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Host-Choice Behavior of Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

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Host-Choice Behavior of Diaphorina Citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Under Laboratory Conditions J Insect Behav (2015) 28:138–146 DOI 10.1007/s10905-015-9488-2 Host-Choice Behavior of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Under Laboratory Conditions Chuan-Qing Ruan & David G. Hall & Bo Liu & Yong-Ping Duan & Tao Li & Han-Qing Hu & Guo-Cheng Fan Revised: 28 January 2015 /Accepted: 13 February 2015 / Published online: 25 February 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the vector of the bacterial pathogens that cause Huanglongbing (HLB), considered to be the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Knowledge of the ACP’s host-plant finding behavior aids in our understanding of the epidemiology of HLB and in designing experiments to investigate host plant resistance to ACP. We present the results of Highlights • Adult of Asian Citrus Psyllids (ACP) spent at least 9 hours to identify host plants (M. paniculata and C. reticulata)fromR. simsii, regarded as a non-host plant of ACP. • ACP adults were always observed on R. simsii, suggesting that adults regularly moved among the plant species. • Adult ACP showed a strong preference for settling on flush leaves as opposed to mature leaves or other plant locations • For ACP adults, larger flush shoots of host plant were as attractive as tiny new shoots. C.<Q. Ruan : B. Liu (*) : H.<Q. Hu : G.<C. Fan Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China e-mail: [email protected] C.<Q. Ruan e-mail: [email protected] H.<Q. Hu e-mail: [email protected] G.<C. Fan e-mail: [email protected] D. G. Hall : Y.<P. Duan U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA/ARS), Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA D. G. Hall e-mail: [email protected] Y. <P. Duan e-mail: [email protected] T. Li Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China e-mail: [email protected] J Insect Behav (2015) 28:138–146 139 research conducted to assess the ability of adult ACP to distinguish between a non-host plant [Rhododendron simsii Planch. (Ericales: Ericaceae)] and two host plant species [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack and BLugan^ Citrus reticulata Blanco (Sapindales: Rutaceae)] in a caged, free-choice situation. After being introduced into cages with the three plant species, more than 9 h elapsed before adult ACP made definite plant choices. Subsequently for more than 7 days, although adults were observed on R. simsii each time the plants were inspected, greater numbers were usually observed on M. paniculata or C. reticulata. Ultimately, most adults were on C. reticulata,interme- diate numbers were on M. paniculata, and few were on R. simsii. However, at least some ACP adults were always observed on R. simsii,suggestingthatadultsregularly moved within a cage among the plant species. Regular movement of adults between plants would favor dissemination not only of its population but also of HLB. Adult ACP showed a strong preference for settling on flush leaves as opposed to mature leaves or other plant locations, and larger flush shoots were as attractive as tiny new shoots. It is well known that host plant volatiles such as those associated with flush attract ACP adults and regulate how fast and where they settle on a plant. Keywords Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) . huanglongbing . host- choice behavior Introduction The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is one of the vectors of bacterial pathogens that cause Huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide (Aubert 1990;daGraça1991). HLB systemically infects citrus trees and causes symptoms including yellowed shoots with blotchy mottled leaves, lopsided fruit sometimes with uneven ripening at the stylar end, and aborted seeds. HLB- infected citrus trees gradually decline in productivity and may die in 3 to 5 years depending on factors such as tree age and grove management practices (Bouffard 2006; Halbert and Manjunath 2004; Hall and Hentz 2011).Thepathogenassociatedwith HLB is a vector-borne, phloem-limited bacterium that to-date remains uncultured in vitro. Three distinct etiologic agents of HLB have been identified on the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), Candidatus L. africanus (Laf) and Candidatus L. americanus (Lam) (Gotwald 2010). ACP is the vector of Las, both pathogen and vector are thought to have originated in Asia and that have spread to South, Central and North America. ACP also transmits Lam in Brazil as well as in Hunan, China (Gotwald 2010). The African psyllid Trioza erytreae (del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is the vector of Laf, which occurs in Africa (Gotwald 2010). ACP adults are responsible for spreading Las from infected to non-infected trees (Hall et al. 2013). Up