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Transportation on the Minneapolis Riverfront
RAPIDS, REINS, RAILS: TRANSPORTATION ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT Mississippi River near Stone Arch Bridge, July 1, 1925 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Prepared by Prepared for The Saint Anthony Falls Marjorie Pearson, Ph.D. Heritage Board Principal Investigator Minnesota Historical Society Penny A. Petersen 704 South Second Street Researcher Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 Hess, Roise and Company 100 North First Street Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 May 2009 612-338-1987 Table of Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 1 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION ......................................... 3 THE RAPIDS: WATER TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS .............................................. 8 THE REINS: ANIMAL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ............................ 25 THE RAILS: RAILROADS BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ..................................................................... 42 The Early Period of Railroads—1850 to 1880 ......................................................................... 42 The First Railroad: the Saint Paul and Pacific ...................................................................... 44 Minnesota Central, later the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (CM and StP), also called The Milwaukee Road .......................................................................................... 55 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway ................................................................................. -
Precision Slam -- Problem Board 17 North Deals None Vul KQJ
Precision Slam -- Problem Board 17 ª K Q J North Deals © A K Q 6 None Vul ¨ J 10 5 § K 5 2 N W E S ª A 8 5 3 2 © 10 9 4 ¨ K 6 2 § A 6 West North East South 1 §1 Pass 1 ª2 2 NT3 3 ª Pass 3 NT4 Pass 4 §5 Pass 4 ¨6 Pass 4 ©7 Pass 4 ª8 Pass 5 ©9 Pass 6 ª10 All pass 1. Precision: artificial, 16+ HCP (17+ if balanced). 2. 5+ spades, 8+ HCP, forcing to game. 3. 5-5 or longer in minors. 4. Falsely alerted as showing serious slam interest. 5. First or second round control. 6. First or second round control. 7. Last Train to Clarksville, an artificial bid saying we have a problem. 8. I do not have a heart control. 9. My hearts are great, but I have no other controls to bid. 10. Well, I could have only 8 HCP, and my ¨K is protected from the lead. 6 ª by South Lead: © 8 On this deal, the Precision system easily finds the spade fit. Standard bidding would be murkier. The "Serious 3 NT" convention is an excellent tool to help with slam bidding. However, it's better to play 3 NT as natural in competition. Suits may break badly, and the opponents might get some ruffs in a suit contract. On this deal, South would easily take ten or eleven tricks in notrump, but North thought Serious 3 NT was on. When North mis-alerts 3 NT as showing serious slam interest, South must ignore that unauthorized information. -
Hornblower's Ships
Names of Ships from the Hornblower Books. Introduction Hornblower’s biographer, C S Forester, wrote eleven books covering the most active and dramatic episodes of the life of his subject. In addition, he also wrote a Hornblower “Companion” and the so called three “lost” short stories. There were some years and activities in Hornblower’s life that were not written about before the biographer’s death and therefore not recorded. However, the books and stories that were published describe not only what Hornblower did and thought about his life and career but also mentioned in varying levels of detail the people and the ships that he encountered. Hornblower of course served on many ships but also fought with and against them, captured them, sank them or protected them besides just being aware of them. Of all the ships mentioned, a handful of them would have been highly significant for him. The Indefatigable was the ship on which Midshipman and then Acting Lieutenant Hornblower mostly learnt and developed his skills as a seaman and as a fighting man. This learning continued with his experiences on the Renown as a lieutenant. His first commands, apart from prizes taken, were on the Hotspur and the Atropos. Later as a full captain, he took the Lydia round the Horn to the Pacific coast of South America and his first and only captaincy of a ship of the line was on the Sutherland. He first flew his own flag on the Nonsuch and sailed to the Baltic on her. In later years his ships were smaller as befitted the nature of the tasks that fell to him. -
