the new cla s s i f i c a ti on ; ne w names thus arise for 39 Aus t ralian species and one species each from SE Asi a , New Zealand and Chi l e . Cooperati o n in studies of fl a vono id cons ti tu e nts and their phylo gene tic si gn i f i c a n c e also conti nu e d with Profes s o r Jeff r ey Har borne and Dr Chri s t ine Wil liams at the Uni versi t y of Read i n g , En gl a n d . Res ults of the molecu l a r , mo rpho l o gical and flavono id res e a r ch were pres en t ed at Mon o c ots II and a brie f sum m a r y forme d part of a pres en t a ti o n at the 1998 Ann ual Sympo s i um of the Mis s o u r i Botanical Garden at St Lo u i s ,U S A . Visits to several overse a s he rba r ia (St Lou i s , New York, Kew, Pari s , Copenh a g en) gave opportun i t ies to stud y type speci m en s and to determine speci m e ns in accord with the new cla s s i f i c a ti o n of these gene ra.

Rosaceae

Work was almost completed by Professor David Mabberley (with Dr C.E. Jarvis, Natural History Museum, London, and Dr B.E. Juniper, Department of Plant Sciences, ) on a survey of Linnaean nomenclature of apples. All Linnaean taxa are to be typified (some with old cultivated material collected in Victoria), and the correct name to be applied to orchard apples grown in Australia.

Rutaceae

Fo ll owing publi c a ti o n of a paper outlining a new cla s s i f i c a ti o n of comm e rcial edi b le citrus , a se cond paper on gene ric limits in the group was publi s h e d by Profes s o r David Mab berle y in Telo pea . The gene ra Mic ro ci trus and Erem o ci trus were re- u n i t ed with Cit rus , whi c h now include s so me 20 species of the warm parts of ea s t ern Asia and the wes t ern Paci f i c . Work conti n ues on the taxono my of the grou p , pa r tic u l a r ly the taxa cent red on ‘li m e - l e a ves ’ (C . hyst rix ) . 20

Vitaceae

An account of the family was prepared by Professor David Mabberley for Flore de la Nouvelle- Caledonie. The history of ‘French Hybrid’ and ‘American Hybrid’ grapes was investigated and the correct name for them shown to be Vitis ´ prolifera.

Systematic methodology

As well as making new empirical discoveries, scientists must constantly keep a critical eye on the methods and concepts that they use, and devise improvements where necessary. Rolf Sattler, a Canadian plant morphologist has criticised modern concepts in systematics on the grounds that they are ‘too static’ and should be replaced by ‘more dynamic’ alternatives. Dr Peter Weston has investigated the relationship between Sattler’s philosophy and cladistic analysis and concluded that they are complementary approaches rather than competitors. His essay on this subject will be published as a chapter by the Systematics Association in Character Conceptualisation, Primary Homology and Systematic Solutions.

ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Objective

• Study, map and describe the plant communities of New South Wales and study the ecology of plant species.

Outcome

•Increased knowledge of the distribution, abundance and dynamics of plant species, and improved floristic classifications of vegetation on a regional basis. This information is provided to other Government agencies and the general public and is made available in publications. It forms a basis for well-informed species and habitat conservation advice and natural resource management.

Strategies

•Survey and map the vegetation of New South Wales, particularly the Sydney region and the Northern Tablelands. •Survey particular vegetation formations to aid with their management. • Prepare a statewide classification and status assessment of native vegetation. • Investigate and compile a database on the ecology of plant species.

Sydney Region vegetation

Ecologists Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell continued to map the vegetation of the Wollongong 1:100 000 map sheet covering the Wollongong area and part of the Southern Highlands region.

Northern Tablelands

A map of the vegetation communities of the Guyra 1:100 000 map sheet was completed. It has taken several years’ work by ecologists John Benson and Liz Ashby to survey and map the fragmented landscape of this region. The plant communities displayed on the map have been derived from a numerical analysis of 312 field survey plots and aerial photographic interpretation. Vegetation remnants down to two ha in size have been digitised onto a 21 geographical information system at 1:25 000 scale. Each vegetation remnant is coded for floristic composition, structure and degree of disturbance in the GIS. The published map will be reduced to 1:100 000 scale. A manuscript and map will be submitted for publication in 2000. This survey and mapping exercise sets standards for the type of vegetation survey and mapping required for regional vegetation planning in rural New South Wales. Future survey work is required for the Glen Innes, Clive and Ashford 1:100 000 map sheets in the New England Bioregion.

An overview of the vegetation of New South Wales

Ecologist John Benson, RBG representative on the Native Vegetation Advisory Council (NVAC), prepared a background paper for the Council titled Setting the Scene: the Native Vegetation of New South Wales. This paper describes and reviews status of vegetation on a bioregional basis in NSW.It summarises the major threats to vegetation including clearing and weed invasion, and discusses conservation options. This is the first of seven background papers on a range of issues to be published by NVAC. These papers will form a basis for NVAC to prepare a Native Vegetation Conservation Strategy for NSW.

Ecology of Sydney Plants

Part 6 of the Ecology of Sydney plant species covering the major plant family Myrtaceae was published in Cunninghamia. It covers 227 species, including the eucalypts, angophoras, melaleucas, callistemons and tea-trees. A review paper by Dr Peter Myerscough on the ecology of Myrtaceae accompanied this publication. Ecologists Doug Benson and Lyn McDougall are working on Part 7, covering the plant families Nyctaginaceae to Rubiaceae and including the distinctive Proteaceae family.

Ecological monitoring

The need for more information for the ongoing management of native plant communities highlights the importance of long-term studies. Monitoring of seasonal conditions in wetland communities of the Hawkesbury-Nepean floodplain by ecologists Doug Benson and Jocelyn Howell continued and results were presented to a conference and submitted for publication. Work on environmental flows and effects on riparian vegetation was also submitted for publication.

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH

Objective

• Continue to expand horticultural research into the culture, propagation and selection of plants.

Outcomes

•Increased knowledge of culture methods required to bring a range of species into cultivation and better knowledge of pests, diseases and their control. •Improved conservation of the biodiversity of the Australian flora and increased numbers and variety of species available for horticulture.

Strategies

• Study the horticulture of selected genera such as waratahs and Flannel Flowers to increase knowledge and sustainable use by the horticulture industry and the general public. 22

• Investigate the biology of threatened species such as the Wollemi Pine generating useful information for recovery actions by NSW NPWS and others. • Study the nature, classification and control of disease-causing organisms and the biological control of pests and weeds. The work of the horticultural research team addresses diverse aspects of the scientific applications that are required to support and enhance the field of horticulture in NSW and conserve endangered Australian native plants. Projects include: the development of biotechnological methods for mass-propagation and ex situ conservation; DNA finger-printing of rare populations and cultivars; the selection and development of plants, both native and exotic, which are new to commercial Australian horticulture. Plant health is a major concern, with research into the nature, classification and control of disease-causing organisms and the biological control of pests and weeds. Main areas of research include:

Flannel Flowers

The RBG conducted a comprehensive program developing propagation and cultivation techniques for Flannel Flowers. This program, aimed at encouraging the sustainable development of Flannel Flowers as an export cut-flower crop and as a pot or garden plant, was recognised by the NSW Premier in the Public Sector Awards for significant contribution to the economy and environment. The results of the scientific research on aspects of cultivation were presented at a number of conferences and workshops and published as a book chapter. A number of cultivars have been selected as a result of this work and are being produced by licenced growers for release under the RBG’s new plant label in the coming year.

Waratahs

Work on the propagation of tree waratahs (Alloxylon spp.) was published and presented at a conference. There has been enormous interest from the general public and horticulture industry in this group of plants but little information available on their cultivation. Telopea waratahs as tubbed specimens continue to be prepared for massed displays during 2000 events. Information on manipulation of flowering is being generated through a series of experiments. Trials commenced on control of bract burn and flower borers, the two major problems experienced with the flowering of waratahs.

Wollemi Pine

Experimental work on seed physiology and requirements for young plant growth were concluded with one paper published and several more in preparation. This information provides us with insights into how and why the Wollemi Pine is confined to such a small area and why it is unable to spread under present conditions. A partnership with the Queensland Forest Research Institute began, with the aim of researching and developing the Wollemi Pine for commerical release. This work, in conjuction with our other partner Birkdale Nursery who will market the pine, ensures access to plant material by all and that aspects of cultivation are well understood. Plants in the ground at Mount Annan, Mount Tomah and Sydney are being closely monitored for growth characteristics.

Potting mix improvements

A study commenced at Mount Annan, run with the University of Western Sydney, researching the effect of added silicon to potting mixes to increase the health of potted plants. This study is funded by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation. A paper was published on the use of coir as an alternative to peat in potting mixes and the information is being taken up by horticulture generally. 23

Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit

The Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit processed 168 samples for disease diagnosis in 1998–1999. Clients ranged from home gardeners (36%), commercial growers (8%), nurseries (2%), horticultural consultants (26%), Government departments and authorities (27%). Root disease, wilting and ultimately plant death were the bulk of the disease problems with Armillaria sp., Phytophthora root rots, Rhizoctonia root rots and Fusarium crown and root rots being most frequently diagnosed. All diagnoses were accompanied by a report which included possible control procedures. The Unit also answered a large number of phone inquiries from home gardeners regarding problems with their plants. The Unit also assessed disease problems in the three Gardens. Nearly one hundred of these were processed in the last year: Armillaria and Phytophthora were the main problems in established trees, and wilts, nematodes insect pests, salinity and acidity were of more concern in bedding and nursery plants. All new plants are inspected in the nursery before being planted out into the Sydney Gardens to prevent the introduction of any ‘exotic’ diseases.

Integrated pest management at Olympic sites

The Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit was contracted by the Olympic Coordination Authority to develop a policy on the control of pests and diseases at all sites to be used for the summer Olympic Games in 2000. In accordance with the desire for these Games to be ‘environmentally friendly’there was a heavy emphasis on the use of biological control and integrated pest management. The policy was accepted as OCA policy in May and the PDDU and UWS Hawkesbury are currently assessing real and potential pest and disease problems at the sites.

Mycological research on the Wollemi Pine

Five fungal pathogens were inoculated into juvenile Wollemi Pines grown from cuttings. Of the five tested, Botryosphaeria sp. and Phytophthora cinnamomi proved very pathogenic to the pines and after only five weeks all plants treated with these two fungi had wilted and died. Botryosphaeria is a common air-borne genus that enters plants through wounds in the foliage or stems; P. cinnamomi is the common ‘die-back’ pathogen. Both pathogens can be effectively controlled in the nursery situation. However, if these diseases were to get into the adult population in the Wollemi National Park, the trees would be under extreme risk. It is therefore essential that the measures for security of the site and the measures currently in place to reduce transmission of fungal pathogens, be maintained.

Waratah bud borer

Research was initiated on the biology and control of this caterpillar which causes great losses to waratah growers. A number of pesticides were tested for efficacy against the bud borer and timing rates were assessed. The project will be completed in spring 1999.

Armillaria

The fungus Armillaria luteobubalina causes a root rot of a diverse range of trees and shrubs. The disease is particularly rampant in many public gardens in Australia. Molecular studies were started with the ultimate aim of developing a diagnostic tool which will allow accurate diagnosis of this important and difficult-to-diagnose disease. Initial results were very promising although considerable research is still required to develop a reliable diagnostic procedure.

Fusarium

Several strands of research on the devastating disease Fusarium wilt of Phoenix canariensis continued. Vegetative compatibility analysis was completed and the results of this research are now being compared to molecular analysis of aspects of the genetic makeup of the pathogen. 24

Macromolecular analysis is being used to develop a molecular diagnostic tool for the rapid diagnosis of the disease. This research was finalised in May and trials on the technique initiated.

PLANT CONSERVATION

Objective

• Implement the Gardens’ Conservation Policy and improve the conservation of threatened species by increasing knowledge relevant to plants both in their natural environment and in cultivation, increasing awareness of the importance of plant conservation through our education programs and displays.

Outcomes

• Conservation of threatened species promoted in situ and by ex situ holdings. • Maj o r focus develo ped for public awa r eness of the importa n c e of plants and their cons e rvati on . • Information on threatened and rare species made more accessible to Government agencies and approved conservation programs. • Research programs enhanced by access to living plants, especially important for new techniques of DNA sequencing.

Strategies

• Document the distribution and threats to rare and threatened plant species of the State and prepare management plans for threatened species. •Survey and investigate plant species, both common and rare, to aid with their management and protection. •Make information on rare and threatened species more readily available to conservation agencies through database records of specimen collections. Effective conservation requires that adequate representatives of all plant communities and plant species, subspecies and varieties — common and rare — are conserved. The Gardens is committed to conserving plant species, plant genetic diversity and selected cultivated varieties through using its botanical, ecological and horticultural expertise.

