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Archaeological Investigations at Waln's Mill, Walnford, Crosswicks Creek, Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey

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Archaeological Investigations at Waln's Mill, Walnford, Crosswicks Creek, Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT WALN’S MILL, WALNFORD CROSSWICKS CREEK PARK, UPPER FREEHOLD TOWNSHIP MONMOUTH COUNTY, NEW JERSEY Friends of the Monmouth County Park System, Inc. Monmouth County Park System Board of Recreation Commissioners Richard W. Hunter, Ph. D. New Jersey Historic Preservation Bond Program Hunter Research, Inc. New Jersey Historic Trust Project #90.079 February 2020 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT WALN’S MILL, WALNFORD CROSSWICKS CREEK PARK UPPER FREEHOLD TOWNSHIP MONMOUTH COUNTY, NEW JERSEY Prepared for: Monmouth County Park System Board of Recreation Commissioners New Jersey Historic Preservation Bond Program New Jersey Historic Trust Project #90.079 Prepared by: Richard W. Hunter, Ph.D. FEBRUARY 2020 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY This report primarily describes a program of archaeological investigation carried out in 1995 and 1998 in con- nection with the Monmouth County Park System’s restoration of Waln’s Mill in Crosswicks Creek Park, Upper Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. In a more general sense, the document goes on to consider and synthesize the results of several episodes of archaeological activity that took place between 1981 and 1998 in advance of, during and shortly after the mill’s restoration. The restoration of the mill and related archaeological investigations were funded by the Monmouth County Park System with grant assistance from the New Jersey Historic Trust. Completion of this report was funded by the Friends of the Monmouth County Park System, Inc. Initial exploratory archaeological studies were conducted in the early 1980s by archaeologist Budd Wilson. These were followed by intermittent archaeological monitoring by Wilson and Monmouth County Park System staff in 1984-85 as the mill building and its headrace were stabilized. In 1995, Hunter Research carried out fur- ther archaeological investigations inside the mill in support of restoration of the mill basement and also undertook limited testing and monitoring in connection with further rehabilitation of the headrace, milldam, raceway island and millpond. In 1998, additional limited archaeological testing was conducted at the western end of Walnford Road near the bridge crossing as part of the search for the original mill site and in advance of road realignment. Archaeological excavations inside the mill basement and immediately around mill building exterior produced ample evidence of the gristmill erected by Nicholas Waln in 1822, the mill rebuilt by Sarah Waln Hendrickson in 1872-1873, and the alterations made by Richard Waln Meirs circa 1911. This evidence mostly took the form of structural remains, chiefly foundations, flooring, machine bases and hydropower features, along with associated cultural deposits. No clear traces were seen of the two major fires that occurred – the first in 1821 that prompted Nicholas Waln’s replacement of the original mill of the mid-1730s and the second in 1872 which led to the con- struction of the mill that we see today. Archaeological monitoring and limited testing around the exterior of the mill produced tantalizing evidence of both an earlier headrace and an earlier milldam. The remains of a timber flume found just east of the southern end of the mill are most likely part of the headrace for the 1822 gristmill, although there is a possibility they could relate to the original mid-1730s mill construction. The timber-framed remains of the earlier dam are thought more likely to be associated with the original mid-1730s mill than either of the 19th-century mills. Despite the extensive archaeological work reported here, uncertainty still remains concerning the location of the original mills erected by Samuel Rogers in the mid-1730s. Although the current mill may yet be proven as occupying the original mill site, the absence of any incontrovertible evidence for an 18th-century mill at this location raises the possibility that the original Rogers mills, a double-wheeled gristmill and fulling mill, were erected elsewhere. A location further downstream, on the same side of the creek, just upstream of the historic bridge crossing, is offered as one possible site for the original mills. This report also summarizes the history of milling at Walnford and places the village and its mills within the broader context of water-powered industry in the Crosswicks Creek drainage and the Middle Delaware Valley. i TABLE OF CONTENTS page Management Summary ......................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... v List of Photographs ............................................................................................................................................vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION A. Project Background and Scope-of-Work .............................................................................................1-1 B. Previous Research ................................................................................................................................... 1- 2. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING ..................................................................................................................2-1 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A. Before the Walns, c.1730-1772 ............................................................................................................3-1 B. Two Centuries of Waln Family Ownership, 1772-1973 ......................................................................3-5 C. From Private to Public Ownership, 1973-present ..............................................................................3-30 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS A. Investigations Outside the Mill ............................................................................................................4-1 1. Archaeological Investigations of 1981 and 1983............................................................................4-1 2. Archaeological Investigations of 1995 ...........................................................................................4-3 B. Investigations Inside the Mill.............................................................................................................4-22 1. The Architecture of the Mill Basement ........................................................................................4-22 2. Archaeological Investigations of 1981 and 1983..........................................................................4-46 3. Archaeological Investigations of 1995 .........................................................................................4-47 5. A SEQUENCE OF MILL DEVELOPMENT A. The Original Gristmill, circa 1735-1821 .............................................................................................5-1 B. Nicholas Waln’s Gristmill, 1822-1872 .................................................................................................5-7 C. The Re-built Gristmill of 1873 and Twentieth-Century Alterations ....................................................5-9 D. The Fulling Mill, circa 1735-1800 ....................................................................................................5-12 E. The Sawmill, circa 1770-1880 ...........................................................................................................5-13 6. THE MILLS AT WALNFORD IN CONTEXT ...........................................................................................6-1 7. CONCLUSIONS .........................................................................................................................................7-1 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) page REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................... R-1 APPENDICES A. Artifact Catalog ...................................................................................................................................A-1 B. Resumes .............................................................................................................................................. B-1 C. New Jersey Historic Preservation Office Bibliographic Abstract ...................................................... C-1 D. Project Administrative Data ................................................................................................................D-1 iv TABLELIST OF FIGURESCONTENTS page 1.1. Location of Walnford .............................................................................................................................1-2 1.2. Detailed Location of Waln’s Mill Project Site .......................................................................................1-3 1.3. Aerial View of Waln’s Mill Project Site ................................................................................................1-4 1.4. Waln’s Mill
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