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Lefferts Tide Mill HAER No. NY-106 (Van Wyck Mill) Huntington Suffolk County V-\B,^..V Long Island, New York \N\W - V- O V\ K

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Lefferts Tide Mill HAER No. NY-106 (Van Wyck Mill) Huntington Suffolk County V-\B,^..V Long Island, New York \N\W - V- O V\ K Lefferts Tide Mill HAER No. NY-106 (Van Wyck Mill) Huntington Suffolk County v-\b,^..v Long Island, New York \N\w - V- o v\ K PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA Historic American Engineering Record National Park Service Department of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240 OS- V^OV\N HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD LEFFERTS TIDE MILL (Van Wyck Mill) LONG ISLAND SURVEY NY-106 Location: Huntington, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York UTM: 18.630970.452856 Quad: Lloyd Harbor Date of Construction: ca". 1795. Equipment altered through the nineteenth century. Builder/Designer: Unknown Present Owner: Unknown Present Use: Not in use Significance: The Lefferts Mill is a fine example of a tide mill, a relatively rare engineering structure. It is also important as an example of a typical Long Island water-powered grist mill in its equipment, process, and economic niche within the Island's history of gristmilling. Built around 1795, the Lefferts mill was operated until the 1870s. The changes made in its machinery during its useful lifetime, as well as during its economic decline, reflect changes taking place in "the grain'and flour industry of Long Island during those eighty years. Historian: Christine M. Daniels, 1975 Transmitted by: Jean P. Yearby, HAER, 1984 Lefferts Tide Mill (Van Wyck Mill) HAER No. NY-106 (Page 2) The Van Wyck (Lefferts) Tide Mill stands in Suffolk County, an area that was one of New York's major wheat and flour producing regions during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Until the middle of the 1800's, flour milling in the county was a decentralized industry performed primarily by small gristmills serving the surrounding areas and New York City. After that date, larger and more efficient steam roller mills began to replace the smaller mills powered by water and wind, by producing a finer, whiter flour at a lower cost. Faced by competition with these mills, and by declining wheat and corn production in the area, the small wind and water mills that dotted the island were soon obsolete. History The Van Wyck (Lefferts) Tide Mill in Huntington was built sometime between 1793 and 1797, when the demand for Long Island's wheat was booming. In 1793, Coles Wortman, a prominent officeholder and slaveowner^ who lived in the neighboring town of Oyster Bay, owned the land upon which the mill was built. He had acquired it from John Sammis, a miller whose gristmill had formerly stood on the site; it was not a land grant from the town.^ He petitioned the trustees of the town for the right to build a gristmill on this property, and on 2 April, 1793, they "granted that the prayer of Coles Wortman's petition be granted respecting his making a Mill Dam and erecting a Grist Mill...." He never built it. According to the tax rolls of the town of Huntington, he sold the unimproved property to his father-in-law and brother-in-law, Abraham Lefferts Tide Mill (Van Wyck Mill HAER No. NY-106 CPage 3) Van Wyck Senior and Junior, in December of 1793.^ The mill commonly referred to as the Lefferts Mill had been built by May of 1797. On 2 May, 1797, the elder Van Wyck sold "all the one moiety or equal half of a certain Gristmill, Mill Pond and Mill Lot... and also the one equal half of the utensils thereunto belonging..." to o the younger Van Wyck for 250 pounds. The mill was apparently finished by the date of sale, and was certainly complete by 1798, when it passed out of the hands of the Van Wyck family. In addition to the reference to "utensils" in this title, the two horses that support the hoppers in the mill today are stamped "A. Van Wyck." In 1798, Van Wyck Junior sold one half of the mill to Samuel and Henry Lefferts for $2,150 "good current money of the State of New York." During the next fifty years, the mill was owned in shares by a number of individuals. (See Appendix A.] The mill was sold in four shares for most of its useful lifetime; this raised capital for its operation, and spread the risk in case of failure. Between 1842 and 1850, however, one man, a miller named Jarvis Lefferts, acquired all four shares of the mill.11 There are no business records of any kind concerning the operation of the mill prior to 1860. It is, therefore, impossible to determine exactly how the mill functioned during its first six decades. It may have operated at least part time as a mercantile mill while the Van Wycks and the Lefferts brothers owned it. Mercantile mills were managed by a proprietor who purchased grain outright, made flour from it, and either Lefferts Tide Mill (Van Wyck Mill) HAER No. NY-106 (Page 4) marketed the finished product himself or sold it to a flour merchant in a nearby port. A custom or country mill ground wheat and bolted flour for the farmers in the area, with the miller usually taking one-tenth of the finished product as his toll. 1 2 The evidence indicates that the Lefferts Mill was a mercantile mill. A custom mill was usually built on land granted to a miller by a town during the eighteenth century on Long Island. 