VI. Slam-Bidding Methods
this page intentionally left blank We-Bad System Document January 16, 2011 “We-Bad”: Contents IV. Competitive-Bidding Methods page numbers apply to PDF only A. Competition After Our Preempt 32 B. Competition After Our Two-Club Opening 32 Introduction 4 C. Competition After Our One-Notrump Opening 33 I. Definitions 5 D. Competition After Our Major-Suit Opening 34 II. General Understandings and E. Competition After Our Minor-Suit Opening 35 Defaults 6 F. Competition After Any Suit One-Bid 36 III. Partnership-Bidding Methods V. Defensive-Bidding Methods A. Opening-Bid A. Initial Defensive-Action Requirements 39 Requirements 10 A2. All-Context Actions 46 B. Choice of Suit 11 B. After Our Double of a One-Bid 46 C. After Our Preempt 12 C. After Our Suit Overcall of a One-Bid 47 D. After Our Two Clubs 13 D. After Our One-Notrump Overcall 48 E. After Our Two-Notrump- E. After We Reopen a One-Bid 48 Family Opening 14 F. When the Opener has Preempted 48 F. After Our One-Notrump G. After Our Sandwich-Position Action 50 Opening 16 G. Delayed Auction Entry 50 G. After Our Major-Suit VI. Slam-Bidding Methods 51 Opening 20 VII. Defensive Carding 59 H. After Our Minor-Suit VIII. Related Tournament-Ready Systems 65 Opening 25 IX. Other Resources 65 I. After Any Suit One-Bid 26 Bridge World Standard following 65 3 of 65 1/16/2011 9:52 AM 3 of 65 We-Bad System Document Introduction (click for BWS) We-Bad is a scientific 5-card major system very distantly descended from Bridge World Standard. -
Professional Slam Bidding Part II
Contents Bidding space ...................................................................................... 5 Splinters ........................................................................................... 30 Agreements ....................................................................................... 48 Last train ........................................................................................... 73 Blackwood ........................................................................................ 80 Ace asking at low levels ..................................................................... 83 Conditional RKCB ............................................................................. 91 Blackwood depending on the context. .................................................. 95 When Blackwood is urgently needed. ................................................... 99 Exclusion Keycard Blackwood .......................................................... 108 Turbo .............................................................................................. 115 Pick a slam ...................................................................................... 127 Another meaning for 5NT ................................................................. 136 In the Blackwood neighborhood ........................................................ 139 Decision ......................................................................................... 148 3 4 BIDDING SPACE Preemptive bidding has a great advantage – it takes -
Strong and Four
STRONG AND FOUR Apr/2020 Table of Contents 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 OPENING BIDS ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 DEFENSIVE BIDDING ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 GAME CONVENTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.4 SLAM CONVENTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.5 PLAYING CONVENTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 3 2 OPENING ONE OF A SUIT ....................................................................................... 4 2.1 CHOICE OF OPENING BIDS .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Limited hands (12-16) .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 Strong hands (16-20) ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 What hands to open ................................................................................................................ -
The Maritime Club a Relay Precision System
The Maritime Club A Relay Precision System By Ethan Macaulay & Aled Iaboni Updated May, 2020 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... 2 General Approach - Precision ....................................................................................... 5 The 1♣ Opening ........................................................................................................... 6 General Structure ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 After 1♣- ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 After a Negative Response to 1♣ ......................................................................................................................... 7 After 1♣-1♦ ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 After 1♣-1♦-1♥ ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 After 1♣-1♦-1♥-1♠ ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 After 1♣-1♦-1♥-1NT ................................................................................................................................................ -
