DOCSLIB.ORG

Factors Affecting Flower Development and Quality in Rhododendron Simsii

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Factors Affecting Flower Development and Quality in Rhododendron Simsii Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii Annelies Christiaens Promoters Prof. dr. ir. Marie-Christine Van Labeke Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production Dr. Bruno Gobin PCS Ornamental Plant Research Dean Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii Annelies Christiaens Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Nederlandse titel: Factoren die de bloemontwikkeling en bloeikwaliteit van azalea (Rhododendron simsii) beïnvloeden Christiaens, A. (2014) Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-712-0 The authors and promoters give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of the work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in the work should be obtained from the author. Table of contents Summary v Samenvatting ix List of abbreviations xiii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Taxonomy, morphology and origin 1 1.2 Azalea breeding 4 1.3 Economic importance of azalea for the Ghent region 5 1.4 Cultivation of azalea 5 1.5 Flowering: a complex process 7 1.5.1 Floral induction 8 1.5.2 Flower initiation and flower development 12 1.5.3 Dormancy 14 1.5.4 Anthesis 15 1.6 Research objectives and thesis outline 15 CHAPTER 2 FLOWER DIFFERENTIATION OF AZALEA DEPENDS ON GENOTYPE AND NOT ON THE USE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Materials and methods 21 2.2.1 Plant material 21 2.2.2 Experiment 1 Effect of PGR application 21 2.2.3 Experiment 2 Seasonal variations 21 2.2.4 Experiment 3 Genotypic variation in flower development 22 2.2.5 Assessment of flower bud development 22 2.2.6 Climatic registration 22 2.2.7 Statistical analysis 22 2.3 Results 23 i Table of contents 2.3.1 Effect of PGR on flower development 23 2.3.2 Seasonal effects 24 2.3.3 Genotypic variation in flower development 25 2.4 Discussion 26 2.4.1 Effect of PGR on flower initiation and differentiation 26 2.4.2 Seasonal effects on flower bud development 27 2.4.3 Genotypic variation 28 2.5 Conclusions 28 CHAPTER 3 FLOWER BUD DORMANCY OF RHODODENDRON SIMSII IS INFLUENCED BY GENOTYPE, PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND FLOWER BUD DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE 29 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Materials and methods 32 3.2.1 Experiment 1 Effect of dormancy-breaking cold treatment on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 32 3.2.2 Experiment 2 Effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 32 3.2.3 Experiment 3 Optimum flower bud stage to respond to cold treatment 33 3.2.4 Assessment of flower bud development 33 3.2.5 ABA bio-assay 33 3.2.6 Endogenous ABA concentrations 34 3.2.7 Quality of flowering 34 3.2.8 Statistical analysis 35 3.3 Results 35 3.3.1 Experiment 1 Effect of dormancy-breaking cold treatment on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 35 3.3.2 Experiment 2 Effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 37 3.3.3 Experiment 3 Optimum flower bud stage to respond to cold treatment 40 3.4 Discussion 41 3.4.1 Effect of dormancy-breaking cold treatment on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 41 3.4.2 Effect of plant growth regulators (PGR) on endogenous ABA content, ABA sensitivity and quality of flowering 43 3.4.3 Floral developmental stage determines the start of dormancy breaking treatments 44 3.5 Conclusions 45 CHAPTER 4 DETERMINING THE MINIMUM DAILY LIGHT INTEGRAL FOR FORCING OF AZALEA (RHODODENDRON SIMSII) 47 ii Table of contents 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Materials and methods 49 4.2.1 Plant material 49 4.2.2 Whole-plant gas exchange measuring technique 50 4.2.3 Determining the minimum DLI 52 4.2.4 Effect of temperature on minimum DLI 53 4.2.5 Effect of developmental stage on minimum DLI 53 4.2.6 Effect of developmental stage on carbohydrate content 53 4.2.7 Forcing experiments 54 4.2.8 Statistical analysis 54 4.3 Results 55 4.3.1 Daily carbon assimilation 55 4.3.2 Determining the minimum DLI 56 4.3.3 Effect of temperature on photosynthesis and DLI 57 4.3.4 Effect of developmental stage on DLI 58 4.3.5 Effect of developmental stage on carbohydrate content 58 4.3.6 Flowering quality under different DLIs 59 4.4 Discussion 60 4.4.1 Method to determine the minimum DLI 60 4.4.2 Minimum DLI is cultivar dependent 62 4.4.3 Effect of temperature on DLI 62 4.4.4 Effect of developmental stage on DLI 63 4.4.5 Minimum DLI and plant quality 64 4.5 Conclusions 65 CHAPTER 5 COLD STORAGE TO OVERCOME DORMANCY AFFECTS THE CARBOHYDRATE STATUS AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY OF RHODODENDRON SIMSII 67 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Materials and methods 69 5.2.1 Plant material and experimental set-up 69 5.2.2 Determination of soluble sugars and starch 70 5.2.3 Gene expression analysis of carbohydrate metabolism