Rare and threatened species

Many of the species that have been researched by Gardens’ botanists, ecologists and horticulturists are species that are very restricted in their distribution and are considered to be threatened or rare. Threatened species that have been formally described in the past year include: Dillwynia glaucula and Persoonia pauciflora from NSW and four species of Aponogeton from Northern and Western Australia.

Species recovery plans

A number of staff are actively involved in the recovery process of rare and threatened species including Allocasuarina portuensis, Eucalyptus copulans, Gentiana wingecarribiensis, Grevillea kennedyana, Microstrobus fitzgeraldii, Persoonia mollis subsp. maxima, Prostanthera junonis and Wollemia nobilis. The Gardens’ role includes describing and documenting the distribution of the species and possible threats in the wild, researching propagation, cultivation and long-term storage of plant material including seed. Staff also provide advice to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. 25

Conservation committees

Staff had input to a number of key committees that deal with issues relating to legislation or issues about the conservation of species or habitats. The most important statutory committees that Gardens’ staff are represented on are the NSW Biological Diversity Advisory Council, the Scientific Committee under the Threatened Species Conservation Act, the Scientific Committee under the NSW Fisheries Act, and the Native Vegetation Advisory Council under the Native Vegetation Conservation Act. Gardens’ staff were represented on: • NSW Biological Diversity Advisory Council • NSW Scientific Committee • NSW Fisheries Scientific Committee • Native Vegetation Advisory Council, Native Vegetation Conservation Act • NSW NPWS Technical Working Group for defining, listing and assessing status of NSW Ecosystems • NSW Biodiversity Survey Steering Committee • NSW Natural Resources Information Management Strategy, NSW Metadata Working Group, Department of Land and Water Conservation • Greening Australia: Technical Committee on Re-vegetation • IUCN Species Survival Commission Plant Specialist Group • Steering Committee for Riverina Bioregions Assessment, NSW NPWS • Steering Committee for ‘Macrophytes as Indicators of Ecosystem Health’ for CSIRO • National Trust Bush Management Advisory Committee • Olympic Coordination Authority Ecology Expert Advisory Panel • State Wetlands Action Group for implementing State Wetland Policy • Steering Committee for Wetland Rehabilitation • Hawkesbury Nepean Catchment Management Trust • Berowra Catchment Management Committee • Coxs River Expert Panel, Department of Land and Water Conservation • Water Quality Strategy Steering Committee for the Upper Parramatta River Catchment • Green Corridors Steering Committee for Upper Parramatta River Catchment Trust • Cumberland Plain Woodland Recovery Team • Institute of Wildlife Research, University of Sydney • Australian Network for Plant Conservation (ANPC) • Biodiversity Advisory Committee of Australian Museum • NSW NPWS Technical Working Group for defining, listing and assessing status of NSW Ecosystems • Grassy White Box Woodlands Conservation Steering Committee • Wollemi Pine Conservation Team • NSW Biodiversity Survey Steering Committee 26

Biodiversity strategy

The NSW Biodiversity Strategy was launched in the Gardens in March 1999. The Gardens is listed as a lead agency in four priority action items and a further 10 for which it is a supporting agency in the 22 highest priority actions (out of a total of 143). Dr Tim Entwisle and Gwen Harden have been involved in discussions on nominating the highest priority actions under the Strategy and seeking funding to implement them. The RBG has received funds from Treasury to enhance the implementation of priority actions under the Strategy for several projects, including non-vascular taxonomic research, the development of a master name index for NSW flora and an assessment of the status of plant communities in NSW.

Bryophytes

As part of a Greening Australia project at a road cutting at Mount Victoria, Dr Elizabeth Brown and Natasha Leist visited the site with members of the Greening Australia team to inspect quadrats. The site is an extremely challenging one for any colonising plant and they observed little evidence of establishment in the nine months since the quadrats were set up.In areas where there had been run-off from the zone sprayed with a mixture of milk and egg there was a small amount of algal growth. A few bryophytes had colonised near the base of the rock face but otherwise there was no cryptogamic colonisation. Interestingly, however, the milk/egg mixture had adhered to the rock face causing it to darken and take on the coloration of older, more weathered sandstone in adjacent areas.

Wingecarribee Swamp

Dr Phillip Kodela continued to provide advice on the science and management of Wingecarribee Swamp, including reports to the New South Wales Heritage Office relating to a Permanent Conservation Order and its nomination as an internationally important wetland under the Ramsar Convention. Dr Kodela also assisted Sydney Water in responding to the disastrous collapse of the peatland.

FOSTERING COOPERATION

Objective

• Foster links with researchers and other scientific and cultural institutions and special- interest organisations for mutual benefit.

Outcomes

• Increased support in the community and relevant organisations and appreciation of Gardens’ programs. Greater exchange of information to accelerate development of specific projects and enhance plant collection. • The Gardens contributes to high quality Australian scientific research and ensures the quality and standing of the Gardens’ scientific programs.

Strategies

• Further develop formal links with kindred botanical and horticultural institutions and associations. • Continue to provide expertise and support for Trust objectives through membership of advisory committees, trusts and associations. 27

• Encourage the appointment of researchers as Honorary Research Associates of the RBG. • Participate in Council of Australian Botanic Garden Directors, Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria, and national and international networks for plant conservation and botanical information. • Enhance institutional links and expertise of staff through Australian Botanical Liaison Officer and other collaborative programs. • Cooperative research with other researchers and research institutions. The Gardens has many long-established links with Australian and overseas botanical and horticultural institutions and associations. Staff seek to actively share their expertise and participate in research and training programs to the mutual benefit of all involved.

Collaboration with universities and research organisations

Discussions have been held with a number of universities and other research organisations to establish more formalised programs for cooperation in research and training.These would enable the sharing of facilities and resources, joint submissions for research funding and the training and supervision of undergraduate and postgraduate researchers at the Gardens. An Options Paper for collaborative linkages prepared in June will form the basis for an expanded collaborative network in coming years.

University of New England Memorandum of Understanding

The Gardens and the Australian Museum have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the University of New England to enable the teaching of specialist subjects in taxonomy and systematics (both plants and animals). This forges closer links with the University and helps address the shortage of plant and animal taxonomists. A number of staff have prepared outlines for the proposed courses and will be required to write lecture notes later in the year.It is proposed that teaching for these undergraduate and post-graduate courses will commence in 2000. Students will undertake jointly supervised projects at one of the three institutions.

Supervision of postgraduate students

A number of staff jointly supervise postgraduate students with universities (see Appendix H). These include the University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, University of New England, University of Wollongong and the University of Technology, Sydney. A listing of possible honours and post-graduate projects will be available on our website and distributed to relevant university departments.

Honorary Research Associates

Honorary Research Associates continue to make a substantial contribution to our research output. The diversity and quality of their work, particularly in plant systematics, greatly enhances our scientific reputation. Three new honorary associates were appointed: Don Blaxell who will collaborate with Ken Hill on eucalypt systematics; Dr Bettye Rees who will identify macrofungi for the Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit; and Terry Tame who has for some years collaborated with staff on the systematics and curation of Acacia. Sadly, Professor Lindsay Prior passed away in August.

Australian Botanical Liaison Officer

Special Botanist Ken Hill completed his 12-month term as Australian Botanical Liaison Officer based at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew at the end of August 1998. During the 12 months, a total of 270 enquiries on ABLO-related matters were answered, with an additional 26 eucalypt 28 identification enquiries and 31 media queries, mostly on the Wollemi Pine. Twenty-seven Australian visitors called on the services of the ABLO at the herbarium. Enquiries were more or less equally split three ways: one third relating to herbarium collections (checking, verifying or photographing specimens, or arranging loans); another third to library matters (mostly in finding and copying obscure references in Kew or the British Museum); the final third a broad spectrum of miscellaneous enquiries from around the world relating to Australian botanical matters. Visits were made to various European herbaria to follow up requests for information and to pursue research interests. Research work continued on several manuscripts on aspects of eucalypt systematics that had been almost completed in collaboration with Lawrie Johnson before his death. Molecular studies on cycads started in Sydney were continued in the Jodrell Laboratories at Kew. Five lectures were presented to different groups on the Wollemi Pine and two on the cycad research studies during the course of tenure as ABLO.

International and national cooperation

The Gardens continues to have major involvement in national and international committees and workshops, including the following:

• Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria (CHAH) • Herbarium Information Systems Committee (HISCOM) • International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI), particularly the Global Plant Checklist project • Interdisciplinary Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) of the International Council of Scientific Unions, especially the following groups within CODATA: Commission for Data Access, Commission on Standardized Terminology for Access to Biological Databases, and the Global Plant Checklist Network Group • Species 2000 project — Project Management Team • International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) — including Executive Committee and Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG) • Systematics Agenda 2000 International — especially the Systematics component of the inter-scientific-union Diversitas program • International Association for Plant Taxonomy — Special Committee on Electronic Publishing and Databasing • Australian Academy of Science • Australian Systematic Botany Society and other national and international scientific societies.

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

The report and recommendations of the Special Committee on Electronic Publishing chaired by Karen Wilson was published in Taxon prior to being discussed at the Nomenclature Sessions at the International Botanical Congress in St Louis in July 1999.

Cooperative projects and exchange of information

Cooperative research is encouraged by the Gardens to maximise exchange of scientific knowledge and expertise and use limited resources effectively. Details of cooperative research with other institutions and a brief description of research projects are listed in Appendix G. 29

Advisory committees

The Gardens continued to foster links with and provide expertise to other institutions through representation on external advisory committees. Membership of external committees is listed in Appendix C. The Gardens, in turn, benefits from the presence on the Scientific Committee of the Trust of representatives of a number of the universities in Sydney.

COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

Objective

• Promote the effective use of research findings.

Outcome

•Disseminate research results in scientific journals, books and booklets, by electronic and print media, and present lectures and talks to specialist and amateur groups so that knowledge is widely available.

Strategies

• Publication of the scientific journals Telopea and Cunninghamia. • Publication of books and booklets for the general community. • Prepare information to be made widely available electronically. • Attend specialist conferences, present lectures to scientific and amateur groups. It is of utmost importance that research results are made available to fellow researchers and to the general community, and that these results are presented in ways that are relevant to their needs. The Gardens disseminates research results and information from the collections in printed and electronic media, as well as giving talks and lectures to various groups.

Scientific journals

The Gardens publishes two scientific journals, Telopea, in the field of systematic botany, and Cunninghamia, covering aspects of plant ecology — particularly vegetation surveys and mapping, and plant community dynamics. Two issues of Telopea were published this year, as well as two issues of Cunninghamia. These included papers by staff as well as a number by Honorary Research Associates. For information on the contents of issues released during 1998–99 see ‘Part 1: The year in summary’.

Books and booklets Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney There has been continuing interest in the bushland of Western Sydney. The listing of Endangered Ecological Communities such as the Cumberland Plain Woodland has drawn attention to the remnant vegetation. A revised and expanded edition of our popular publication Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney by Teresa James, Lyn McDougall and Doug Benson is being published in June 1999. This book will include material from recent botanical surveys, including those of NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Missing Jigsaw Pieces: the Bushplants of the Cooks River Valley This is a new book on the plants and their importance in a very suburban part of Sydney. It has been prepared by ecologist Doug 30

Benson with co-authors Danie Ondinea and Virginia Bear with funding from the Cooks River Catchment Committee, and should be available in August 1999. Proteaceae of New South WalesThe manuscript based on the family treatment in the Flora of New South Wales has been completed and typeset. However, this publication will not be printed until Flora of Australia Volumes 17A and 17B have been published, later in 1999. The Proteaceae publication will include an enlarged general introduction, as well as updating of names and distribution of species within New South Wales. Flora of New South WalesVolumes 1 and 2 are now out of print. A supplement to Volume 1 was completed and typeset, and will be available in late 1999. This supplement will be sold as a separate publication as well as an addendum to the reprinted Volume 1. Volume 2 will be completely revised to accommodate substantial changes in many of the families in the text. It is anticipated that the manuscript will be completed later in 1999. History of Botany Professor David Mabberley published several biographical papers on botanists. Accounts of Robert Brown and Joseph Banks were prepared for the Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens. A short paper on the nomenclatural significance of the works of Wilhelm Petermann (1806–1855) was published. A biographical memoir on the influential tropical botanist, Professor E.J.H. Corner, FRS (1906–1996) was prepared for publication by the Royal Society of London.

Professor David Mabberley continued his work on the Australian drawings made by Ferdinand Bauer on Flinders’ Voyage (1801–5): a full catalogue (with David Moore, formerly of the Natural History Museum) of the finished watercolours and cognate materials in London was submitted for publication, as was an account (with Dr. E. Pignatti-Wikus, Trieste and Dr C. Riedl-Dorn, Vienna) of the colour-code Bauer used, with especial reference to the drawings made in Western Australia. A monograph (with Professor H.W. Lack, Berlin) dealing with Bauer’s earlier work in the Mediterranean was published and a book covering his entire output prepared. Professor David Mabberley published an essay, ‘Where are the Wild Things?’ in Paradisus — the Hawaiian plant watercolors of Geraldine King Tam (Honolulu Academy of Arts, Honolulu).