Newport Villa Owners' Summer Visitors' and Residents' Guide to the Reliable
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. (SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT.) ^'^ Chaj). \ Shelf \{lV\% UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Price^ 1^ Gents [COPYKIGHT, 1883.] DOE, HUNiNEWELL & CO. MANUFACTURERS OF FiRST-CLiss mmm MANTELS, MIRRORS, Drapery Curtains, Lace Curtains, Window Shades, &c. Importers of Upholstery Goods. SPECIAL ATTENTIONS GIVEN TO FURNISHING APARTMENTS THROUGHOUT, INCLUDIXG THE STANDING FINISH, NEWELS, DOORS, DECORATIONS, DRAPERY, CURTAINS, FURNITURE, &c. 577 & 579 Washington St. E. K. HINNEWEO. BOSTO^NT. H. F. BlKCHSTEAn. NEWPORT VILLA OWNERS' ^m\\\tt fmi$n' a«4 "l^t^idjfnte' aXJIDE TO THE RELIABLE BUSINESS INTERESTS OF THE CITY, FOR 1883. Together ivith a List of all the Cottage Rentals, and Villa Owners who will occupy their residences during the Summer of i88j, compiled to date, and other miscellaneous information. PUBLISHED >!V W. G. MORRISON & CO., „ If 3S3 WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON. Copyright, 1883. NEWPORT VILLA OWNERS PORTABLE A% ELECTRIC LIGHTER PRICE S5.00. A Scientific and Economical Apparatus for Lighting for Home, Business, Office, Mining and Manufacturing Purposes. Complete in Itself. The Electric Current Being Produced by Chemical Action. This apparatus, by our adjustments, for which we make extra charges, can be adapted to use as a Burglar Alarm, Medical Battery, Call Bell, OR FOR AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC GAS LIGHTING. Our Burglar Alarm is so constructed that the intruder is imme- diately confronted with a light and a bell-alarm at the same instant. Reliable agents wanted all over the country. Enclose stamp for circular. Portable Electric Light Company, 22 WATER STREET, BOSTON. Chartered under the laws of Massachusetts, December, 1882. " A Portable Electric Lighterfor $5 is being extensively sold by the Portable Electric Light Co., of i^ Water Street, Boston. -
Carina + David CC
COMPETITIVE AUCTIONS OTHER OPENING BIDS Agreements after opening of one of a suit and overcall by opponents HCP See Min length CONVENTIONAL SPECIAL Notes note MEANING RESPONSES Level to which negative doubles apply 4H 1♣ R19 4 Inverted minors, 2NT=11+4m, 1N = 5-11 Special meaning of bids 1♦ " 4 1♥ " 4 Exceptions / other agreements SJS, 2NT=11+3M, 3NT=GF+4M, 1NT=5-11 1♠ " 4 Agreements after opponents double for takeout 3X = F1 3 bids 5-9 6 Redouble New suit Jump in new suit 5-9 7 4 bids 9+ F1 F1 *(Please enter your normal HCP range in the HCP column. Please tick box if you have any special agreements involving different values in particular positions (e.g. light openings in third seat) and include further details under Supplementary Details). Jump raise 2NT Other DEFENSIVE METHODS AFTER OPPONENTS OPEN Preempt Good raise OPPONENTS OPEN A NATURAL CONVENTIONAL MEANING SPECIAL Notes ONE OF A SUIT RESPONSES Simple overcall Natural UCB Other agreements concerning doubles and redoubles Jump overcall Weak Cue bid Michaels (constructive) 1NT Direct: 15-18 Protective:11-14 OTHER CONVENTIONS 2NT Direct: Unusual Unusual (constructive) and 1m- 2NT = other m + a major Protective 19-21 OPPONENTS OPEN WITH DEFENSIVE SPECIAL Notes If we overcall: 1/1 is non-forcing, 2/1 is constructive non-forcing , 2/2 is constructive non-forcing METHODS RESPONSES 1-Way Checkback Strong 1♣ X = majors, 1NT = minors 4th suit forcing is GF NMF over 2N rebid showing 18-19 Short 1♣/1♦ Treat as Natural Gambling 3NT Weak 1NT 2C = M+m, 2D = both M, 2M = nat, X = pen Strong 1NT As above except X = single suited minor SUPPLEMENTARY DETAILS Weak 2 Lebensohl Weak 3 Natural 4 bids Natural (Please cross-reference where appropriate to the relevant part of card, and continue on back). -
Commentary for the World Wide Bridge Contest Organized by The