genes 71 5.2.4 Photosynthesis measurements 71 5.2.5 Statistical analysis 72 5.3 Results 72 5.3.1 Carbohydrate metabolism during cold storage 72 5.3.2 Gene expression profiling during cold treatment 75 5.3.3 Effect of cold treatment on photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism 78 5.4 Discussion 79 iii Table of contents 5.4.1 Carbohydrate metabolism during cold storage 79 5.4.2 Photosynthetic recovery after cold treatment 80 5.4.3 Effect of dormancy status of the flower buds on photosynthesis 81 5.4.4 Effect of cultivar on photosynthesis 82 5.5 Conclusions 82 CHAPTER 6 SOURCE-SINK METABOLISM DURING FLOWERING OF AZALEA IS INFLUENCED BY LIGHT CONDITIONS 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Materials and methods 85 6.2.1 Plant material 85 6.2.2 Experimental set-up 1: manipulating photosynthate level 86 6.2.3 Experimental set-up 2: influence of PGR 88 6.2.4 Soluble carbohydrates and starch content 88 6.2.5 Enzyme activities 89 6.2.6 Assessment of the quality of flowering 89 6.2.7 Statistical analysis 89 6.3 Results 90 6.3.1 Carbohydrate content before forcing 90 6.3.2 Carbohydrate content during forcing 93 6.3.3 Enzymatic activity during forcing 97 6.3.4 Post-production carbohydrate content 99 6.3.5 Enzymatic activity during post-production 103 6.3.6 Quality of flowering 103 6.3.7 Effect of a high dose of paclobutrazol 105 6.4 Discussion 109 6.4.1 Sucrose metabolism during flowering under optimal conditions 109 6.4.2 Effect of forcing conditions on sucrose metabolism 110 6.4.3 Post-production sucrose metabolism and flowering quality 111 6.4.4 Effect of a high dose of paclobutrazol on sucrose metabolism and flowering 111 6.5 Conclusions 112 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 113 References 123 Additional data to chapter 5 137 Curriculum vitae 141 Dankwoord iv Summary As part of the genus Rhododendron, azalea is well known for its luxuriant flowering. Each year, 30 million plants are produced with a production value of 48.2 million euro in East Flanders (Belgium). High-quality flowering is essential and is considered to be a homogeneous bud burst in the forcing greenhouse and a continuous development to fully open flowers at indoor conditions. Growers continuously strive to improve the quality of their products and a simple question arose: “Why do azalea flowers not always open at indoor conditions?” We tried to answer this question by an in-depth physiological research of the complex flowering process. Analysing the production methods, we see drastic changes over the last decade. The complete production process is forced to a higher productivity, but as a result it becomes more challenging to keep flowering quality up to standards. A year-round production of flowering plants is established through a shorter and different timing of production, an increased use of plant growth regulators, the use of supplemental light during forcing and a new range of cultivars. These cultivars can be divided into three groups according to their natural flowering time: early flowering, semi-early flowering and late flowering. In a first part of this research, we focus on flower differentiation and flower bud dormancy. First, we investigated the effects of the altered production processes on flower initiation and differentiation. As we expected large genotypic differences between cultivars of different flowering groups, the experiments are performed using early-, semi-early- and late-flowering cultivars. We hypothesized that the increased use of the plant growth regulators (chlormequat and paclobutrazol; inhibitors of the gibberellin biosynthesis pathway) to control the vegetative growth and initiate flowering would affect flower differentiation rate. Our results show that although flower initiation is triggered by chlormequat, subsequent flower differentiation is not influenced v Summary by the application of plant growth regulators (PGR). Nevertheless, plants treated with PGR, have an evenly distributed flower bud formation at plant level compared to control plants. A different timing of the production cycle means that climatic conditions (temperature, light intensity, day length) are different during flower differentiation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterizing the Genetic Variation in Seven Species of Deciduous Native Azaleas and Identifying the Mechanism of Azalea Lacebug Resistance in Deciduous Azalea