Electronic information

The develo pme nt of the first phase of the Gardens ’ in t egrat ed ele ctronic Plant Inf orma ti o n Netw ork (PlantNET) was comp l e ted and made avai l a b le to both internal and ext ernal users via the in t erne t (http: / / p l a n tn et . rb gs yd . g ov.a u ) . The first phase of PlantNET includ es the foll o wing three mo dul e s : NSWplants (a list of the names of vascular plants occu r ring in New Sou th Wal e s , togeth e r with their sub d i vis i o n distrib ution ) , WeedAl e rt (a database tracking syst em that moni t ors the introduc tio n and moveme nt of in t roduc ed plants within New Sou th Wales) and Plants@Ris k (p roviding the names and distrib utio n of rar e and threa t ene d plants within New Sou th Wal e s ) . The aim of PlantNET is to coord i n a te the Garden s’ d iverse array of botanical inform a ti on and m a ke it re ad i ly ava i l a bl e , in a ti m ely manner, to all intere s ted inqu i rers . The inform a ti on is b a s ed on the Garden s’ co ll ecti on of pre s erved plants held at the Na ti onal Herb a rium of New So uth Wa l e s . This co ll ecti on is the most com prehen s i ve co ll ecti on of plant spec i m ens from New So uth Wa l e s .

Technicians workshop

The Council of Heads of Australian Herbaria (CHAH) organised a week-long workshop in Canberra on cryptogams (mosses, algae, fungi, etc.) for herbarium technicians. Four technical officers and two botanists from the Gardens attended. Apart from learning about the special requirements for looking after these often neglected ‘plants’,technical officers were able to build networks with staff from other herbaria and brought back lots of new ideas. 31

Monocots II — International Conference on Monocotyledons

Monocots II was a most successful conference (held 27 September to 2 October 1998) on the comparative morphology, relationships and classification of the Monocotyledons (one of the two main groups of higher plants). The attendance of 280 delegates from 31 countries greatly exceeded expectations. This conference was the second in a series on this subject, the first having been held at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, in 1993. Seven botanists from the Gardens played a major role in organising Monocots II, and many other members of staff and volunteers helped with different aspects. There were two parts to it: the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Third International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution. It was a most stimulating and lively gathering, with discussions both formally in the lecture theatres at the University of New South Wales and informally over coffee and meals and on field trips. There were generally three concurrent lecture sessions during the week with an extensive set of posters as well. Participants presented 45 lectures on more general topics, 42 specifically on grasses, and 50 on specialist groups other than grasses, as well as 75 posters. The specialist sessions on various families such as grasses and orchids led to in-depth discussion of features of those groups. The venue lent itself very well to informal discussions in the foyer, courtyard and eating places as well as the formal discussions in sessions. The unseasonally warm, fine weather also contributed to the success of the conference and associated field trips. Many amendments to classification and understanding of relationships in the monocots will result from the presentations made at Monocots II. Many new arrangements for collaboration were made amongst participants, auguring well for future studies in monocots. Participants agreed to a third Monocots conference, to be held in five years’ time in the USA, which will provide a forum for presenting results from these studies. The proceedings are currently being edited by three botanists (Karen Wilson, Dr Surrey Jacobs and Joy Everett) from the Gardens and Dr David Morrison from UTS, and will be published in two volumes by CSIRO Publishing.

Lectures and talks

Scientists presented papers and posters at national and international scientific conferences (16 conference presentations), as well as speaking to various local community groups and plant societies (101presentations).

INFORMATION AND ADVISORY SERVICES

Objectives

• Provide botanical and ecological advice and services for the identification of, and information about, plants and their habitat.

Outcome

• Increased knowledge and appreciation of plants in the community. Up-to-date botanical and ecological information provides a sound basis for management of resources. • The Royal Botanic Gardens continues to be the principal source of reliable botanical and ecological information and expertise for other government agencies, researchers and the general public within the State. 32

Strategies

• Provide a prompt and accurate identification and information service. • Answer public or government inquiries about the ecology of plant species and management of natural habitats. • Improve comprehensiveness and accuracy of the Public Reference Collection.

Botanical information

There was a high demand for plant identifications and general botanical information during the year.Customers included members of the public, government agencies, research organisations and commercial groups. A new charging policy will be introduced in 1999–2000 to help manage service delivery and to extend our limited pay-for-service system.

Inquiry statistics

1998–1999 1997–1998 ------Inquiries by mail 1543 1886 Inquiries by telephone 2517 2229 Inquiries in person 733 408 Commercial inquiries* & consultancies 118 152 Specimens identified 6146 5061 Replies within 7 days 87% 85% ------*1998–1999 revenue $23,299; 1997–1998 revenue $23,457

Incoming plant collections

A total of 816 plant specimens were retained for incorporation into the Herbarium from inquiries or as donations from the public. These represent a significant contribution to the continuing documentation of the flora of the State. Over 30% of these specimens were new records, including extensions of range and those not recorded previously in New South Wales, and rare or endangered species.

Public Reference Collection

Over 297 hours (142 last year) were spent by environmental consultants, students, government departments (National Parks and Wildlife Service, Forestry etc.) bush regenerators and local enthusiasts identifying plants using the Public Reference Collection. More people are becoming aware of this important resource and many of the visitors donate material to the herbarium collection. Volunteers continued to update and expand the collection. A total of 168 new specimens were added during the year and 58 specimens were updated in line with new information and name changes. 33

Forensic identification

Government analysts identified forensic material (Cannabis) in 46 cases for the Police Service, resulting in revenue of $2300.

LIBRARY

Objective

• Maintain and further develop the library, archives and services as information resources for staff, visitors from other herbaria and scientific organisations, and for members of the public involved in botanical or horticultural research.

Outcome

• More effective use of the library and archives by staff. Archival and current material about the Gardens available for future use.

Strategies

• Develop and enhance comprehensiveness of the collection through the acquisitions policy, meeting botanical, horticultural and other institutional needs. • Improve efficiency of library by means of an automated loans system, barcoding of materials, enhancement of the on-line catalogue and staff training. • Maintain the condition of the collection by monitoring the library environment, the physical condition of the collection, and by arranging conservation of materials where necessary. • Identify options to improve management of archival materials and develop policies and procedures to ensue a high standard of recording the Gardens’ history.

Managing the collection

The library holds a range of old publications, which, because of the conventions of the naming of plants, are still frequently used by researchers. These include early botanical publications as well as explorers’ journals. As Australia’s oldest scientific organisation, the Gardens also has important archival records which require organisation and conservation. Resources to enhance these programs are a high priority. The program to conserve library materials, particularly materials from the special collection, continued. Ten books were conserved and 210 volumes of journals bound. Monitoring of the library environment continues. This year the library totalled 2919 accessions (908 monographs and 2011 periodical issues), 5342 items loaned or circulated, and 1500 inquiries.

Library annexe

The library’s special collection, the Royal Botanic Gardens Archives and some of the historical map coll e ctio n were moved into the new librar y annexe upon its comp l e tio n in October. Add i ti on a l shelving was installed in the library in preparation for a reorganisation of the main collection. 34

THE HERBARIUM COLLECTIONS

The National Herbarium of New South Wales houses the most comprehensive collection of the State’s plants in the world, and with almost a million specimens is one of the largest herbarium collections in Australia. The collections include marine and freshwater algae, lichens, liverworts, mosses, ferns and fern allies, cycads and conifers, as well as flowering plants. The Herbarium’s holdings have been built up through field collections, donations, retention of specimens submitted for identification, and exchange of specimens with other herbaria in Australia and overseas. The label information is being entered onto the Herbarium Collection database. Plant Sciences’ staff are involved with the technical and scientific curation of the collections so that they are maintained to a high standard and that the information is available for present and future generations. The collections are consulted by a wide range of researchers and managers of the State’s natural resources.

Objectives

• Curate and enhance the preserved collections. • Increase the comprehensiveness and diversity of the preserved collections to enhance the National Herbarium of New South Wales as a resource for research and reference. • Increase the number of records in the Herbarium collection database.

Outcomes

• Herbarium curation enhanced by improving documentation, identification of collections and curation procedures so that the collections serve as a permanent record of biodiversity and a national heritage collection. • Diversity of the preserved collections is increased so that they effectively record the past and present distribution of species (especially within New South Wales) and make information readily accessible as a basis for botanical research, and for the management of the State’s natural resources. • Increased number of specimens databased.

Strategies

• Enhance general level of curation of collections. • Enhance specimen preservation by introducing integrated pest management (IPM). • Mount the preserved plant specimens on archival paper. • Database the preserved specimens into the Herbarium collection database. • Document New South Wales flora and spread of weeds through specialist and general collecting. • Increase the diversity and comprehensiveness of the preserved collections. • Continue to develop an efficient electronic-based specimen loan program. • Continue specimen exchange program and assess range of specimens received. 35

Incoming plant collections

The number of accessions totalled 7423, including approximately 2900 collected by staff in the field, vouchers from the Gardens, as well as major additions from exchange and donations of large collections from research projects. A total of 816 plant specimens were retained for incorporation into the Herbarium from inquiries or as donations from the public through the Plant Identification Service. These represent a significant contribution to the continuing documentation of the flora of the State. The specimens included about 300 new records (chiefly extensions of ranges), rare and endangered species and several collections of taxa, both native and introduced, not recorded previously in New South Wales.

Herbarium specimen database

A total of 18,924 specimens were databased, bringing the total number of database records to 30,4856 (about 30% per cent of the Herbarium collection). Incoming specimens made by staff and outgoing specimens sent on loan to other institutions were given priority in databasing. The Census database continues to be checked against other records and newly accessioned specimens to provide an up-to-date reference of the known distribution of species. Changes in names as a result of revisions and the discovery and description of new species have been incorporated into this database.

Electronic data exchange between herbaria and botanic gardens

The Herbarium continues to automatically exchange electronic data of the collection label details with the herbarium specimens, as part of its specimen exchange program. A total of 1969 electronic records were despatched to major Australia herbaria and 22 international botanical institutions. All data adheres to HISPID3 (Herbarium Information Standards and Protocols for Interchange of Data, Version Three, published by Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney) standards.

Specimen curation

Curation involves the processing of new specimens, checking identifications, mounting of specimens on archival paper, databasing and putting specimens away into the collection. General day-to-day curation continued by botanists and technical staff in plant groups within their designated areas of responsibility and this enables staff to build up expertise within these groups. As well as the regular curation tasks, technical staff have instituted a team approach to curation for one week a month which enables difficult or large projects to be tackled by a number of staff, so that expertise is shared and they have the satisfaction of large or difficult projects completed in relatively short times. Major groups tackled in this way include re- curation of family Rutaceae, incorporating the large backlog of eucalypt specimens, reorganising and labelling family Epacridaceae to subfamily Epacridoideae in the family Ericaceae and projects within the ferns. A small group of volunteers assisted Dr Elizabeth Brown with the re-curation of the cryptogamic collections.

Methodology to assess curatorial standards

To enable curation standards to be assessed and compared over time an evaluation method has been devised, and a pilot program implemented. This method considers the standard of 36 botanical, physical and electronic components of curation of the randomly selected specimens, so that a score can be given for each specimen, and then averaged for the survey. At present the evaluation method has been trialed for the main herbarium collections; however, over the next two years it is proposed to extend the method to include the spirit and slide collections.

Integrated pest management

An integrated pest management (IPM) program is being implemented into the Herbarium with the aim of reducing the levels of naphthalene in the collections. Chemical agents such as naphthalene have traditionally been used in herbaria to aid in the prevention of insect attack to herbarium collections; however, the use of such agents poses a potential health hazard to staff and visitors to the herbarium. To this end, a walk-in freezer room has been installed so that large numbers of boxes of specimens can be frozen more readily should there be any insect problems within the collections.

Loans and exchanges

Botanists are able to examine a much wider range of plant specimens than is available in their own herbarium through a national and international network of specimen loans and exchanges. All specimens being sent out on loan from our herbarium are mounted, information on the specimen label entered into the Herbarium Collection database, and given a unique barcode. The computerised Loans Management System allows documentation and monitoring of outgoing loans. Where appropriate the receiving institution is provided with a copy of the electronic label information for use in research and so that an updated list of identifications can be returned with the loan. Duplicate material is sent as exchange specimens to other institutions, both in Australia and overseas. In return NSW receives exchange specimens from these institutions.A new development in efficiency is that the label information can now sent in electronic format to enable the ready incorporation of the details into the database of the receiving institution.