13 Coles Wortman purchased the land privately from John Sammis. In addition, the permission given Wortman to build his mill, which later transferred to the Van Wycks, contained no stipulations concerning the miller's duty to the town of Huntington, the size of the miller's toll, or provisions for the mill to revert to the town if it ceased to grind, stipulations included in most grants for custom mills. Finally, neither Coles Wortman nor the Van Wycks were country millers. They were wealthy and prominent landowners who held offices and slaves, and had money to invest in ventures they considered profitable. Abraham Van Wyck, Junior, was identified in legal documents and Federal Censuses as a farmer, not a miller, and both he and his father-in-law acted as bankers in providing mortgage loans to people in the area. It is unlikely that these men would have had a mill built solely to extract the one-tenth share of flour that was traditionally the custom millers toll. 17 It is clear that the Lefferts Mill had fallen drastically in value by 1850, when Jarvis Lefferts, miller, purchased all of it. In 1798, one-half of the mill sold for $2,150.18 The entire mill, then was probably Lefferts Tide Mill (Van Wyck Mill) HAER No. NY-106 (Page 5) worth about $4,300. When Jarvis Lefferts purchased the entire mill ■JQ between 1842 and 1850, he bought all four shares for a total of $3,637. The latter figure is probably inflated beyond the actual value of the mill at this time; when Lefferts bought shares from his relatives, he paid them nearly twice as much as he paid people who were not related to him. This decline in value points to a decline in the economic importance of the mill. In fact, by examining the Federal Censuses of Industry for 1860 and 1870, it is obvious that the Lefferts Mill, like many other small Long Island gristmills at this time, was a marginal operation. The Federal,Censuses for 1860 and 1870 both listed a gristmill run by Jarvis Lefferts in Huntington. In 1860, the Lefferts Mill ground 7500 bushels of grain, including 4000 bushels of wheat, 500 bushels of corn and 3000 bushels listed as "feed." These materials were worth a total of $7,515. The mill produced a total of 800 barrels of wheat flour, 167 bushels of corn meal, and 3300 bushels of feed, worth a total of $8,079. 20 Lefferts therefore cleared only $564 from the operation of of the mill, which was probably working no more than one-third of the year. 21 The 1870 Federal Census listed the Lefferts Mill again. By that time, it was clearly a custom mill. A notation in the entry stated "Marshal says this is a custom mill taking only one-tenth in toll. 23 Capacity 30 bu/day." Although this estimate of capacity was contradicted by another directly above it, which stated that the mill could grind sixty Lefferts Tide Mill (Van Wyck Mill HAER No. NY-106 (Page 6) 24 bushels a day, it actually ground only 3000 bushels of grain in 25 twelve months, less than half of what it had ground ten years earlier. The grain was worth $2,900. The finished product, 600 barrels of flour and 600 pounds of feed, was valued at $3,720.26 Thus the value added to the raw materials used at the Lefferts Mill was $820 in 1870. If Lefferts' only wage was the fraction of the product he took in toll, he earned only $82 for the entire year. The Lefferts Mill also experienced a decline in the share of Huntington's grain that it processed. In 1860, the mill ground approximately 7.8% of the wheat and corn grown in Huntington that year,27 while in 1870 it ground only about 2.7% of. these products. ° This decline was symptomatic of the dramatic changes taking place in the milling industry of Long Island. By the mid-nineteenth century, large steam-powered roller mills began operations in Suffolk County at Southampton, Southold, East Hampton, Setauket, and Port Jefferson. y These mills could produce ten to twelve times more flour per day than a water-powered gristmill, ° and with this introduction of steam power, virtually all the small mills in Suffolk County had become either custom mills or marginal businesses.
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