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The Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus, and Its Ir , hybrid ir. Gil Luypaert ir. Rhododendron simsii Polyphagotarsonemus latus Polyphagotarsonemus and its interactions with pot azalea, The broad mite, mite, broad The The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and its ir. Gil Luypaert interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid 2015 Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Clercq Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium Dr. ir. Jan De Riek Plant Sciences Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Breeding, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Prof. Dr. Martine Maes Plant Sciences Unit, Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus , and its interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid by ir. Gil Luypaert Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation: De begoniamijt, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), en zijn interacties met potazalea, Rhododendron simsii hybride Please refer to his work as follows: Luypaert G (2015) The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and its interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Frontcover: Scanning electron image from a Polyphagotarsonemus latus female (photo: author) Backcover: Top left, infested azalea flower; top right, infested azalea shoot tip; bottom left, azalea flowers with different colors and bottom right, scanning electron image from a Polyphagotarsonemus latus female (photos: author) Cover design by Inge Coudron ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-826-4 The research was conducted at the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Plant Sciences Unit – Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, B-9090 Melle, Belgium The author and promoters give the permission to use this study for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use only. Every other use is subject to copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Acknowledgements Finally, I can present my PhD, but sincerely this thesis reflects the work of many others who supported and guided me during four intense years of hard working. To express my gratitude to all the co-workers, however, it might not be enough, I would like to acknowledge them in their own language. Vooreerst wil ik mijn promotoren bedanken voor de vele steun in het onderzoek. Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Clercq, jou wil ik speciaal bedanken om mij als doctoraatsonderzoeker op te nemen in de vakgroep Gewasbescherming. Ondanks de afstand tussen onze bureaus (jij in Gent en ik in Melle) was jij er altijd voor mij, van het lezen en verbeteren van papers, tot het uitstippelen en bediscussiëren van experimenten in de week, zelfs in het weekend en naar mijn vermoeden ook gedurende je vakanties. Ik wil je voor al je werk en aanmoedigingen nogmaals heel hard bedanken! Dr. ir. Jan De Riek en Prof. Dr. Martine Maes, mijn respectievelijke eerste en tweede evaluator op ILVO maar beide tevens ook co-promotor van deze thesis, jullie wil ik bedanken voor de vrijheid die ik kreeg binnen mijn onderzoek. Hierdoor kon ik naast het projectwerk ook dieper ingaan op bepaalde aspecten die geleid hebben tot deze thesis. Daarnaast wil ik ook Dr. ir. Johan Van Huylenbroeck speciaal bedanken voor de steun en de tijd die je steeds voor mij vrij maakte als ik weer eens langs kwam met een “vraagje”. Johan, naast het wetenschappelijke luik was jij ook op menselijk vlak een grote steun, dankzij jou heb ik mijn project en people management skills sterk kunnen ontwikkelen. Ing. Johan Witters, bedankt voor alle hulp tijdens het mijtenwerk. Het op bepaalde momenten 24 uur per dag klaar staan voor mijn experimenten, zal ik niet vergeten en ik ben je hiervoor enorm dankbaar. Verder wil ook uitdrukkelijk Dr. ir. Ellen De Keyser, Dr. ir. Emmy Dhooghe, Dr. ir. Tom Ruttink, Dr. apr. Christof Van Poucke en Dr. ir. Els Van Pamel bedanken voor de fijne samenwerkingen en hun hulp in het expressiewerk, RNAseq analyse en de hormoonanalyses. Robrecht, bijna drie jaar mijn bureaugenoot, bedankt voor de goede verstandhouding. Ik wens je veel succes met het afwerken van jouw doctoraat. Ik zou ook nog een speciale dank willen uitbrengen aan Magali, mijn teammaatje voor het labowerk binnen het project. Bedankt voor al het werk in het labo dat jij uit handen nam. Verder nog een grote dank aan Laurence, die met haar ervaring in het labo een echte rots in de branding was. Jorien, Veerle en Sophie, de hulp die jullie in het labo boden apprecieer ik erg hard, bedankt hiervoor! Evelien en Romain de azalea veredelaars bij uitstek, jullie bedank ik om mij de azaleateelt in de praktijk bij te leren. Dieter, Laurette en de andere medewerkers in de serre, bedankt voor het stekken, opgroeien en vooral het met veel liefde behandelen van mijn planten. Ook op het PCS, de projectpartner, wil ik nog enkele mensen bedanken. Bart en Els M mijn respectievelijk, vroegere en huidige onderzoekspartner en ten slotte azaleakenner Els P. Daarnaast wil ook nog alle andere collega’s en vrienden bedanken voor de fijne en aangename samenwerking op de verschillende departementen, afdelingen en/of eenheden waar ik gedurende vier jaar regelmatig langs kwam, zowel op ILVO, the Laboratory of Agrozoology, UGent als het PCS. Een woordje van dank gaat ook uit naar het IWT en de co-financiers van project die naast hun financiële steun ook hun volle vertrouwen en interesse gaven. Dr. ir. Kristiaan Van Laecke, bedankt om mij destijds de kans te geven om mijn wetenschappelijke carrière te laten starten met dit project. Tot slot nog een welgemeende dank-u-wel aan mijn ouders, broer, Anneliesje, (schoon)familie en vrienden. Vake en moeke, ik kan jullie echt niet genoeg bedanken voor alle steun, opofferingen, tijd en moeite die jullie in mij geïnvesteerd hebben en nog steeds doen. Gil Luypaert, juni 2015 Table of contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 Introduction, objectives and thesis outline ...................................................... 1 1. Introduction, objectives and thesis outline .................................................................................. 2 1.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Thesis outline .................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 A literature review .................................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 6 2. The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus ( Banks) ............................................................. 6 2.1. Taxonomy and distribution ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2. Biology and life cycle ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Morphology ..................................................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Host spectrum and damage ..................................................................................................... 15 2.5. Control ............................................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.1. Plant resistance .................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.2. Chemical control .................................................................................................................. 19 2.5.3. Biological control ................................................................................................................ 21 2.5.4. Physical control .................................................................................................................... 22 3. The Belgian pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid (Planch) ........................................ 23 3.1. Taxonomy, origin and distribution ...................................................................................... 23 3.2. Economic importance for Ghent region ............................................................................ 25 3.3. Cultivation process ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Breeding ............................................................................................................................................ 26 4. Plant defence regulated by the phytohormone jasmonic acid ........................................ 28 4.1. Plant defence .................................................................................................................................
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