Living collections vouchers

Living collections vouchers refer to herbarium specimens collected in the wild that relate directly to living material obtained for propagation. Vouchers provide material for taxonomic identification by botanists and provide a permanent record of plants grown in the Gardens. Vouchers are processed and sent to the relevant staff for identification. Priority is given to nursery plants and material required for the seed exchange program.

Specimen mounting program

Mounting of herbarium specimens on archival materials continued during the year.Sixty-eight regular volunteers, many who are Friends of the Gardens, mounted 25,158 specimens on archival paper. Outgoing loans and fragile or vulnerable groups within the Herbarium collection were given priority. A total of 1229 cryptogam specimens were also mounted, databased and packaged.

Volunteers

As well as the many regular volunteers participating in the mounting program, a number of volunteers assisted with curation and research projects within the Herbarium. This included databasing particular groups of plants for botanists’ research, curating and putting away specimens into the collections. One volunteer assisted with the photography of type specimens, while another assisted with sorting, labelling and databasing the photographic slide collection. Other volunteers assisted with short-term projects that would otherwise would not be completed due to lack of resources. 37

Volunteers continued to assist in mounting seaweeds, mosses and lichens, determining the geographic coordinates of collected specimens, databasing and some general herbarium curation. Volunteers databased 5420 specimens during the year.They also assisted with the transfer of data from disks to the Herbarium database (NSWDATA) for exchange specimens for which electronic records were provided from other herbaria.

Herbarium Collections Summary of Statistics

1998–99 1997– 98 ------Herbarium accessions 7423 5344 Specimens mounted 25,158 24,740 Records databased 18,924 18,229 Total databased to date 304,856 285,932 Outgoing loans: (loans) specimens (loans) specimens Despatched to other institutions (50) 5482 (52) 3068 Returned to other institutions (51) 3679 (73) 3779 Incoming loans: Received from other institutions (81) 9005 (52) 4664 Returned by other institutions (85) 3178 (99) 2564 Exchanges: specimens specimens Donated to other institutions 2930 4409 Received from other institutions 3974 3268 Processed for inclusion into Herbarium 3974 3441 Living collection vouchers: Specimens processed 107 305 Specimens identified 109 274 ------38

Part 3: NSW Biodiversity Strategy Report

Objective: Gardens’ actions under the biodiversity strategy are undertaken within budget and on time. The Gardens is represented on the Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Group (BSIG), which has representatives from most natural resource agencies. This group is coordinating the implementation of the Actions under the Strategy and reporting on the outcomes. Implementation of the Strategy will focus on the achievement of 22 priority actions by 2001; of these the Gardens is listed as a lead agency in four and as a support agency in 10. Funding of $5.3 million has been allocated (over 3 years) by Treasury to enhance the implementation of 8 of the nominated priority actions. For each of these actions a working group is being set up to assist with their coordination and implementation (the Gardens is represented on five working groups). The Gardens has been allocated $328,000 to implement their nominated projects under these priority actions. The following Priority Actions from the NSW Biodiversity Strategy relevant to the Plant Sciences Branch list the Gardens as a Lead (L) or Support (S) organisation. Performance targets (in brackets) are to be achieved by 2001: only those targets relevant to the Gardens are listed.

1. Improve the accessibility of biodiversity information (S)

(Agency databases linked and compatibility enhanced to provide user-friendly computer information systems, with community access to information facilitated through linked Internet sites) FUNDED A working group is being formed by BSIG (with Dr Barry Conn as the Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999. The Gardens has been allocated $50,000 to provide a current ‘master names index’ for plant species. This will be implemented in the 1999/2000 financial year.

11. Incorporate biodiversity components into education courses (S)

(Relevant primary school syllabuses and associated curriculum support material enhanced to incorporate components by 2000. Relevant secondary school syllabuses and associated curriculum support material enhanced to incorporate components by 2001. Curriculum resources, including teaching kits and teacher training programs, targeting biodiversity issues relevant to the rural community developed by 2000. Home-study packages focusing on educational opportunities for the rural community developed by 2000) The Gardens’ Community Education Unit has incorporated various biodiversity topics in its programs for primary and secondary school students and community groups; especially in relation to rare and threatened plants (e.g.Wollemi Pine), rainforests and the Australian environment.

13. Bioregional planning (S)

(Audit of data and information gaps for western NSW completed by 1999. Audit of the conservation status of NSW plant communities completed and information accessible by 2000. Statewide map-based GIS system developed and widely accessible by 2000) FUNDED A working group is being formed by BSIG (with John Benson as Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999. The Gardens has been allocated $135,000 to audit the conservation status of NSW plant communities by June 2001. 39

19. Continued establishment of a comprehensive system of marine parks (S)

(Marine parks at Solitary Islands, Jervis Bay and Lord Howe Island established. Zoning and operational plans prepared for Solitary Islands and Jervis Bay through a comprehensive community consultation process to be completed by the end of 1999 and for Lord Howe Island by the end of 2000. Initial assessment of Julian Rocks, Byron Bay completed by the end of 1999) The Gardens’ phycologist has contributed to the establishment of a comprehensive system of marine parks by the supply of information from Jervis Bay, Byron Bay and Lord Howe Island, as well as continuing with surveys of areas of significance along the NSW coast.

24. Prepare, implement and review recovery plans (S)

(144 recovery plans prepared by 2001. Critical habitats declared and identified in environmental planning instruments) Gardens’ staff involved in recovery plans when requested by NPWS; the majority of these are informal (i.e. NPWS seeking advice from staff); for a small number, Gardens’ staff are on the Recovery Teams; only one Plan finalised (Wollemi Pine).

29. Implement ex situ conservation measures (L)

(Techniques developed for enhancing reproductive output and storage of reproductive tissues, sperm, eggs, embryos and seeds of threatened species and populations) A working group is being formed by BSIG (with Peter Cuneo as Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999. The seedbank at Mount Annan is being upgraded to include a seed drying room (humidity and temperature controlled) and a small seed physiology laboratory. Completion date July 1999.

33. Identify threatening processes and prepare and implement threat abatement plans (S)

(Compliance with the provisions of the TSC Act) Doug Benson is on the Scientific Committee of the Threatened Species Conservation Act; it reviews nominations received from the community, and provides information and advice.

55. Review legislation relevant to biodiversity conservation (S)

(Compliance with the provisions of the TSC Act. Completion of the review within targeted time- frame) NSW Biological Diversity Advisory Council received report from consultant; report to go to agencies for comment in May 1999.

56. Develop local biodiversity action plans (S)

(Local Biodiversity Fund established by 1999. Guidelines for the development of biodiversity action plans prepared by 1999. Biodiversity action plans developed and implemented by councils by 2000) FUNDED A working group is being formed by BSIG (no Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999.

122. Enhance taxonomic research (L) 40

(In addition to ongoing research efforts, an extra 50 new invertebrate species and 25 new non- species will be described each year in NSW) FUNDED A working group is being formed by BSIG (with Dr Tim Entwisle as Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999. $200,000 allocated to the Gardens over 3 financial years to research non-vascular plant groups; two additional staff will be employed early in the new financial year.

129. Establishment of mechanisms for long-term biodiversity monitoring (L)

(Identify and select standardised, best practice approaches for monitoring biodiversity. Undertake long-term biodiversity monitoring covering a broad range of species and ecosystems) No progress on Action by Gardens without funding.

130. Implement biodiversity survey program (S)

(Publication of Biodiversity Survey Program Action Plan, detailing a program of prioritised studies and timeframes. Agreed standards, methods and protocols for the collection and management of biodiversity data established. A wider taxonomic range of organisms included in biodiversity studies. Studies and products from the BSP published and widely promoted and disseminated. Greater community involvement in biodiversity studies achieved) A working group is being formed by BSIG (with Gwen Harden as Gardens’ representative); a project model will be established by December 1999.

135. Develop and implement a biodiversity research strategy (L)

(In consultation with the community, a NSW Biodiversity Research Strategy developed and implementation commenced by 2000) Strategy to build upon Review of Plant Sciences and MoU with NPWS; Dr Tim Entwisle will arrange meetings with relevant agencies in July 1999. 41

Appendix A P lant sciences branch sta f f

Senior Assistant Dir ector Plant Sciences Botanical Colle ctor Technical Officers Tim Entwisle BSc(Hons)(Melb) Robert Coveny, HortCert Seanna McCune, BAppSc(Hawkes), PhD(La Trobe) (19.10.98) Herbarium Assistant BushRegenCert Gwen Harden,MSc(UNE)(Acting to Zonda Erskine, AssDip in FAP(Sydney Gillian Towler, BSc(Macq), AssDipAppSc 18.10.98) TAFE) (HortParkMgt), TreeSurgCert(15.3.99) Curator/Manager (Herbarium) Honorary Research Associates Illustrators Gwen Harden,MSc(UNE) Alan Archer, PhD(City Lond),CChem, Lesley Elkan, Anthony Martin, BioTechCert, FRSC BSc(UTS)PostGradDipIllus(Newc) BioTechHigherCert, BAppSc(Riverina) Peter Bernhardt, BA,MA(SUNY), Nicola Oram,BSc(Macq), PostGradDipIllus (Senior Technical Officer)(Acting to PhD(Melb) (Newc)(LDD30.6.99) 18.10.98) Barbara Briggs,BSc(Hons),PhD(Syd) Catherine Wardrop, BA(Vis)(ANU), Executive Assistant Roger Carolin,BSc(Special)(Hons)(Lond), PostGradIllus(Newc)(20.1.99) Lynne Munnich BA(Syd) ARCS,PhD(Syd),FLS(Lond) Technical Programs Systematic Botany Professor Carrick Chambers,AM, MSc(NZ & Melb),PhD(Syd), Technical Programs Coordinator Systematics Liaison Offic er Hon.LLD(Melb), Hon.DSc(UNSW) Anthony Martin, BioTechCert, Peter Weston,BSc(Hons),PhD(Syd) (Senior AHRIH BioTechHigherCert, BAppSc(Riverina) Research Scientist) Lionel Gilbert, OAM, BA(Hons), (Senior Technical Officer) Peter Wilson,BSc(Hons),PhD(UNSW) PhD(UNE), LCP(Lond) Senior Technical Officer Adam Marchant,BSc(Hons),PhD(ANU) (Senior Botanist) Norman Hall,BForSc Technical Officer Senior Research Scientists Peter Michael, BAgSc(Hons)PhD(Adel) Carolyn Porter, BAppSc(Hons)(UTS) Barry Conn,BScEd,MSc(Melb),PhD(Adel) Professor David Mabberley, MA, Photographer Surrey Jacobs,BScAgr, PhD(Syd) PhD(Cambridge),DPhil(Oxon) Jaime Plaza van Roon, DipPhotog(VIPRO, Alan Millar, BSc(Hons),PhD(Melb) Professor Lindsay Pryor, AO, DSc(Adel), Jocelyn Powell,BSc(NZ),MSc(Auk), Santiago), TelevisionCert(Chile) DipFor(AFS),FTS PhD(ANU) (Seconded to Hawkesbury- Herbarium Assistant Helen Ramsay, MSc,PhD(Syd) Nepean River Trust) (LDD5.12.98) Judy Wood, HortCert Geoffrey Sainty, DipAgr(WAC), Special Botanists GradDipExt(Hawkes) Horticultural Research Ken Hill,BSc(Hons),MSc(UNE) Joy Thompson,BScAgr, MSc(Syd) Karen Wilson,BScAgr(Syd),MSc(UNSW) Coordinator Professor John Thomson,BSc,MSc, Senior Botanist Brett Summerell,BScAgr(Hons),PhD(Syd) MAgrSc,PhD(Melb) Joy Everett, BioTechCert (Syd TAFE), Senior Research Scientist (Horticultural Mary Tindale,MSc,DSc(Syd) BSc(Hons),MSc(Syd) Botany) Elsie Webster, Hon.D Litt(Melb) Botanist Alistair Hay, MA,DPhil(Oxon) Research Scientist (Plant Patholo gy) Elizabeth Brown,BSc,MSc(Hons),PhD(Auk) Ecology Phillip Kodela,BSc(Hons), Brett Summerell,BScAgr(Hons),PhD(Syd) PhD(UNSW)(28July–10Sept, temp) Coordinator Senior Technical Officers Sue Bullock,NZCS,MSc(UNSW) Senior Technical Officers John Benson,BSc(Macq) (Special Botanist) Linda Gunn, BAgSci(Oris)(Melb) Katherine Downs, BA(UNSW), Special Botanist Horticultural Research Officer BSc(Hons)(Syd)(Acting) Doug Benson,BSc(Hons)(UNSW) Catherine Offord,MScAgr(Syd) Barbara Wiecek,BSc(Syd) Senior Technical Officers Technical Officers Technical Officers Elizabeth Ashby, BSc(Syd) Clare Herscovitch,BSc(Hons)(Syd) Gary Chapple,BSc(Syd), DipAg(Hawkes) Jocelyn Howell,BPharm(Syd),BSc(Macq) Alex Newman, CertAmenityHort(SA), Wayne Cherry, BScAgr(Syd), Technical Officers AdvancedCertHort(SA), GradDipBioSc(UNSW)(temp) Peter Stricker, BSc(Hons)(Syd) BScAg(Hons)(Adelaide),BMus(Adelaide) Jane Dalby, BA(Hons),CBLT(QIT) (12.4.99)(temp) Trish Meagher, BScUrbanHort(Hons) Katherine Downs, BA(UNSW), Herbarium Assistants (UTS)(temp) BSc(Hons)(Syd) Kirsten Knox, Carolyn Porter, BAppSc(Hons)(UTS) Dianne Godden,BSc(Hons)(UNSW) BSc(Hons)(UTS)(temp)(LDD3.11.98) Jillian Smith-White, BSc(Hons)(Macq) Phillip Kodela,BSc(Hons), Lyn McDougall, BushRegenCert (15.3.99)(temp)(LDD30.6.99) PhD(UNSW)(LDD28.5.99) Joanne Tyler, HortCert, Natasha Lei s t , B S c ( U N S W)(9.11.98) Botanical Information BSc(UrbanHort)(UTS) ( tem p ) Lotte Von Richter, MScAgr(Syd) Coordinator Kristina McColl,BSc(Hons)(UNSW), Horticultural Assistant BushRegenCert Teresa James,BSc(Hons)(Exeter) Faye Cairncross, AdvCertUrbanHort Hannah McPherson,BSc(Hons)(UNSW) (Identifications Botanist)(LDD22.10.98) Senior Horticulturist (Botanical) (12.4.99)(temp) Barbara Wiecek,BSc(Syd)(Acting) Peter Hind, HortCert Lucy Nairn,BSc(Hons)(Monash) Botanist (Publication P roject) (1.2.99)(temp) Phillip Kodela,BSc(Hons), Library Christopher Simpson,BSc(Syd)(temp) PhD(UNSW)(8 Feb–28 May, temp) Senior Librarian (LDD20.11.98) Louisa Murray, BAppSc(CCAE)(temp) Anna Hallett, BA(Syd), DipLib(UNSW) Leonie Stanberg, BSc(Syd), DipEd(SCAE) Senior Technical Officer Library Technician Rachel Wakefield,BSc(Hons)(La Trobe) Louisa Murray, BAppSc(CCAE) Miguel Garcia, AssocDipLibPrac(STC) 42