    CHARACTERIZING THE GENETIC VARIATION IN SEVEN SPECIES OF DECIDUOUS NATIVE AZALEAS AND IDENTIFYING THE MECHANISM OF AZALEA LACEBUG RESISTANCE IN DECIDUOUS AZALEA by MATTHEW RANDOLPH CHAPPELL (Under the direction of Dr. Carol Robacker) ABSTRACT Despite the ecologic and economic importance of native deciduous azaleas (Rhododendron spp. section Pentanthera), our understanding of interspecific variation of North American deciduous azalea species is limited. Furthermore, little is known concerning intraspecific or interpopulation genetic variation. The present study addresses questions of genetic diversity through the use of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Twenty-five populations of seven species of native azalea were analyzed using three primer pairs that amplified a total of 417 bands. Based on analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and estimates of Nei’s coefficients of gene diversity (HS, HT, and GST), the majority of variation in deciduous azalea occurs within populations. Both among species and among population variation was low, likely the effect of common ancestry as well as frequent introgression among members (and populations) of section Pentanthera. The majority of populations were grouped into species based on Nei’s unbiased genetic distances viewed as a UPGMA phenogram. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to breeding in section Pentanthera. In addition to the lack of information concerning genetic variation in North American native azaleas, little is known concerning the insect-plant interaction between the primary azalea pest in the United States, azalea lace bug (ALB) (Stephanitis pyrioides Scott), and deciduous azalea. Azaleas are largely resistant to predation by insects, with the exception of ALB. Within deciduous azalea (Rhododendron section Pentanthera) varying levels of resistance to ALB is observed with a continuous distribution from susceptible to highly resistant.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Two Azaleas, Rhododendron Ripense and Rhododendron
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.17.448907; this version posted June 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Whole-genome sequencing and analysis of two azaleas, Rhododendron ripense and Rhododendron 2 kiyosumense 3 4 Kenta Shirasawa1*, Nobuo Kobayashi2, Akira Nakatsuka2, Hideya Ohta2, Sachiko Isobe1 5 6 1Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan 7 2Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, Shimane 8 690-8504, Japan 9 10 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: 11 Kenta Shirasawa 12 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan 13 Tel.: +81 438 52 3935 14 Fax: +81 438 52 3934 15 E-mail: [email protected] 16 17 Running title: Whole-genome sequencing of two azalea genomes 18 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.17.448907; this version posted June 18, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 19 ABSTRACT 20 To enhance the genomics and genetics of azalea, the whole-genome sequences of two species of 21 Rhododendron were determined and analyzed in this study: Rhododendron ripense, the cytoplasmic donor 22 and ancestral species of large-flowered and evergreen azalea cultivars, respectively; and Rhododendron 23 kiyosumense, a native of Chiba prefecture (Japan) seldomly bred and cultivated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red List of Rhododendrons
    The Red List of Rhododendrons Douglas Gibbs, David Chamberlain and George Argent BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100 countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation, sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI) , founded in 1903 and the International, Richmond, UK world’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve © 2011 Botanic Gardens Conservation International threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of ISBN: 978-1-905164-35-6 human needs. Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN is undertaken through a partnership between FFI and BGCI, working with a wide range of other The designation of geographical entities in this document and the presentation of the material do not organizations around the world, to save the world’s most threatened trees imply any expression on the part of the authors and the habitats in which they grow through the provision of information, or Botanic Gardens Conservation International delivery of conservation action and support for sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhododendron Update 1 Ver4 290614
    RHODODENDRON UPDATE 1 (JULY2014) INTRODUCTION Our Society tries its best to keep ahead of developments in the Rhododendron world. You might think that one of the most basic things we would have is a checklist of world Rhododendron species; which ones are in Australia, and where, which ones are not and which of these are on ICON as Rhododendron species whose seed may be imported without a permit. The Society could then approach the government authority, DAFF, to enquire about whether those species not in Australia nor on the present list of species whose seed is permitted to be imported into Australia without a permit1 could be added to the list, after appropriate weediness vetting. Unfortunately that is not the case. There is no definitive list of Rhododendron species of the world. If you ask even the simple question “how many species of Rhododendron are there?”, let alone “what are their names?”, you will get figures as low as 800 and as high as more than 1400. There is a range of reasons for this. New species are constantly being discovered in the wild. Procedural issues of botanical nomenclature require change or modification of species names. Books and lists, unsurprisingly, occasionally make mistakes. One of the more frustrating issues is the fact that changes to taxonomy split or lump species regularly. These splits or lumps can be controversial and a “species” can flip flop backwards and forwards between being a species in its own right or merely a variety or subspecies some other species. As, mostly amateur, enthusiasts our sources tend to be books.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimizing Management Guidelines for the Non-Native Azalea Lace Bug On