Commentary for the World Wide Bridge Contest Organized by the WBF in cooperation with CCBA & OurGame Set 8 – Saturday 3rd June 2017 Thank you for joining us for the World Wide Bridge Contest, we do hope you enjoyed the hands. There will be other heats held – a total of 8 in all – giving you the chance to play again and maybe win that great prize of a trip to China for the final ! Full details can be found by clicking here or on the WBF Website at www.worldbridge.org Board 2. N/S Vul. Dealer East. Board 1. Love All. Dealer North. [ A K 5 [ Q 5 2 ] K J 4 ] 5 3 2 { 7 6 2 { A 3 } A 7 5 3 } A 10 9 8 5 [ Q J 9 [ 10 8 7 [ A J 7 6 3 [ K 10 9 8 ] A ] 8 7 6 3 2 ] A K 8 6 ] 9 7 { K 9 8 { Q J 5 4 { 10 9 6 { 8 5 4 } K Q 9 8 4 2 } 10 } 2 } K Q 7 6 [ 6 4 3 2 [ 4 ] Q 10 9 5 ] Q J 10 4 { A 10 3 { K Q J 7 2 } J 6 } J 4 3 If West opens 1} North can overcall 1NT If South decides to open 1{ West overcalls 1[ which might end the auction unless South looks and North bids 2} when one possibility for for a major suit fit via 2}. West will double East is to jump to 3[ - a law abiding bid if ever that and South will then bid 2]. -
The Philadelphia Experiment
American Contract Bridge League Presents The Philadelphia Experiment Appeals at the 2003 Spring NABC Edited by Rich Colker Assistant Editor Linda Trent CONTENTS Foreword ............................... iv The Expert Panel ..........................v Cases from Philadelphia Tempo (Cases 1-18) .....................1 Unauthorized Information (Cases 19-27) ...40 Misinformation (Cases 23-33) ............48 Other (Cases 34-37) ....................72 Closing Remarks From the Expert Panelists ....79 Closing Remarks From the Editor ............80 Advice for Advancing Players ...............82 NABC Appeals Committee .................84 Abbreviations used in this casebook: AI Authorized Information AWMW Appeal Without Merit Warning BIT Break in Tempo CC Convention Card LA Logical Alternative MP Masterpoints MI Misinformation PP Procedural Penalty UI Unauthorized Information iii FOREWORD We continue our presentation of appeals from NABC for one or two nights at a Nationals. We hope this will increase the tournaments. As always, our goal is to inform, provide constructive level of bridge expertise (or at least the perception of that level) criticism, and foster change (hopefully) for the better in a way that that goes into each appeal decision. While the cases here represent is not only instructive but entertaining and stimulating. only the beginning stages of this effort, we hope this leads to better At NABCs, appeals from non-NABC+ events (including side appeals decisions—or at least better acceptance of those decisions games, regional events and restricted NABC events) are heard by in the bridge community. Director Panels while appeals from unrestricted NABC+ events are Ambiguity Department. Write-ups often refer to “an x-second heard by the National Appeals Committee (NAC). Both types of BIT.” Our policy is to treat all tempo references as the total time cases are reviewed here. -
First Name Last Name Affiliated Organization Vessel City State Tom
First Name Last Name Affiliated Organization Vessel City State Tom Lokocz Adams Maine Design Company, LLC Appleton ME Andrew Adamus Flagship Niagara League, Inc. US BRIG NIAGARA Erie PA Lori A. Aguiar Tall Ships America Newport RI Björn Ahlander Viking Kings DRAKEN HARALD HÅRFAGRE Haugesund LADY WASHINGTON and HAWAIIAN Constance Allen Grays Harbor Historical Seaport CHIEFTAIN Aberdeen WA Nicholas Alley Mystic Seaport BRILLIANT Mystic CT Jay Amster West Haven CT Jennifer Angel Waterfront Development Halifax NS Francois Arbellot BREST 2016 Brest Finistere Richard Bailey Oliver Hazard Perry Rhode Island OLIVER HAZARD PERRY Newport RI SSV CORWITH CRAMER, SSV ROBERT C. David Bank Sea Education Association SEAMANS Woods Hole MA Philadelphia Autism Center for Jayme Banks Excellence Philadelphia PA Linda Beal South Street Seaport PIONEER, LETTIE G. HOWARD Belvidere NJ South Street Seaport Museum, New Anne Beaumont York Harbor Foundation PIONEER, LETTIE G. HOWARD New York NY Pat Beck MYSTIC WHALER Mystic CT Austin Becker University of Rhode Island Kingston RI Michael Bellard NY Harbor School LETTIE G. HOWARD New York NY Joseph Benton III McAllister Towing of Philadelphia Gloucester NJ LADY MARYLAND, SIGSBEE, MILDRED Peter Bolster Living Classrooms Foundation BLLE, MINNIE V Baltimore MD PIONEER, LETTIE G. HOWARD, Jonathan Boulware South Street Seaport Museum WAVERTREE New York NY Bob Boulware The Sound School East Haddam CT Yoko Bowen Kirkwood PA Philadelphia Autism Center for Melissa Brand Excellence Philadelphia PA Robert Brandenstein United States Power Squadron Freedom PA CORWITH CRAMER/ ROBERT C. Peg Brandon Sea Education Association SEAMANS Woods Hole MA Elizabeth Braunstein Tall Ships America Newport RI Jesse Briggs Bayshore Center at Bivalve AJ MEERWALD Newport NJ Gwyn Brown Sail Training International Hampshire Reg Brown SPIRIT OF SOUTH CAROLINA Summerville SC Carlos Canario Discovery World Ltd.