Appendix B P lant sciences branch volu n t e e rs

Volunteer Program Supervisor Eakins; Gwen Elliott; Caroline Eph ra u m s ; Miriam Mathews;Ena Mid dl e ton; Jos e ph Alan Leishman,PhotoengravingEtchingCert Hele n Flinn; Jil l Ford; Gl a dys Fos t er; Joan Min i t er; El i z a b eth Mit che ll; Joan Moore; Volunteers Fri ed ; Muri e l Gamble;Estelle Geering; June Ed win Pea rs on ; Kelvin Perks ; Ail e en Phips; Syd Mike Atkinson; Lydia Bell; Chris Belshaw; Gilchrist; Carole Gordon; Mien de Haas; Pi n n e r; Da vid Powys ; Dorot h y Pye ;E l i z a beth Janet Bennett; Carol Bentley; Margaret Margaret Hafey; Pat Harris; Jane Helsham; Radf ord; Vic kie Rens h a w; John Rich a rd s ; Rod Beavis; Patricia Bradney; Harry Brian;Dawn Beverley Honey; Abu Ibrahim; William Robert s ;D a phne Robill i a rd ; Bett y Ruth ven; Bunce; Lynette Bunce; Margaret Carrigg; Isbell; Tony Jeans; Helen Jolley; Julia King; Jan Smi t h ; Julie Taylo r; Bett y Thurl e y; Ruth Kathryn Chapman; Reale Cheney; Maja Ian Lewis; Ann McCallum; Helen Toop ;S h el a gh Treng ove; Sybil Uns w orth ; Dakic; Julie Dale; Jeffery Drudge;Eleanor McLachlan; Nell Mackie; Margaret Marsh; Ros em a r y Varl e y; Min yo Weigh t ; Ann Wil ch e r.

Appendix C R E P R E S E N TAT ION ON EXTERNAL COM M I T T E E S

Tracey Armstrong Member, Australian Network for Plant G a rden Plant Record s’, Vers i on 2.0; Conservation Inc. Committee; Regional Regi onal Sec ret a ry (Oce a n i a ) , In tern a ti on a l Ken Hill Coordinator (Sydney), Australian Network Working Group on Ta xon omic Databases Member, Cycad Specialist Group, IUCN. for Plant Conservation. for Plant Scien ce s ; Mem ber, Herb a riu m Peter Hind Doug Benson In form a ti on Sys tems Com m i t tee Member, Management Committee, Vale of Member, NSW Scientific Committee, ( H I S C O M ) ; Mem ber, NSW Na tu ra l Avoca Recreational Reserve Trust; Leader, Threatened Species Conservation Act; Re s o u rces In form a ti on Ma n a gem en t Society for Growing Australian Plants Fern Member, National Trust Bush Management S tra tegy (NRIMS); Mem ber, N S W Study Group. Advisory Committee; Member, Institute of Met adata Working Group (NRIMS); Vi ce - Jocelyn Howell Wildlife Research, University of Sydney; Pre s i den t , Au s tralian Sys tem a tic Bo t a ny Member, Berowra Catchment Management Member, Olympic Coordination Authority Soc i ety; Mem ber, NSW Bi od ivers i ty Committee. Ecology Expert Advisory Panel. Working Group (NRIMS); Coord i n a tor, Dr Surrey Jacobs John Benson F l ora Malesiana Urti c ace ae Work i n g Memb er, Animal Car e and Ethics Comm i t t ee, Member, Native Vegetation Advisory Gro u p. Aus t ralian Mus eu m ; Memb er, St eerin g Council, Native Vegetation Conservation Act; Dr Tim Entwisle Comm i t t ee for Wetland Reha bi l i t a ti on , Member, NSW Ecosystems Definition, President, Australian Systematic Botany Depa r tme nt of Land and Wat er Listing and Conservation Status: Technical Society; Member, New South Wales Cons e rvati on ; Memb er, St eering Comm i t t ee Working Group; Member, Greening Biological Diversity Advisory Council; and Technical Comm i t t ee for Australia: Technical Committee on Re- Councillor, Australasian Society for im p l em en t a ti o n of wetland assessment , vegetation; Member, Institute of Wildlife Phycology and Aquatic Botany; Member, Hawkes bu r y Nepean Cat chm en t Research, University of Sydney; Member, Australian Systematic Botany Editorial Man a g eme nt Trus t ; Memb er, Coxs River IUCN Species Survival Commission Plant Advisory Committee; Member, external Exp ert Pa n el , Depa r tme nt of Land and Wat er Specialist Group; Member, Wollemi Pine review panel, Integrated Monitoring of Cons e rvati on ; Memb er, Exp ert Pan e ls for Conservation Team; Member, Steering Environmental Flows Project; Research Worono ra and Bega Rivers, Hea l t h y Rivers Committee for Riverina Bioregion Associate,School of Biological Sciences, The Comm i s s i on ; Memb er, Olymp i c Assessment,NSW National Parks and University of Sydney and School of Botany, Coordi n a ti o n Auth o rit y Ecol o gy Exp ert Wildlife Service. The University of Melbourne; Member, Advis o ry Pan el ; Memb er, St a t e Techn i c a l Dr Barbara B riggs Executive Council, Centre for Conservation Advis o ry Comm i t t ee for Int egrat ed Member, Editorial Advisory Board Nordic Genetics; Assembly representative, National Moni t oring of En vir onm e ntal Flows, Journal of Botany; Member, Research Biodiversity Council. Depa r tme nt of Land and Wat er Scientist Classification Committee of NSW Joy Everett Cons e rvati on ; Memb er, St a t e Wetl a n d s Public Sector Management Office. Member, Animal Care and Ethics Actio n Group for implemen t ing State Professor Carrick Chambers Committee, Australian Museum. Wetland Policy (whole of St a t e pol i c y ) ; Consultant to City of Orange Botanic Gwen Harden Memb er, St eering Comm i t t ee for Garden; Member, Standards Association of Member, Council of the Linnean Society of ‘M acr ophytes as Ind i c a t ors of Eco s ys t em Australia Tree Evaluation Committee. New South Wales; Trustee, Friends of the Hea l t h ’, CS I RO ; Memb er, in f ormal Ram s a r Dr Barry Conn Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney Trust Fund. net w ork, Nati o nal Par ks and Wil dl i f e Service . Au s tralian repre s en t a tive ,S t a n d i n g Dr Alistair Hay Alan Leishman Com m i t tee for Bo t a ny of the Pac i f i c Member, Board of the Flora Malesiana Member, Heritage (Built and S c i en ce As s oc i a ti on ; E d i tor, Ha n d b ooks of Foundation; Coordinator, Australian Flora Environmental) Advisory Committee, the Flora of Pa pua New Gu i n e a; E d i tor, Malesiana Contributors Working Group; Campbelltown City Council; Member, ‘ H I S PID - Herb a rium In form a ti on Member, National Living Collections Policy Barren Grounds Bird Observatory S t a n d a rds and Pro tocols for In terch a n ge of Working Group; Co-chair, Organising Management Committee, RAOU; Secretary, D a t a’, vers i on 3; G en eral Editor, ‘ITF – Th e Committee of 5th International Flora Australian Bird Study Association. In tern a ti onal Tra n s fer Format for Botanic Malesiana Symposium 2001. 43

Appendix C (cont) R E P R E S E N TAT ION ON EXTERNAL COM M I T T E E S

Professor David Mabberley Research representative, Waratah Industry Member, CODATA Commission on Data Member, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Network Committee. Access; Member, Flora of Australia Editorial University of Leiden, The Netherlands; Dr Brett Summerell Committee, Australian Biological Resources Honorary Director and member of Regional Councillor, NSW,Australasian Study; Member, National Committee for Management Group,Joseph Banks Archive Plant Pathology Society; Senior Editor Scientific Information, Australian Academy Project, Royal Society and The Natural (Mycology) Australasian Plant Pathology; of Science; Member, Board of Management, History Museum, London; Board Member Member, International Society of Plant Johnstone Centre Herbarium, Charles Sturt and Member of Executive, Greening Pathology Committee on Fusarium; Member, University at Albury; Systematics Agenda Australia (NSW); Member, Editorial Board, Executive Committee, International 2000 International Steering Committee; Journal of South Asian Natural History; Mycological Association. Member, Executive Committee, International Council Member, International Association Dr Mary Tindale Union of Biological Sciences; Member, for Plant Taxonomy. Member, Special Committee for National Committee for Animal and Seanna McCune Pteridophyta, International Association for Veterinary Sciences, Australian Academy of Member, Scientific Advisory Panel, Manly Plant Taxonomy. Science; Member, Project Management Council. Dr Peter Weston Team,Species 2000. Dr Alan Millar Member, Council, Australian Systematic Dr Peter Wilson Member, International Organising Botany Society; Member, Council of the Member, International Advisory Board, Committee, International Phycological Willi Hennig Society; Member, Persoonia Candollea (Geneva) and Boissiera. Congresses; Member, Nominations mollis subsp. maxima species recovery team; Committee, International Phycological Member, editorial board, Australian The organising com m i t tee for Mon ocots II, Society; Member, Fisheries Scientific Systematic Society an interna ti o nal con feren ce on Com p a ra tive Committee, Threatened Species Karen Wilson Bi o l ogy of the Mon oco tyl edons held in Conservation Act; Associate Editor, Convener, Global Plant Checklist Syd n ey in Septem ber 1998 con c u rren t ly morphology and taxonomy – journal Committee, International Organization for with the 3rd In tern a ti onal Sym po s ium on Phycologia. Plant Information; Vice-President,Linnean Grass Sys tem a tics and Evo luti on and the 7th Cathy Offord Society of New South Wales; Convener, In tern a ti onal Aroid Con feren ce inclu ded the Program Committee member, Flowers 2000 Special Committee on Electronic Publishing fo ll owing staff m em bers : Dr Ba rb a ra Bri ggs , Conference,NSW Cut-Flower Export and Databasing,International Association Joy Everet t ,G wen Ha rden , Dr Alistair Hay, Forum; Member, NSW NPWS Species for Plant Taxonomy; Convener, Global Plant Dr Su rrey Jacob s , Dr Peter We s ton and Recovery Teams; Member, Wollemi Pine Checklist Network Task Group, CODATA; Ka ren Wi l s on . Conservation Management Committee; Member, STABD Commission,CODATA;