    Optimizing Management Guidelines for the Non-Native Azalea Lace Bug on Rhododendron Species in Western Washington Ryan R. Garrison A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2020 Committee: Patrick Tobin Thomas M. Hinckley Soo-Hyung Kim Helena Puche Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Environmental and Forest Sciences © Copyright 2020 Ryan R. Garrison University of Washington Abstract Optimizing Management Guidelines for the Non-Native Azalea Lace Bug on Rhododendron Species in Western Washington Ryan R. Garrison Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Patrick Tobin School of Environmental and Forest Sciences The non-native, invasive azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott), is one of the most serious insect pests of the genus Rhododendron, especially evergreen azaleas, an especially popular subgenus of Rhododendron. Feeding by nymphs and adults remove chlorophyll from leaves, reducing rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of infested plants, and causes stippling on the top of the leaf, which reduces the aesthetic value of infested plants. Severe infestations can lead to plant death. Introduced to the eastern U.S. from Japan in 1916, its presence in western Washington was confirmed in 2007. Research on azalea lace bug in the Pacific Northwest is extremely limited to date. In my thesis research, I investigated the seasonality of azalea lace bug in western Washington, and developed region-specific degree-day models to optimize sampling efforts and the timing of control measures. I also studied the susceptibility of Rhododendron spp. to azalea lace bug by assessing feeding damage in 71 different species and cultivars.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Activities and Cytotoxicity of Leaf Extracts from Plants of the Genus Rhododendron
    From Ethnomedicine to Application: Biological Activities and Cytotoxicity of Leaf Extracts from Plants of the Genus Rhododendron by Ahmed Rezk a Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry Approved Dissertation Committee Prof. Dr. Matthias Ullrich, Prof. of Microbiology Prof. Dr. Klaudia Brix, Prof. of Cell Biology Jacobs University Bremen Prof. Dr. Nikolai Kuhnert Prof. of Chemistry Jacobs University Bremen Prof. Dr. Dirk Albach, Prof. of Plant Biodiversity University of Oldenburg Date of Defense: 15.06.2015 This PhD thesis project was financed by Stiftung Rhododendronpark Bremen Dedicated to: My Wife Rasha Acknowledgment Acknowledgment First, I thank Allah for giving me the ability and strength to accomplish this study. I would like to express my gratitude to the following people for support during my work: I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my PhD supervisors, Prof. Dr. Matthias Ullrich, and Prof. Dr. Klaudia Brix, who gave me the opportunity to compose my doctoral thesis in their workgroups. I would like to thank them for their support, guidance and all the time they gave to discuss and help in designing experiments to achieve this work. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, Prof. Dr. Nikolai Kuhnert and Prof. Dr. Dirk Albach for their time and for their valuable comments during our meetings and reviewing my thesis. I would specifically like to thank AG Ullrich and AG Brix lab members, Amna Mehmood, Antje Stahl, Gabriela Alfaro-Espinoza, Khaled Abdallah, Neha Kumari, Maria Qatato, Joanna Szumska, and Jonas Weber for maintaining a friendly and family working environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Lista De Taxa Invasores E De Risco Para Portugal
    Lista de taxa invasores e de risco para Portugal Júlio Gaspar Reis Versão pré-publicação – maio de 2016 Imagem da capa: amêijoa-asiática Corbicula fluminea, rio da Areia, Valado dos Frades, Nazaré. Foto do autor. Como citar esta obra: Reis J (2016) Lista de taxa invasores e de risco para Portugal. Versão pré-publicação, maio de 2016. 107 pp. Júlio Gaspar Reis publica esta obra sob a licença “Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International”. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.pt – 2 – ÍNDICE ÍNDICE, 3 Alternanthera caracasana (R), 16 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS, 7 Alternanthera herapungens (R), 16 INTRODUÇÃO, 8 Alternanthera nodiflora (R), 17 VÍRUS, 9 Alternanthera philoxeroides (R), 17 Ranavirus (I), 9 Amaranthus spp. (N), 17 BACTÉRIAS, 10 Amaryllis belladona (C), 17 Erwinia amylovora (I), 10 Ambrosia artemisiifolia (N), 17 [Candidatus Liberibacter africanus] (I), 10 Amorpha fruticosa (C), 17 [Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis] (I), 10 Aptenia cordifolia (C), 17 Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidae (I), 10 Araujia sericifera (C), 18 Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (R), 10 Arctotheca calendula (I), 18 Xylella fastidiosa (R), 11 Artemisia verlotiorum (N), 18 CHROMALVEOLATA, 12 Arundo donax (I), 18 Plasmopara viticola (I), 12 Aster squamatus (N), 18 PLANTAS, 13 Azolla filiculoides (I), 18 Abutilon theophrasti (N), 13 Bidens aurea (N), 18 Acacia baileyana (C), 13 Bidens frondosa (I), 19 Acacia cultriformis (E), 13 Boussingaultia cordifolia (C), 19 Acacia cyclops (I), 13 Carpobrotus edulis (I), 19 Acacia dealbata (I), 13 Cercis siliquastrum (N), 19 Acacia decurrens (E), 13 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (C), 19 Acacia karroo (N/I), 14 Chasmanthe spp. (N), 19 Acacia longifolia (I), 14 Clethra arborea (I), 19 Acacia mearnsii (I), 14 Commelina communis (N?), 20 Acacia melanoxylon (I), 14 Conyza bilbaoana (C), 20 Acacia pycnantha (I), 14 Conyza bonariensis (I), 20 Acacia retinodes (I), 14 Conyza canadensis (I), 20 Acacia saligna (I), 14 Conyza sumatrensis (I), 20 Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br.
    [Show full text]
  • Mendelova Univerzita V Brně
    MENDELOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ ZAHRADNICKÁ FAKULTA V LEDNICI Použití rodu Rhododendron L. v zahradní a krajinářské architektuře za první republiky Diplomová práce Vypracoval: Bc. Tomáš Schuch Vedoucí práce: prof. Ing. Miloš Pejchal, CSc. Lednice, 2015 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma „Použití rodu Rhododendron L. v zahradní a krajinářské architektuře za první republiky“ vypracoval samostatně a veškeré použité prameny a informace uvádím v seznamu použité literatury. Souhlasím, aby moje práce byla zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. Jsem si vědom, že se na moji práci vztahuje zákon č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, a že Mendelova univerzita v Brně má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy a užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona. Dále se zavazuji, že před sepsáním licenční smlouvy o využití díla jinou osobou (subjektem) si vyžádám písemné stanovisko univerzity, že předmětná licenční smlouva není v rozporu s oprávněnými zájmy univerzity, a zavazuji se uhradit případný příspěvek na úhradu nákladů spojených se vznikem díla, a to až do jejich skutečné výše. V Lednici dne: …………………………………………….. podpis 1 Poděkování Rád bych poděkoval prof. Ing. Miloši Pejchalovi, CSc. za vedení mé diplomové práce, odborné rady a připomínky, poskytnutí odborné literatury ze své osobní knihovny a za motivaci, která mě vedla k lepšímu výkonu, ochotě a vstřícnosti. Dále bych rád poděkoval svému dědovi Ing. Josefu Schuchovi CSc. za poskytnutí životních zkušeností, pomoc při psaní práce a doprovázení při terénních průzkumech a zároveň děkuji celé mé rodině za podporu.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ancient Whole-Genome Duplication Event and Its Contribution to Flavor
    Wang et al. Horticulture Research (2021) 8:176 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-021-00613-z www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access An ancient whole-genome duplication event and its contribution to flavor compounds in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) Ya Wang1, Fei Chen1,YuanchunMa1, Taikui Zhang2, Pengchuan Sun 3,MeifangLan4,FangLi1 and Wanping Fang1 Abstract Tea, coffee, and cocoa are the three most popular nonalcoholic beverages in the world and have extremely high economic and cultural value. The genomes of four tea plant varieties have recently been sequenced, but there is some debate regarding the characterization of a whole-genome duplication (WGD) event in tea plants. Whether the WGD in the tea plant is shared with other plants in order Ericales and how it contributed to tea plant evolution remained unanswered. Here we re-analyzed the tea plant genome and provided evidence that tea experienced only WGD event after the core-eudicot whole-genome triplication (WGT) event. This WGD was shared by the Polemonioids-Primuloids- Core Ericales (PPC) sections, encompassing at least 17 families in the order Ericales. In addition, our study identified eight pairs of duplicated genes in the catechins biosynthesis pathway, four pairs of duplicated genes in the theanine biosynthesis pathway, and one pair of genes in the caffeine biosynthesis pathway, which were expanded and retained following this WGD. Nearly all these gene pairs were expressed in tea plants, implying the contribution of the WGD. This study shows that in addition to the role of the recent tandem gene duplication in the accumulation of tea flavor- related genes, the WGD may have been another main factor driving the evolution of tea flavor.