to 100 % of ACP adults may acquire Las as they complete their immature developmental period on Las-infected host plants (Pelz-Stelinski et al. 2010). Even if ACP do not become infected with Las during their nymphal development, the adults may acquire the pathogen at a rate of up to 40 % following 5 weeks of feeding on infected plants (Pelz-Stelinski et al. 2010). Large groups of ACP adults can transmit Las to non-infected citrus trees at a high rate (Pelz-Stelinski et al. 2010). Chao et al. 140 J Insect Behav (2015) 28:138–146 (1979) reported that the spatial distribution of ACP had a high correlation with the spread of HLB. ACP adults may leap when disturbed and fly a short distance to other flush on the same or neighboring trees (Hall and Hentz 2011). An HLB epidemic spreads more frequently within trees and along rows in a grove than between rows, with long-distance spread occasionally occurring (Gotwald 2010;Shenetal.2013). Chiyaka et al. (2012) simulated ACP dynamics and epidemic development of HLB within a single tree. Suppression of ACP populations and use of HLB-free seedlings are key components of current integrated management of HLB (Yang et al. 2006; Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013). However, ACP is prolific, short-lived, tolerant of temperature extremes, vagile and highly efficient in transmitting HLB path- ogens. These traits of ACP make it quite difficult to manage the pest and HLB using biological or chemical control (Grafton-Cardwell et al. 2013). Attention has been paid to screen Aurantioideae germplasms with specific resistance to ACP and the difference of susceptibility to ACP were found among citrus varieties (Westbrook et al. 2011). Knowledge of ACP behaviors to find suitable hosts for reproduction or feeding can benefit the practice of screening germplasms resistant to the psyllids. Previous studies revealed that ACP oviposits and develops solely on new flush shoots (Aubert 1990), and the adults preferentially feed on flush (Hall and Albrigo 2007). The odor and color of the new flush may play an important role in ACP activities such as detection, location and evaluation of potential host plants (Patt and Sétamou 2010; Wenninger et al. 2009). However, it is not clear what the reaction of ACP would be when they are exposed to plants that differ in susceptibility. More understanding of the reaction may help us to screen citrus genotypes with resistance to ACP. Therefore, we conducted experiments to observe the psyllid’s choice between: (1) two ACP host plant species [Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack or Citrus reticulata Blanco cv ‘Lugan’, (each species Sapindales: Rutaceae)] and one non-host species [Rhododendron simsii Planch. (Ericales: Ericaceae)], (2) mature leaves and young flush shoots, and (3) host plants varying with respect to abundance and age of flush. Materials and Methods Maintenance of Insects and Host Plants A laboratory colony of ACP was initiated with approximately 100 adults collected during June, 2010 from a planting of M. paniculata at West Lake Garden in Fuzhou, Fujian, China (26°5′49″ N, 119°17′34″ E). The colony was maintained on potted M. paniculata held in meshed cages (120×60×50 cm) under controlled climate conditions: 27±2 °C, 60±7 % RH, 16 L:8D photoperiod with light density of approx- imately 3000 Lux. Adult ACP were allowed to oviposit and nymphs to develop. Upon emergence, new adult ACPs were transferred onto freshly potted M. paniculata seed- lings in cages (30×30×40 cm). One-year-old seedlings of M. panciculata and two- year-old (20–25 cm tall) C. reticulata and R. simsii seedlings were used in these experiments. J Insect Behav (2015) 28:138–146 141 Choice Between Host and Non-Host Seedlings M. paniculata and C. reticulata are favored host plants of the ACP while R. simsii is regarded as a non-host. Six potted seedlings of each plant species were subjected to the experiment. The plants were growing in 2 L pots, were similar in height and canopy shape, and all had new flush shoots. Three seedlings, one from each species, were randomly placed in a regular triangle pattern in a meshed cage (60×60×120 cm). There were a total of 6 cages (replications) in the experiment. Each cage was held at 27±2 °C, 60±7 % RH, and a 16 L:8D photoperiod. Twenty ACP adults (no regard to gender) were aspirated into a 70 mL vial; three vials each containing 20 adults were placed ontotheflooratthecenterofeachcageandtheadultswereallowedto disperse. ACP were released into the cages at 14:00 h in the afternoon, and the number of adults on each plant was counted 3, 6, 9, 18, 42, 66, 90 and 186 h later. Choice Among Plants Differing in Flush Age Potted seedlings of M. paniculata differing in flush abundance and age were studied: (1) seedlings with tiny new flush buds <0.8 cm long, (2) seedlings with slightly older flush shoots (0.8 to 1.0 cm in length), and (3) seedlings with older flush shoots more than 1.0 cm in length.
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