Appendix D SC I E N T I F I C PUBLICATI ONS AVAI L ABLE FROM THE G A R DE N S

Telopea (a journal of systematic research) vol 4 (1993), edited by Gwen Harden (NSW Lyn McDougall and Doug Benson (Royal and Cunninghamia (a journal of plant University Press). Botanic Gardens Sydney) $11.95. ecology for eastern Australia) are published Orchids of New South Wales(1944) by Taken for Granted: the Bushland of Sydney by the Gardens in March and September H.M.R. Rupp. This is a 1969 facsimile (with and its Suburbsby D. Benson and J. Howell (Telopea) and July and December supplement) of the original and is also (Kangaroo Press,1995) $27.95. (Cunninghamia).They are available from family 48 in Flora of New South Wales $5. Mountain Devil to Mangrove: a Guide to the Gardens Shops or by subscription, or on Collection,Preparation and Preservation of Natural Vegetation of the exchange to other organisations. Copies of Plant Specimens (Royal Botanic Gardens Hawkesbury–Nepean Catchment by most back issues are still available for sale Sydney 2nd edition,1995) $3. D. Bens on , J. Howell and L. McDo u ga l l from the Gardens Shop in Sydney. The Names of Ac a cias of New South Wa l e s (R oyal Botanic Gardens Sydn e y, 19 9 6 ) Setting the Scene: the Native Vegetation of with a Guide to Pro nu n ci a tion of Bot a n i c a l $1 9 . 9 5 . NSW (1999) by J.S. Benson,published by Na m e s, by N. Ha ll & L.A.S. Jo h n s on (Roya l Plants of Pooncarie and the Willandra Lakes the Native Vegetation Advisory Council. Botanic Gardens Syd n ey, 1993) $4. by M. Porteners and L. Ashby. A guide to the $7.95. A Stra tegy for the Reh a bi l i t a tion of t h e plant species native to Pooncarie and the The natu re of pre- Eu r opean native Ri pa rian Veget a tion oft h e Willandra Lakes region in south-western veget a tion in sou t h - e a s tern Au s tralia: a Hawke s bu ry – Nepean River by D. Ben s on New South Wales (Royal Botanic Gardens cri tique of Rya n , D. G . ,J . R .and St a rr, B . J . and J. Howell (Royal Botanic Garden s Sydney, 1996) $7.95. ( 1 9 9 5 ) The Au s tralian La n d s c a pe — Syd n ey, 1993) $15. Hispid 3 (1996) by Dr B. Conn. Herbarium Obs e rva ti o ns of Ex p l o rers and Ear ly Sett l er s Riverside Plants of the Hawkesbury–Nepean Information Standards and Protocols for (1997) by J.S . Bens o n & P.A . Redp a t h , off p rin t by J. Howell,L. McDougall & D. Benson Interchange of Data, Version Three. Also fr om Cun n i n g hamia 5 ( 2 ) :2 8 5 - 3 2 9 ,$ 5 . (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, 1995) $9.95. available on Internet Flora of New South Walesvol 1 (1990) Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney http://www.rbgsyd.gov.au/HISCOM (being reprinted), vol 2 (1991), vol 3 (1992), (1999) Revised edition, by Teresa James, (booklet,free to participating institutions). 44 Appendix E r e s e a rch grants

Australian Biological Resources Study Australian Research Council Rural Industries Research and Development Dr Peter Weston – Taxonomic Revision of Dr Barbara Downes and Dr Tim Entwisle – Corporation Dillwynia (Fabaceae: Faboideae: Mirbelieae). Algae-Herbivore-disturbance interactions in Cathy Offord – Development of the Flannel $22,837 an upland stream: the roles of habitat Flower as a cut flower crop. $45,000 Dr Surrey Jacobs – artwork of grasses for Flora complexity. $40,000 New South Wales Centenary of Federation of Australia.$10,000 Australian Research Council — Small Grants Committee Dr Alan Millar – Phaeophyceae of New South Scheme Cathy Offord and Joanne Tyler – Horticultural Wales.$18,000 research on Flannel Flowers.$15,000 Dr A. Millar and Dr. R. de Nys – secondary Kar en Wil s o n and Dr J. Bruhl – Syst ema ti c Slade Orchid Fund metabolites of the red algal genus Delisea. st udies in Abil d ga a rd i e a e (Cyperace ae ) .$ 2 5 , 0 0 0 Dr Brett Summerell – Fusarium diseases of $11,000 Karen Wilson and Dr D. Steane – Unravelling orchids.$7000 Hermon Slade Foundation the history of Casuarinaceae.$60,000 International Plant Gene tic Resources Ken Hill – Systematics and evolution of the Dr Tim Entwisle and Simon Lewis – Institute (Asia/Pacific/Oceania) Systematics of Zygnemataceae.$40,000 (third genus Cycas. $33,500 Dr A. Hay – Taxonomy of Aroids in Asian year of a three-year $120,000 grant). Dr Alan Millar – Survey of marine algae in the germplasm collections.US$10,000 Dr Tim Entwisle – Census of Freshwater Algae south-east of NSW. $30,000 XVI International Botanical C ongress in Australia (stage 2).$20,000 Dr Peter Weston and Jim Mant – Comparative Dr Tim Entwisle – Fellowship to attend New South Wales Biodiversity Strategy biology of Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae) and its Congress.$1500 Dr Alan Millar – Taxonomy of marine algae. thynnine wasp pollinators (Tiphiidae). Yellow Rock Nurseries $50,000 $27,000 (first year of a 3-year $85,000 gran t ) . Cathy Offord – Waratah research ($1350) Appendix F o v e rs e as trav e l

Name and Countries/Cities Purpose of Visit Duration Cost Source of Position Visited Funds

Ken Hill Kew, UK Posting as Australian Botanical Liaison Aug 97–Aug 98 $6,000 Consolidated Fund Senior Botanist Of f i c er at Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew Partly externally funded by Aus t ralian Bio l o gic a l Res o u r ces Stud y Karen Wilson Santa Barbara,USA To participate in Species 2000 Project Team 9–21 Oct 98 $2,846 Partly externally Special Botanist Mexico City, Meeting.To attend meetings of the 24–25 Oct 98 funded Mexico International Organisation for Plant Consolidated Fund Information and to Chair the Global Plant Che cklist Comm i t t ee Karen Wilson New Delhi, Attend Committee on Data for Science & 8–12 Nov 98 $2,738 Consolidated Special Botanist India Technology (CODATA) 16th International Fund Conference; represented Australia at the 13–14 Nov 98 following CODATA biennial general assembly Karen Wilson Paris, Participate in Diversitas Systematics and 20–23 Feb 99 Nil Externally Special Botanist France Int erna ti o nal Biod i versi t y Wrok s h o ps Funded Karen Wilson Sao Pedro, Participate in International Union of Biological 9–13 June 99 Nil Ext erna l ly Special Botanist Brazil Sciences Executive Committee Meeting in IUBS Funded Workshop in Integrative Biology Adam Mar cha n t Beijing, PRCAttend 18th International Congress of Genetics 10–18 Aug 98 $4,900 Consolidated DN A Proje ct Kunming and its satellite conference in Kunming on Fund Officer Genetics & Conservation of Biodiversity Alistair Hay Kuala Lumpur To attend the Ben Stone Memorial Symposium 16–18 July 98 $4,300 Consolidated Senior Research Malaysia To attend the 4th International Flora Malesiana 20–24 July 98 Fund Scientist Symposium Alistair Hay India, Bangladesh, To undertake research on ‘assisting national taro Nov 98 Nil Externally Senior Research Malaysia, Indonesia, programs in identifying taro accessions in their Funded Scientist the Philippines, collection’ Vietnam, China Barry Conn Kuala Lumpur Participate in the Ben Stone Memorial Symposium 16–24 July 98 $4,300 Consolidated Senior Research Malaysia and 4th International Flora Malesiana Symposium Fund Scientist Brett Summerell Northern Vietnam To conduct a survey of diseases affecting local crops Nov 98 Nil Externally Plant Pathologist and provide specialised training in plant pathology Funded Research Scientist to scientists in Northern Vietnam 45

Appendix G C O OP E R ATIVE RESEARC H

Dr Alan Archer Dr Alistair Hay Macromolecular studies of the Poaceae with • Chemotaxonomy of species of the lichen • Coordinator, Flora Malesiana Araceae C.Hsaio, USDA. genus Pertusaria with Prof. J.A.Elix of the Project with P.C. Boyce (Royal Botanic • Macrophytes as indicators of stream health Australian National University. Gardens, Kew), J. Bogner (Munich Botanic with G. Sainty, Sainty and Associates. Doug Benson Garden), Prof.N. Jacobsen (Royal • Aponogetonaceae with C.B. Hellquist, • Rehabilitation of Cooks River vegetation Agricultural and Veterinary University, North Adams, Massachusetts,USA. with Danie Ondinea, Wildlife Consultant. Copenhagen), W.L.A. Hetterscheid (Hortus • Nymphaeaceae with Dr T. Borsch, John Benson Botanicus, Leiden), Prof. J. Murata (Makino Germany, Khidir Hiln, Virginia,USA and • Review of classification and status of plant Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University), C.B. Hellquist, North Adams, Massachusetts, communities in New South Wales with New Dr D.H. Nicolson (Smithsonian Institution, USA. South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Washington D.C.),Dr M. Sivadasan Professor David Mabberley Service. (University of Calicut), Dr E.A. Widjaja • Molecular systematics of Labiatae Dr Barbara B riggs (Herbarium Bogoriense). (Viticoideae, Teucrioideae), with Dr. R.J.P. de • Systematics of Australian Veroniceae with • Detecting prehistoric plant use in Papua Kok (CSIRO, Canberra),Dr D.L.Steane Prof. F. Ehrendorfer, University of Vienna, New Guinea through starch grain analysis (Dept.Plant Science, University of Austria. with Dr R. Fullagar and Dr R. Torrence, Tasmania),Dr A. Paton (Royal Botanic • Phylogeny of Restionaceae with Dr H.P. Australian Museum. Gardens, Kew),Dr S.J.Wagstaff and Dr R.G. Linder, University of Cape Town, South • Taxonomy of Vietnamese Typhonium with Olmstead (University of Colorado). Africa. Dr Nguyen Van Dzu, Institute of Ecology • Revision of Labiatae of New Caledonia, • Flavonoids of Restionaceae with Prof. J. and Biological Resources, Hanoi. with Dr R.J.P. de Kok (CSIRO, Canberra) Harborne and Dr C. Williams, University of • Taxonomy of Western Australian • Ecology and systematics of Vitex (Labiatae) Reading,United Kingdom. Typhonium with M.D.Barrett, King’s Park in Sri Lanka with Dr B.M.P.Singhakumara • Book on classification, biology and ecology and Botanic Garden, Perth. (Univerisity of Jayawardenepura, Colombo). of Restionaceae with Prof. J. Pate, University • Commentary on Aroids in Curtis’s • Revisions of Faradaya and Oxera of Western Australia and Dr K. Meney and Botanical Magazine with P.C. Boyce (Kew). (Labiatae), with Dr R.J.P. de Kok (CSIRO, Dr K. Dixon of Kings Park and Botanic • Taxonomy of Alocasia in Thailand with D. Canberra). Garden, Perth. Sookchaloem, Forest Herbarium, Bangkok. • Reproductive biology of Dysoxylum Dr Elizabeth Brown • Molecular Systematics of Alocasia: co- (Meliaceae) with Dr J. Braggins (University • Molecular phylogeny and systematics of supervisor of Ms C. Wong, PhD candidate at of Auckland) and Dr M. F. Large (Massey Epacridaceae with Assoc. Prof.C.J. Quinn, Nanyang Technological University, University, Palmerston North). University of New South Wales. Singapore. • Systematics of Malesian Meliaceae, with Dr • Systematics of Epacris (Epacridaceae) in • Co-supervising (with Assoc. Prof.C.J. C.M. Pannell (Oxford,UK). New South Wales with Dr Yvonne Menadue, Quinn, University of New South Wales) • Nomenclature of apples, with Dr B.E. University of Tasmania. research by Ms Yuzammi (Kebun Raya, Juniper (Dept.Plant Sciences, University of Suzanne Bullock Bogor, Indonesia) on terrestrial aroids of Oxford) and Dr C.E. Jarvis (Natural History • Leaf anatomy of Wollemia nobilis with Java for the degree of MSc at University of Museum, London). Dr Geoff Burrows, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales. • Catalogue of the Australian plant drawings Wagga Wagga. Ken Hill and cognate materials in the Natural History Dr Barry Conn • Cycad nomenclature with Dr D. Stevenson, Museum, London, with D.T. Moore • Leaf volatile oils of Prostanthera New York Botanical Garden,USA. (formerly Natural History Museum, (Lamiaceae) with Dr A. Hayes, University of • The Cycad Pages internet site with Dr D. London). Western Sydney, NSW Stevenson, New York Botanical Garden, • Revision of Grewia in Madagascar with Dr Tim Entwisle USA. Prof. P. Morat (Natural History Museum, • Molecular systematics and biogeography of • Taxonomy of Asian Cycads with Dr C.J. Paris) Batrachospermales with Dr Morgan Vis of Chen, Beijing Herbarium, Beijing,China,Dr • Study of Ferdinand Bauer’s colour-code for Ohio University, USA. N.T.Hiep, Hanoi Herbarium, Hanoi, plant illustration with Dr E.Pignatti-Wikus, • Ecology of algae in mountain streams with Vietnam and A.Lindstrom, Nong Nooch Trieste and Dr C. Riedl-Dorn, Vienna. Dr Barbara Downes of The University of Tropical Garden, Sattahip,Thailand. Dr Peter Michael Melbourne, Victoria. • Mol e cular Phylo geny of the Cyca dophyta • SEM studies on achenes of Senecio with Dr • Taxonomic revision of Zygnemataceae with M. Cha s e , Jodr ell Laborat orie s , Royal I. Radford,CSIRO, Townsville. (Chlorophyta) in Australia with Simon Botanic Gardens Kew, UK and D.W . Dr Alan Millar Lewis of the Royal Botanic Gardens, St evens on , New York Botanical Garden ,U S A . • DNA research on various red algal genera Melbourne. Jocelyn Howell with Dr G. Saunders and Dr G.T. Kraft, Joy Everett and Dr Sur rey Jacobs •Attributes of rare and abundant species University of Melbourne. • Continuing studies in the grass tribe with Dr Brad Murray, Australian National • Marine algal flora of One Tree Island, Great Stipeae with Dr M. Barkworth, Utah State University. Barrier Reef, with Prof.A.Larkum, University, USA,Dr Randall Bayer, CSIRO, Dr Surrey Jacobs University of Sydney. Canberra and Cathy Hsiao, USDA,USA. • Effects of fire on managing small reserves • New red algal genera common to Hawaii Gwen Harden with Dr J. Pickard, Macquarie University. and the South Pacific with Prof. Isabella • Revision of Davidsonia with John Williams, Macromolecular studies of the Stipeae Abbott, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of New England, Armidale. (Poaceae) with C.Hsaio, USDA and M. USA. Barkworth, Utah State University, USA. 46