    [Show full text]
  • The Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus Latus, and Its Ir
    , hybrid ir. Gil Luypaert ir. Rhododendron simsii Polyphagotarsonemus latus Polyphagotarsonemus and its interactions with pot azalea, The broad mite, mite, broad The The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, and its ir. Gil Luypaert interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid 2015 Promotors: Prof. dr. ir. Patrick De Clercq Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium Dr. ir. Jan De Riek Plant Sciences Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Breeding, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Prof. Dr. Martine Maes Plant Sciences Unit, Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Belgium Dean: Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector: Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus , and its interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid by ir. Gil Luypaert Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Dutch translation: De begoniamijt, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), en zijn interacties met potazalea, Rhododendron simsii hybride Please refer to his work as follows: Luypaert G (2015) The broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), and its interactions with pot azalea, Rhododendron simsii hybrid. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Frontcover: Scanning electron image from a Polyphagotarsonemus latus female (photo: author) Backcover: Top left, infested azalea flower; top right, infested azalea shoot tip; bottom left, azalea flowers with different colors and bottom right, scanning electron image from a Polyphagotarsonemus latus female (photos: author) Cover design by Inge Coudron ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-826-4 The research was conducted at the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Plant Sciences Unit – Applied Genetics and Breeding, Caritasstraat 21, B-9090 Melle, Belgium The author and promoters give the permission to use this study for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use only.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Affecting Flower Development and Quality in Rhododendron Simsii
    Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii Annelies Christiaens Promoters Prof. dr. ir. Marie-Christine Van Labeke Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plant Production Dr. Bruno Gobin PCS Ornamental Plant Research Dean Prof. dr. ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii Annelies Christiaens Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences Nederlandse titel: Factoren die de bloemontwikkeling en bloeikwaliteit van azalea (Rhododendron simsii) beïnvloeden Christiaens, A. (2014) Factors affecting flower development and quality in Rhododendron simsii. PhD Thesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-712-0 The authors and promoters give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of the work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in the work should be obtained from the author. Table of contents Summary v Samenvatting ix List of abbreviations xiii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Taxonomy, morphology and origin 1 1.2 Azalea breeding 4 1.3 Economic importance of azalea for the Ghent region 5 1.4 Cultivation of azalea 5 1.5 Flowering: a complex process 7 1.5.1 Floral induction 8 1.5.2 Flower initiation and flower development 12 1.5.3 Dormancy 14 1.5.4 Anthesis 15 1.6 Research objectives and thesis outline 15 CHAPTER 2 FLOWER DIFFERENTIATION
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhododendron Genome and Chromosomal Organization Provide Insight Into Shared Whole-Genome Duplications Across the Heath Family (Ericaceae)
    GBE The Rhododendron Genome and Chromosomal Organization Provide Insight into Shared Whole-Genome Duplications across the Heath Family (Ericaceae) Valerie L. Soza 1,*, Dale Lindsley1,†, Adam Waalkes1,5, Elizabeth Ramage1, Rupali P. Patwardhan2, Joshua N. Burton2,6, Andrew Adey2,7,AkashKumar2,8, Ruolan Qiu2,†, Jay Shendure2,3,4, and Benjamin Hall1 1Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 2Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 3Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 5Present address: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 6Present address: Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 7Present address: Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 8Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA †Retired. *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted: November 4, 2019 Data deposition: DNA sequencing data and final genome assembly for Rhododendron williamsianum have been deposited at NCBI BioProject under the accession PRJNA432092 and at CoGe under genome ID 51679. In the genome assembly, within each linkage group, all ordered scaffolds are given in their LACHESIS order, followed by all unordered scaffolds listed in descending order of length. Unclustered scaffolds are listed after linkage group 13 in descending order of length. The scripts used for genome assembly, annotation, and comparative genomics are available in the GitHub repository (https://github.com/vsoza/rhododendron-genome/). Synteny analyses within the Comparative Genomics (CoGe) platform can be obtained from the links given. Rhododendron delavayi: https://genomevolution.org/r/14kzh (whole-genome); Rhododendron williamsia- num: https://genomevolution.org/r/12blb, https://genomevolution.org/r/17qc6 (ordered scaffolds); Vaccinum corymbosum: https://genomevolu- tion.org/r/14oui.
    [Show full text]