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Dysphania Anthelmintica (Amaranthaceae), New to the Non- Native Flora of Italy, and Taxonomic Considerations on the Related Species

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Dysphania Anthelmintica (Amaranthaceae), New to the Non- Native Flora of Italy, and Taxonomic Considerations on the Related Species HACQUETIA 10/1 • 2011, 41–48 DOI: 10.2478/v10028-011-0002-x DYSPHANIA ANTHELMINTICA (AMARANTHACEAE), NEW TO THE NON- NATIVE FLORA OF ITALY, AND TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS ON THE RELATED SPECIES Duilio IAMONICO1 Abstract Dysphania anthelmintica is recorded for the first time for Italy (Lazio region). Morphological and ecological characteristics of this plant and its invasive status, as compared with those of Dysphania ambrodioides and Chenopodium suffruticosum, are presented and discussed. Taxonomical notes are also provided. Key words: Alien species, Ciampino, Chenopodium suffruticosum Willd., Dysphania R. Br., Dysphania ambrosio­ ides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Lazio Region, Italy, Pavona. Izvleček Na ozemlju Italije (območje Lazio) smo prvič zabeležili vrsto Dysphania anthelmintica. Obravnavali smo mor- fološke in ekološke značilnosti te vrste in njen invazivni status v primerjavi z vrstama Dysphania ambrodioides in Chenopodium suffruticosum. Predstavili smo tudi taksonomske opombe. Ključne besede: tujerodna vrsta, Ciampino, Chenopodium suffruticosum Willd., Dysphania R. Br., Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, območje Lazio, Italija, Pavona. 1. INTRODUCTION ants & Mosyakin 2003) and the Flora of China (Zhu Gelin et al. 2003) as well as by some Euro- The generic name Dysphania R. Br. has been tra- pean botanists (e.g., Celesti-Grapow et al. 2009a, ditionally applied to 7–10 species endemic to Celesti-Grapow et al. 2009b, Iamonico 2009, Australia (Aellen 1930a, Scott 1978, Wilson 1983). Celesti-Grapow et al. 2010). Placement and rank of this taxon have ranged At present, the genus Dysphania includes from a single genus of a family Dysphaniaceae about 45 species (Western Australian Herbarium (Pax & Hoffmann 1934), over a genus included 1998–2009, Mosyakin & Clemants 2002, Verloove in Illecebraceae or Caryophyllaceae, to a mere sec- & Lambinon 2006) Mosyakin & Clemants 2008, tion of Chenopodium L. in the Chenopodiaceae and is included by APG III (2009) in the widely (Aellen 1930a, Aellen 1930b). Recent phyloge- circumscribed Amaranthaceae (incl. Chenopodiace­ netic studies (Kadereit et al. 2003, Kadereit et al. ae). Most of them are native to the Americas (18 2005) have confirmed the position of Dysphania species) and to Australia (20 species), while the within Chenopodiaceae and indicated its close rala- remaining ones to Africa, Asia and Europe (see tionship with Chenopodium species characterized IPNI 2008). For Europe 9 species (sub Chenopodi­ by the presence of multicellular glandular hairs. um spp.) are reported (Brenan 1964, Jalas & Sou- Thus, they supported the proposal by Mosyakin minen 1980, Greuter et al. 1984, Akeroyd 1993, & Clemants (2002, 2008) to transfer the glandular DAISIE 2008), mostly distributed in central and species to Dysphania R. Br. southern Europe. The genus Dysphania was accepted subse- Dysphania differs from Chenopodium in having quently in the Flora of North America (Clem- multicellular glandular hairs (especially on the 1 Via dei Colli Albani 170, 00179-Roma, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] 41 Hacquetia 10/1 • 2011, 41–48 stem) and a strong aromatic odour [some species available on the web: Fairchild Tropical Botanic (e. g. D. aristata (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants) have Garden 2007, Röpert 2008, Linnean Society Col- the stem slightly glandular, not aromatic and the lections Online 2009). terminal branches of the inflorescences bristle- The protologue by Linnaeus (1753) and the tipped]; Chenopodium has the stem glabrous or descriptions by Clemants & Mosyakin (2003) farinose (never glandular), not aromatic (some- were used to identify the species. The plants were times malodorous) and branches never bristle- also examined by Prof. S. L. Mosyakin (National tipped. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) to confirm my Chenopodium anthelminticum L. also belongs identification. to the group of taxa now included in Dysphania, The evalutation of the invasive status follows as D. anthelmintica (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants. Pyšek et al. (2004). According to the infrageneric classification pro- posed by Mosyakin & Clemants (2002, 2008), the species is included in the Sect. Adenois (Moq.) 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mosyakin & Clemants and it is closely related with the polymorphic D. ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Taxonomical notes Clemants. Other authors (e.g. Aellen 1960–1961, Pignatti 1982) also included in this aggregate the Dysphania anthelmintica was first described (sub C. species C. suffruticosum Willd. anthelminticum) from “Pensylvania” in 1753 (Lin- D. anthelmintica is probably native to the At- naeus 1753) as “CHENOPODIUM … racemis aphyl­ lantic and Gulf coast of north America (Clemants lis”. Moquin-Tandon (1840) applied the name Am­ and Mosyakin 2003), so it is an alien species for brina anthelmintica Spach. and reported “Affini A. Italy and Europe. ambrosioidi, sed perennis et spicis non foliosis…”. De In this paper D. anthelmintica (L.) Mosyakin Candolle (1849) indicated C. anthelminticum as “C. & Clemants is reported for the first time for Italy Ambrosioidi affine, sed perenne… et spicis aphyllis”. (Lazio region) its invasive status, as well as taxo- Gray & Sullivant (1856) proposed the new com- nomical, morphological and ecological notes are bination C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) provided. A comparison with the related species Gray, and reported that it differs from the typical D. ambrosioides is also given. Moreover, the iden- variety in having the “spikes… mostly leafless”. Rob- tity of another, putatively closely related species inson & Fernald (1908) accepted the choice by (C. suffruticosum), is discussed and clarified. Gray (1956). Coste (1908) treated C. anthelminti­ cum at specific rank with “… glomérules … plus ou moins feuillée …” [“… glomerules … more or less leafy 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS …”]. Two years later, Rouy (1910) reported C. an­ thelminticum as variety of C. ambrosioides [accord- Plants, later determined as D. anthelmintica, were ing to Gray (1856)] indicating “… grappes bien moin collected in RO and in the personal Herbarium feuillées ou presque nues …” [“… glomerules with few of the author (Herb. Iamonico). bracts or leafless …”]. Aellen (1929) proposed the Macromorphologial data were obtained both combination C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum from living plants or from exsiccata kept in B!, (L.) Aellen, but this name is a later homonym of FTG! RO!, FI!, LINN!, S! and in the personal C. ambrosioides var. anthelminticum (L.) Gray, so it Herbarium of the author (Herb. Iamonico). The is illegittimate under art. 53.1 of ICNB (McNeill following characters were measured/observed: et al., 2006). Subsequently, Fournier (1946) quot- plant life form (annual or perennial), habitus ed C. anthelminticum in a note under the descrip- (herbaceous or suffruticose), leaves [length and tion of C. ambrosiodes and reported “… bractées width of the blades, ratio length/width (shape of trés petit cachées sous les verticilles …” [“… bracts the blade), margins (entire, dentate or serrate)], very small hidden by the glomerules …”]. Guinochet inflorescence [structure (single or compound & Vilmorin (1973) included C. anthelminticum panicle), length of the glomerules, presence and in the synonymy of C. ambrosioides. The com- length of the subtending leaves]. prehensive European floras (Brenan 1964, Jalas Taxonomical considerations are based on an & Souminen 1980, Greuter et al. 1984, Akeroyd extensive analysis of the literature, and on the ex- 1993) have not listed D. anthelmintica, only C. amination of the herbarium specimens (some are ambrosioides with “… Infiorescence … bracteate …”, 42 Duilio Iamonico: Dysphania anthelmintica (Amaranthaceae), New to the Non-native Flora of Italy … and included the name C. anthelminticum auct. 1. C. ambrosioides is usually an annual herb, non L. in synonymy. More recently, Mosyakin & sometimes biennal or perennial (in the latter Clemants (2002) proposed the new combination case the plants show a shrub-habitus). The Dysphania anthelminthica (L.) Mosyakin & Clem- margins of the leaves are usually dentate or ants, accepting its specific rank, and later, in the serrate (sometimes entire). The inflorescence determination key of the genus Dysphania in the is very variable, especially in general struc- Flora of North America (Clemants & Mosyakin ture (from single or few spikes to compound 2003), indicated its morphological affinity with panicle); leaves subtending the glomerule are D. ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, from always present and much longer than these; which it differs in having the “Inflorescences leaf­ 2. Plants previously determined as C. suffrutico­ less (glomerules without subtending leaves throughout sum are always perennial. The margins of the inflorescence, or subtending leaves very small, shorter leaves are dentate. The inflorescence is usually than glomerules)”. compound (rarely simple) and always leafy; Another morphologically similar species is 3. C. anthelminticum is a perennial shrub [Mosya- Chenopodium suffuricosum Willd., first described kin & Clemants (2003) report this species as from “Pensylvania, Mexico” in 1809 (Willdenow annual for North America]. The margins of 1809); the author also reported “Valde simile the leaves are usually dentate (sometimes en- preacedenti [C. ambrosioides], sed folia magis vel tire or laciniate). The inflorescence is always potuis profundius dentata, venis subtus ramosioribus; compound, with several spikes (in plants from racemi basi quandoque subcompositi; caulis suffruti­ Italy, I counted
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