Appendix G (cont) c o op e r ative research

• Systematics of coralline algae of the east USA and Dr W.B. Schofield, University of Technology, Sydney. coast of Australia with Dr Wm J. British Columbia, Canada. • Pollination biology of Persoonia mollis with Woelkerling, La Trobe University, Victoria. Dr Brett Summerell Assoc. Prof. Peter Bernhardt, University of St • Isolation and extraction of secondary • Ecology and taxonomy of Fusarium and Louis,USA. metabolites of marine algae towards related fungi,soilborne diseases of plants • Reproductive biology of some Persoonia antifouling compounds with Dr Rocky de caused by fungi,and fungal diseases in species with Mr Christopher Nancarrow, Nys, University of NSW. Vietnam with Professor Lester Burgess, Prof. Robert Whelan and Assoc. Prof.David • New Zealand representatives of the red University of Sydney. Ayre,the University of Wollongong. algal family Delesseriaceae with Dr Wendy • Ecology and taxonomy of Fusarium with • Near-ultraviolet reflectance in Dendrobium Nelson, Museum of New Zealand, Dr David Backhouse, University of New (Orchidaceae) with Mr James Indsto, Wellington. England. Westmead Institute of Cancer Research. • Marine floristics of Papua New Guinea and • Genetics of Fusarium with Prof. John • Comparative biology of Chiloglottis East African coast with Prof.Eric Coppejens, Leslie, Kansas State University. (Orchidaceae) and its thynnine wasp University of Gent, Belgium. • Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium with pollinators (Tiphiidae) with Mr Jim Mant • Marine algae of the Philippines with Dr Assoc. Prof. Wayne Bryden, University of and Dr Rod Peakall, Australian National Lawrence Liao and Dr Jason Young, Sydney. University. University of San Carlos, Cebu City, • Mycorrhizae of the Wollemi Pine with Dr • Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Philippines. Peter McGee, University of Sydney. Calochilus (Orchidaceae) with Mr Andrew Cathy Offord • Biology of the fig psyllid with Prof. Dinah Perkins and Dr Murray Henwood, University • Pot t ing mix amend m e nts with Dr Sal ly Hales, Macquarie University. of Sydney. Mui r ,Uni versi t y of Wes t ern Sydn e y • Biology of the fig psyllid with Dr Alan Karen Wilson Maca rt hu r . Clift, University of Western Sydney. • Survey of fungi of Cyperaceae with Mr J. • Gene tics of the Woll e mi Pine with Dr Rod Dr Mary Tindale Walker, NSW Agriculture. Pea k a ll , Aus t ralian Nati o nal Uni versi t y. • Cytotaxonomy of Australian Pteridophyta • Polygonaceae for Flora of Australia with • Gene tics of Pul t enaea par vif l o r a (Fa b a ceae ) with Dr S.K. Roy Varanasi, India. Mrs G. Perry, Western Australian with Dr Robyn McC onk ey, Uni versi t y of Dr Peter Weston Herbarium. Sydn e y. • Cladistic analysis and classification of the Systematic studies in Abildgaardieae • Weediness of Swai n s ona seju n ct a (Fa b a ceae ) Mirbelieae (Fabaceae) with Dr M.D. Crisp, (Cyperaceae) with Dr J. Bruhl and Ms K. with Dr Robyn McC onk ey, Uni versi t y of Australian National University, Canberra. Clarke, University of New England. Sydn e y. • Molecular systematics of Bracken • Systematics of Carpha (Cyperaceae) with • Bud anatomy of the Woll e mi Pine with Dr (Pteridium) with Prof. J.A. Thomson and Dr Dr J. Bruhl and Ms Xiufu Zhang,University Ge off Bur rows, Cha r les Stur t Uni versi t y. M.-K. Tan (Elizabeth McArthur Agricultural of New England. • Poll i n a ti o n and seed set in Wolle mia nobil i s Research Institute, Camden). Dr Peter Wilson (A rau c a ri a cea e) with Prof .N . Prak a s h , • Taxonomic revision of Macadamia • Molecular phylogeny and systematics of Uni versi t y of New Engla n d . (Proteaceae) with Dr C.L. Gross, University Myrtaceae with Assoc. Prof.C.J. Quinn, Carolyn Porter of New England. University of New South Wales. • Conservation genetics of endangered • Phylogeny of the Proteaceae with Dr Nigel • Molecular phylogeny of the Baeckea species Allocasuarina portuensis with M. Barker, Rhodes University, South Africa,Dr suballiance with Assoc. Prof.C.J. Quinn and Mathes and M. Tozer, NPWS. Andrew Douglas,Field Museum of Natural Mr N.Lam, University of New South Wales. Dr Helen Ramsay History, USA,and Dr Sarah Hoot, University • Mycorrhizal associations of Myrtaceae with • Study of Bryaceae with Dr J.R.Spence, of Wisconsin,USA. Dr A.E. Ashford, University of New South National Park Service, Page, Arizona,USA. • A taxonomic revision of Dillwynia Wales and Dr W. Allaway, University of •Australian Sematophyllaceae with Dr B.C. (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) with Mr Peter Jobson Sydney. Tan, Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, and Dr David Morrison, University of

Appendix H s t u dent superv i s ion *

*Honours,4th year projects, post-graduate

Student Degree University Supervisors Project Title Abdul Asir Abubaker MscAgr University of +Professor L. Burgess, Biology of fungi causing Sydney Dr B.Summerell crown rot Kerri Clarke PhD University of +Dr J. Bruhl, Syst ema t ic stud i e s New England +Dr N. Prakash, in Abildgaardieae K. Wilson (Cyperaceae) Adele Harvey PhD La Trobe +Dr Wm J. Woelkerling,The crustose coralline algae of University Dr A. Millar NSW 47

Appendix H (cont) s t u dent superv i s ion * *Honours,4th year projects, post-graduate

Student Degree University Supervisors Project Title

Ken Hill PhD University of +Dr D. Morrison, Phylogeny and biogeography Technology Dr P.Weston of the genus Cycas Sydney Peter Jobson PhD University of +Dr D. Morrison, A taxonomic revision of Technology Dr P.Weston Dillwynia (Fabaceae: Sydney Faboideae: Mirbelieae) Nikolas Lam BSc University of +A/Professor C. Quinn, The systematics of the Baeckea New South Wales Dr P.Wilson complex Jim Mant PhD Australian +Dr R. Peakall, Comparative biology of National Dr P.Weston Chiloglottis (Orchidaceae) University and its thynnine wasp pollinators (Tiphiidae) Amelia Martyn BHortSc University of +Dr R. McConchie, Assessment of weediness in Sydney Dr S. Jacobs,C.Offord, Swainsona sejuncta J. Tyler Chris Nancarrow PhD University of + Professor R. Whelan, Reproductive character Wollongong +A/Professor D. Ayre, displacement and adaptation Dr P.Weston, C.Offord of three co-occurring Persoonia species Melody Neumann PhD University of +Professor L. Burgess, Molecular variation in Sydney Dr B.Summerell Fusarium Alex Newman PhD Macquarie +A/Professor D.Hales, Biology of the fig psyllid University Dr B.Summerell Andrew Perkins PhD University of +Dr M. Henwood, Phylogenetics of the genus Sydney Dr P.Weston Calochilus (Orchidaceae) Chimi Riznin BScAgr University of +Professor L. Burgess, Armillaria root rot Sydney Dr B.Summerell Haei Dong (Philip) MSc University of +Dr. L. de Filipis, Aroid tissue culture Shaw Technology Dr A. Hay Sydney Nikola Streiber BSc University of +A/Professor C.Quinn, Revision of the genus New South Wales +Dr E.Fischer, Astroloma (Epacridaceae) Dr E. Brown Song Wang PhD University of +Dr M. Henwood, Taxonomic studies in Sydney Dr S. Jacobs Australian species of Elymus (Gramineae) Sabine Wilkins PhD University of +Prof.Dr W. Greuter, Taxonomic studies in the Berlin Dr S. Jacobs Floating-leaved species of Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae) in Australia Yuzammi MSc University of +A/Professor C.Quinn, Taxonomy of Javan New South Wales Dr A. Hay Araceae Xiufu Zhang PhD University of +Dr J. Bruhl, Systematic studies in NewEngland +Dr. N. Prakash, Schoeneae (Cyperaceae) K. Wilson

