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Importance of Spatial Scale and Habitat Structure for the Distribution of A Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Master Thesis Importance of habitat quality and landscape factors for a monophagous shield bug on a rare host plant Sofia Nygårds LiTH-IFM-A-EX--12/2631--SE Supervisors: Karl-Olof Bergman & Per Milberg, Linköping University Examiner: Uno Wennergren, Linköping University Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Avdelning, institution Datum Division, Department Date Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi 2012-06-01 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology Språk Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling Engelska/English Examensarbete ISRN C-uppsats LITH-IFM-A-Ex--12/2631--SE D-uppsats ________________ Övrig rapport Serietitel och serienummer ISSN Title of series, numbering _______________ URL för elektronisk version Handledare Karl-Olof Bergman & Per Milberg Supervisor http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu: diva-78409 Ort Linköping Location Titel Importance of habitat quality and landscape factors for a monophagous shield bug Title on a rare host plant Författare Sofia Nygårds Author Sammanfattning Abstract Understanding the factors affecting species distribution and at what scale a species respond to these factors is a major challenge in conservation biology. I studied the distribution and abundance of a monophagous shield bug Canthophorus impressus at three spatial scales: host plants, patches and circular landscapes (area ca. 3 km2), to determine the relative importance of the different spatial scales and how habitat quality, amount and spatial configuration affect the distribution of C. impressus. Influence of habitat characteristics on occurrence and abundance of the bug was analysed with separate generalised linear mixed models. The data show that effects of habitat quality and amount dominate over configuration in determining the distribution of C. impressus. The bug prefers large host plants in warm conditions on a plant scale and abundant host plants in a landscape scale, whereas patch scale was not important for the distribution of the bug. Management should aim to preserve sites with abundant host plants and promote large host plants with low to moderate grazing. To secure sufficient number of host plants in the landscape, high densities of suitable habitat such as semi-natural grasslands should be preserved. This study suggests that analyses of multiple spatial scales are crucial for identifying appropriate actions for successful conservation of species living in fragmented habitats. Nyckelord Canthophorus impressus, conservation, habitat quality, landscape, spatial scale, Keywords Thesium alpinum Contents 1 Abstract ...................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 3 Materials and methods ............................................................................... 3 3.1 Study species ........................................................................................ 3 3.2 Study area............................................................................................. 3 3.3 Field methods and plant level variables .............................................. 4 3.4 Patch and landscape level variables ..................................................... 4 3.5 Statistical modelling ............................................................................ 5 4 Results ........................................................................................................ 7 4.1 Habitat characteristics and occurrence ................................................ 7 4.2 Habitat characteristics and abundance ............................................... 10 5 Discussion ................................................................................................ 12 6 Acknowledgements .................................................................................. 15 7 References ................................................................................................ 15 1 Abstract Understanding the factors affecting species distribution and at what scale a species respond to these factors is a major challenge in conservation biology. I studied the distribution and abundance of a monophagous shield bug Canthophorus impressus at three spatial scales: host plants, patches and circular landscapes (area ca. 3 km2), to determine the relative importance of the different spatial scales and how habitat quality, amount and spatial configuration affect the distribution of C. impressus. Influence of habitat characteristics on occurrence and abundance of the bug was analysed with separate generalised linear mixed models. The data show that effects of habitat quality and amount dominate over configuration in determining the distribution of C. impressus. The bug prefers large host plants in warm conditions on a plant scale and abundant host plants in a landscape scale, whereas patch scale was not important for the distribution of the bug. Management should aim to preserve sites with abundant host plants and promote large host plants with low to moderate grazing. To secure sufficient number of host plants in the landscape, high densities of suitable habitat such as semi-natural grasslands should be preserved. This study suggests that analyses of multiple spatial scales are crucial for identifying appropriate actions for successful conservation of species living in fragmented habitats. Keywords: Canthophorus impressus, conservation, habitat quality, landscape, spatial scale, Thesium alpinum 2 Introduction Fragmentation and loss of natural habitat continues to be major threats to global biodiversity (Hilton-Taylor et al. 2009). In fragmented landscapes, the persistence of a species might be dependent on metapopulation dynamics (Hanski et al. 1996). A metapopulation consists of discrete local populations connected through migration (Hanski 1997). In the classical view, the long-term existence of a metapopulation of a species is dependent on an equilibrium between extinction and colonisation of habitat patches (Hanski 1997). Initially, area and isolation effects have been in focus of metapopulation studies (Hanski 1999), although more recent work suggests that also variation in habitat quality can be at least as important as area and isolation of patches for predicting metapopulation dynamics (Dennis & Eales 1999, Thomas et al. 2001, Fleishman et al. 2002). Most current studies on metapopulations include variation in habitat quality, although its importance compared to that of area and isolation remains under debate (Moilanen & Hanski 1998, Dennis & Eales 1999, Thomas et al. 2001, Fleishman et al. 2002, Rabasa et al. 2008, Vögeli et al. 2010). 1 The relative importance of habitat quality for species occurrence might be a matter of spatial scaling, since habitat quality operates at a more local level than the spatial parameters of area and isolation (Thomas et al. 2001, Thomas & Hanski 2004). Moreover, the relative importance of patch size and isolation for distribution patterns of a species may also change across spatial scales (Rukke & Midtgaard 1998, Menéndez & Thomas 2000). Depending on the spatial scale examined, the spatial structure of a species population may differ (Hecnar & M'Closkey 1997, Rukke & Midtgaard 1998, Menéndez & Thomas 2000). Consequently, taking only a single spatial scale into account might lead to erroneous conclusions about the dynamics of a species. Furthermore, assessing multiple spatial scales simultaneously may be a way to identify processes that take place on different temporal scales. In this context, large-scale patterns are assumed to reflect more long-term dynamics (Menéndez & Thomas 2000). So far, few studies on species distributions have covered a broad range of spatial scales (Procheş et al. 2010). Semi-natural grassland is a habitat often containing a remarkably high small-scale density of plant species (Eriksson & Eriksson 1997, Austrheim et al. 1999). Semi-natural grasslands are defined as grasslands with a long tradition of management like mowing or grazing, and without signs of fertilization to improve forage production (Eriksson et al. 2002). In Sweden, semi-natural grasslands have been subjects to substantial area reduction during the last century (Ekstam & Forshed 2000), mainly due to changes in farming practise (Eriksson et al. 2002). As a result, species abundance and diversity has been reduced (Maes & Van Dyck 2001, Luoto et al. 2003). Although semi-natural grasslands have gained a lot of attention in ecological studies, few studies have explicitly assessed species distributions across multiple spatial scales in this habitat (but see Steffan- Dewenter et al. 2002 for an example). One species connected to semi-natural grasslands is the shield bug Canthophorus impressus Horváth (Hemiptera, Cydnidae). Not much is known about the habitat preferences of C. impressus apart from the requirements of its host plant and the bug is the subject of a recent species action plan from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (2011). In Sweden, it has only been recorded on the perennial plant Thesium alpinum L. (Santalaceae; Karlsson et al. 2007). The host plant grows mainly on nutrient-poor, sandy open grasslands but has also been found on other types of land, such as road verges (Karlsson et al. 2007). It depends on soil disturbance for its regeneration and
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