+ external supervisor 48

Appendix I p u b l icat ion s

*Archer, A.W. (1998). Graphis elixii, a new (1998).Occurrence of Fusarium moniliforme paraphyletic stem of seed plants. Flora of Australian species containing psoromic acid. and fumonisins in Australian maize in Australia 48:505–525. Australasian Lichenology 43: 16–17. relation to animal disease.Pp. 474–478 in T. Hill,K.D. (1998) Pinophyta. Flora of *Archer, A.W.& +Elix, J.A. (1998). The Garland & A.C. Barr (eds), Toxic Plants and Australia 48:545–596. lichen genus Pertusaria (Lichenised Other Natural Toxicants. (CAB Hill,K.D. (1998) Cycadophyta. Flora of Ascomycotina) in Papua New Guinea:three International). Australia 48:597–661. new species and two new reports Mycotaxon Bullock,S, Summerell, B.A.,& von Richter, Hill,K.D.& +Yang,S.-L. (1998) The genus 69:311–318. L. (1998) First record of vascular wilt of Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Thailand. Brittonia 51: *Archer, A.W. (1999). Additional lichen flannel flower caused by Fusarium wilt. 48–73. records from Australia 39. Cyclographina Australasian Plant Pathology 27,49–50. Hill,K.D. (1999) Cycasfalcata (Cycadaceae), platyleuca (Nyl.) Awasthi & Joshi. Conn, B.J. (1999) The Prostanthera a new species from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Kew Australasian Lichenology 44: 7–8. cryptandroides-P. euphrasioides-P. Bulletin 54:209–213. *Archer, A.W. (1999) The Lichen genera odoratissima complex (Labiatae). Telopea Hill,K.D. (1999) A taxonomic revision of Graphis and Graphina (Graphidaceae) in (8)2:265–272. the White Mahoganies, Eucalyptus series Australia 1.Species based on Australian type +Donovan,N. J.,Offord,C.A.& Tyler, J.L. Acmenoideae (Myrtaceae). Telopea (8)2: specimens. Telopea (8)2:273–295. (1998) Propagation of the tree waratah 219–247. Benson, D. & McDougall,L. (1998) Ecology Alloxylon flammeum. Combined Proceedings +Hosking, J.R.& James, T.A. (1998) Native of Sydney Plant Species Part 6: Dicotyledon of the International Plant Propagators Society and exotic flora of the North Western Slopes family Myrtaceae. Cunninghamia 5(4): 47:63–65. upstream of the junction of the Peel and 808–987. +Donovan,N.J.,Offord,C.A.& Tyler, J.L. Namoi Rivers, New South Wales. Benson, J.S. (1998) The structure and (1999). Vegetative cutting and in vitro Cunninghamia 5(3):721–766. composition of pre-European native propagation of the tree waratah, Alloxylon +Hsiao, C., Jacobs,S.W.L., +Chatterton,N.J. vegetation in south-eastern Australia:how it flammeum P.Weston and Crisp (Proteaceae). & +Assay, K.H. (1999) A molecular was burnt and how should what remains be Australian Journal of Experimental phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae) managed. Proceedings of Conference Caring Agriculture. 39:225–229. based on the sequences of nuclear ribosomal for the Land (Environmental Defenders +Elix, J.A., +Wardlaw, J.H. & *Archer, A.W. DNA (ITS). Australian Systematic Botany Office: Sydney). (1999). New depsides from Pertusaria 11(5-6):667–688. Benson, J.S. (1999) Setting the scene: the lichens. Australasian Lichenology 44:9–15. Jacobs,S.W.L. (1998) Monitoring and native vegetation of NSW. Background Paper Entwisle, T.J.& +Foard,H.J. (1999) assessing wetlands using macrophytes.Pp. No.1: (Native Vegetation Advisory Council: Fres hw a t er Rhod op h yta in Aus t ral i a : 34–37 in:A. Brady (ed.) Proceedings of the Sydney). Pti l ot h a m n i o n rich a rd s i i (C eramiales) and Department of Land and Water Conservation Benson, J.S. & +Redpath, P.A. (1998) A Th o re a con tu r ba sp. n o v. ( Ba tracho s p erma l e s ) . Wetlands Conference and workshop, 28-30 th response to Flannery’s reply. Cunninghamia Phycol o gi a 3 8 ( 1 ) :4 7 – 5 3 . April,1997, Myall Lakes. (Department of 5(4): 782–785. Fensom,G.& Offord,C. (1998) Propagation Land and Water Conservation, Parramatta). *Bernhardt, P. (1999) The Rose’s Kiss; a of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). Jacobs,S.W.L., Everett, J. & +Torres,M.A. natural History of Flowers. Combined Proceedings of the International (1998) Nassella tenuissia (Gramineae) (Shearwater/Island Press: Washington D.C.). Plant Propagators Society 47:66–67. recorded from Australia,a potential new +Booth,C.A., +Church,A.G., +Erskine, Hay, A.& Herscovitch,C. (1998). Taxonomy weed related to Serrated Tussock. Telopea W.D., +Hoese, D.F.,Jacobs,S.W.L. & +Marr, and living collections of Malesian Araceae: a 8(1): 41–46. A.J. (1998) Experimental environmental flows basis for conservation. Proceedings 4th Jacobs,S.W.L. (1999) Terrestrial Wetlands and related ecosystem monitoring and research International Botanic Gardens Conservation and Waterplants. Flora of Australia (2nd of the Coxs River below Lyell Dam: an Congress: 301–307. edn.) 1:403–435. independent report to the Department of Land Hay, A. (1998).A new species of Aglaonema Jacobs,S.W.L. (1999) Why Themeda and Water Conservation. (Centre for Schott (Araceae) from Terengganu, Malaysia. australis? Stipa Newsletter 8(June):7–8. Integrated Catchment Management, Gardens Bulletin Singapore 50: 1–4. James,T.McDougall,L.& Benson, D. (1999) University of Western Sydney (Hawkesbury): Hay, A. (1998). The genus Alocasia (Araceae- Rare Bushland Plants of Western Sydney Richmond). Colocasieae) in West Malesia and Sulawesi. (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney). +Boyce, P.C.& Hay, A. (1998). Current Gardens Bulletin Singapore 50: 221–334. #Jobson, P.C. &Weston, P.H. (1998) advances in the taxonomy of Pothos. Pp. Hay, A. (1998).Flora Malesiana Araceae.Pp Dillwynia glaucula (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae), a 43–47 in H.Li et al. (eds.), Current Advances 24–27 in H.Li et al. (eds.), Current Advances new species from the Southern Tablelands, in Araceae Studies. Acta Botanica Yunnanica in Araceae Studies. Acta Botanica Yunnanica New South Wales. Telopea 8(1):1–5. Supplement 10. Supplement 10. *Johnson,L.A.S. (1998) Proteaceae — where *Briggs, B.G. (1998) Proteaceae:diverse Hay, A. (1999). Revision of Homalomena are we? Australian Systematic Botany 11: approaches toward new syntheses. Australian (Araceae-Homalomeneae) in New Guinea, 631–633. Systematic Botany 11:631–633. the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon *Johnson,L.A.S.& Hill,K.D. (1999) *Briggs, B.G. & *Johnson,L.A.S. (1998) New Islands. Blumea 44:41–71. Systematic studies in the eucalypts.9. A combinations arising from a new +Hellquist,C.B. & Jacobs,S.W.L. (1998) review of series Sociales (Eucalyptus classification of non-African Restionaceae. Aponogetonaceae of Australia, with subgenus Symphyomyrtus, Section Bisectaria, Telopea 8:2–33. descriptions of six new taxa. Telopea 8(1): Myrtaceae). Telopea (8)2: 165-218. +Bryden, W.L., +Shanks,G.J., +Ravindran 7–19. +Kistler, H.C., +Alabouvette,C., +Baayen, G., Summerell, B.A. & +Burgess,L.W. Hill,K.D. (1998) ‘Gymnosperms’ — the R.P.,+Bentley, S., +Brayford, D., 49

Appendix I (cont) p u b l icat ion s

+Coddington,A., +Correll, J., +Daboussi, and interesting species of the lichen genus palms. ArborAge magazine. 2 pages. M., +Elias,K., +Fernandez, D., +Gordon, Pertusaria from Southern America. Summerell, B.A., +Burgess,L.W., Bullock,S. T.R., +Katan, T., +Kim,H.G., +Leslie, J.F., Mycotaxon 67:455–461. +Backhouse, D. & +Nguyen, D.T. (1998) +Martyn,R.D., +Migheli, O., +Moore,N.Y., +Messuti,M.I. & *Archer, A.W. (1999). The Occurrence of perithecia of Gibberella +O’Donnell,K., +Ploetz,R.C., +Rutherford, lichen genus Pertusaria in the Falkland fujikuroi mating population A (Fusarium M.A., Summerell, B., +Waalwijk,C. & Islands. Bryologist 102 (2):208–214. moniliforme) on maize stubble in northern +Woo, S. (1998). Systematic numbering of #Newman,A.K.L.& Summerell, B.A. (1998) Vietnam. Mycologia 90:890–895. vegetative compatibility groups in the plant Fig psyllid. Royal Botanic Gardens Plant +Walter Lack,H. with *Mabberley, D.J. pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Disease Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 4. 2 (1998) The Flora Graeca Story. Sibthorpe, Phytopathology 88:30–32. pages. Bauer, and Hawkins in the Levant. (Oxford +Leis, J.M., Bullock S., +Bray D.J.& +Lee K. #Newman,A.K.L. & Summerell, B.A. (1998) University Press). (1997) Larval development in the Lutjanid Azalea lace bug. Royal Botanic Gardens Plant +Watson,L., +Barker, N.P. & Jacobs,S.W.L. subfamily Apsilinae (Pisces):the genus Disease Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 5. 2 (1998) Amphipogon (Gramineae) does have Paracaesio. Bulletin of Marine Science 61: pages. microhairs. Telopea 8(1):155–156. 697–742. #Newman,A.K.L.& Summerell, B.A. (1998) Weston, P.H. (1999) Persoonia pauciflora +Linder, H.P., *Briggs, B.G. & *Johnson, Cuban Laurel Thrips. Royal Botanic Gardens (Proteaceae),a new species from the Hunter L.A.S. (1998) Anarthriaceae.Pp. 19–21 in,K. Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No Valley, New South Wales. Telopea (8)2: Kubitzki (ed.) The Families and Genera of 6. 2 pages. 159–164. Flowering Plants IV. (Springer-Verlag: #Newman,A.K.L.& Summerell, B.A. (1998) +Williams,C.A., +Harborne, J.B., Berlin). Scale Insects. Royal Botanic Gardens Plant +Greenham, J., *Briggs, B.G. & *Johnson, +Linder, H.P., *Briggs, B.G. & *Johnson, Disease Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 7. 4 L.A.S. (1998) Flavonoid patterns and the L.A.S. (1998) Ecdeiocoleaceae.Pp. 195–197 pages. revised classification of Australian in,K. Kubitzki (ed.) The Families and Genera Offord,C.A., +Muir, S.& Tyler, J.L. (1998) Restionaceae. Phytochemistry 49:529–552. of Flowering Plants IV. (Springer-Verlag: Growth of selected Australian plants in Wilson,K.L. (1998) Proposal to conserve the Berlin). soilless media using coir as a substitute for name Polygonum barbatum (Polygonaceae) +Linder, H.P., *Briggs, B.G. & *Johnson, peat. Australian Journal of Experimental with a conserved type. Taxon 47:461–462. L.A.S. (1998) Restionaceae.Pp. 425–445 in, Agriculture 38(8):879–887. Wilson,K.L.& Jacobs,S.W.L. (1998) K. Kubitzki (ed.) The Families and Genera of Offord,C.A., Porter, C.L., Meagher, P.F.& Gramineae, Casuarinaceae, Cyperaceae, Flowering Plants IV. (Springer-Verlag: Errington,G. (1999). Sexual reproduction Juncaceae and waterplants Pp. 13–24.in M. Berlin). and early plant growth of the Wollemi pine Driessen, Comfort,M.D., Jackson, J., Balmer, +McGee, P.A., Bullock,S.& Summerell, B.A. (Wollemia nobilis),a rare and threatened J. Richardson,A.M.M.and McQuillan, P.B. (1998) Structure of mycorrhizae of the Australian conifer. Annals of Botany 84:1-9. (eds.) Wilderness Ecosystem Baseline Studies wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis) and related von Richter, L.& Offord,C.A. (1998) (WEBS): Pelion Plains — Mt Ossa Araucariaceae. Australian Journal of Botany Propagation of flannel flowers. Combined (Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service 47(1):88–95. Proceedings of the International Plant Report 98/2). *Mabberley, D.J. (1998) Citrus names Propagators Society 47:71-73. Wilson, P.G. & +Co, L.L. (1998) sorted. The Garden 123:770. +Steane, D.A. & *Mabberley, D.J. (1998) Xanthostemonfruticosus (Myrtaceae),a new *Mabberley, D.J. (1998) Notes on Australian Rotheca (Lamiaceae) Revived. Novon 8:204- species from the Philippines. Sida 18: Meliaceae. Telopea 8(1):47–48. 206. 283–286. *Mabberley, D.J. (1998) Wilhelm Petermann +Steane, D.A., +Scotland,R.W., *Mabberley, +Yang,S.L., +Tang, W., Hill,K.D.& and the Oriental Spruce. Thaiszia — Journal D.J.& +Olmstead,R.G. (1999) Molecular +Vatcharakorn, P. (1998) Cycas pranburiensis of Botany 8:111–114. systematics of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): (Cycadaceae),a new species from southern *Mabberley, D.J. (1998) The Plant-book. A ITS sequences and total evidence. American Thailand. Brittonia 51:213–215. portable dictionary of vascular plants. Second Journal of Botany 86(1):98-107. +Zander, R.H. &Wilson,K.L. (1998) Four edn.; reprint with corrections.Pp. xvi + 858. Summerell, B.A. (1998) Armillaria root rot. proposals to amend the Code,and report of (Cambridge University Press). Royal Botanic Gardens, Plant Disease the Special Committee on Electronic *Mabberley, D.J. (1999) Paradisus: Hawaiian Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 1. 2 pages. Publishing and Databasing. Taxon 47: plant watercolors by Geraldine King Tam. Pp. Summerell, B.A. (1998) Fire Blight. Royal 175–177. viii + 152.(Honolulu Academy of Arts: Botanic Gardens, Plant Disease Diagnostic Honolulu). Unit Fact Sheet No 2. 2 pages. + External *Mabberley, D.J. (1999) Silene banksia Summerell, B.A. (1998) Fusarium wilt of * Honorary Research Associate (Caryophyllaceae),an ancient garden plant. palms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Plant Disease # Postgraduate Research Student Telopea (8)2:249–256. Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 3. 2 pages. *Mabberley, D.J. (1999) ‘Robert Brown’s’ Summerell, B.A. (1998) Phytophthora root Parisian Podolepis (Compositae). Telopea rot. Royal Botanic Gardens Plant Disease (8)2:297–298. Diagnostic Unit Fact Sheet No 8. 4 pages +Messuti,M.I. & *Archer, A.W. (1998). New Summerell, B.A. (1998) Fusarium wilt of