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Occurrence of Cajaninae in the Indian Subcontinent, Burma and Thailand1

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Occurrence of Cajaninae in the Indian Subcontinent, Burma and Thailand1 OCCURRENCE OF CAJANINAE IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, BURMA AND THAILAND1 L.J.G. VAN DER MABSBN2, P. REMANANDAN, N. KAMESWARA RAO, AND R.P.S. FUND»* (With three plates andfive maps) The 1CRISAT Gene Bank houses the world's most exhaustive collection of pigeonpea, Cajtmusco-jam, and its close relatives, which a« classified in the subtribe Cajaatoae, tribe Phaseoleae, family Lcguminosae. Wild relatives have a significant rote ia pifeon- pea improvement at present aad in the future. Many of them ate under threat of extinction, and some nay be already extinct. 1CRISAT botanists have been collecting Cajaainae from their major areas of occurrence which include India» Nepal, Burma and Thailand from 1975 onwards. This paper highlight» the manner and frequency of occurrence of the species of Cajemus(incl . Atylosia), Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingïa, Parocalyx, and Eriosema as observed during recent collection trips compared with herbarium record». Evidently the habitats of several species haw shrunk. Some species, such m C. elongatusaa d C. viilmus from NE India aad C, grandifloms to N and NE India are so difficult to find that they may be close to extinction. These species need to be salvaged. Others may be extinct in son» habitats, weh as C. serkeus front the Eastern Ghats. INTRODUCTION not properly accountedfo r instatistica lreports . In those cases a survey on the basis of herba­ Pigeonpea, arfaar, tur, or red gram. Cajtmus riumrecord s can givebette r information about cajan (L.) Millsp.,i sa n importanfoodt legum e the distribution of pigeonpea (van der Maesea fa India. In 1983 India grew 2 498 600 ha 1983),eve n when plant explorers often ignored (Alton. 1983). The world area was 2 95100 0 cultivated plant species,an d it docsno t spcly ha in 1980, and India produced 1 800000 out the extent of cultivation. of 201 ?00 0ton s (unpublished FAO data ile). For pigeonpea improvement a large germ- Outside India pigeonpea is one of the major plasm collection is a prercfeisite. The fenetfe pulse crops in Eastern Africa, particularly resources of any crop include wild species, Kenya, Uganda. Malawi and Tanzania, and to which have been «posed to severe selection the Caribbean region. It is grown to a smaller pressures. Wild relatives of the pigeonpea have extent in many other tropical countries bet­ the potential to contribute desirable genes,an d ween 30 S and 25 N, often in mixtures or in provide insight into the evolution and diversi­ subsistence-farming situations, and is therefore fication of the crop. Hese species are often J Accepted April 1984. difficult to obtain, due to genetic erosion in » Present address: Department of Plant Taxo­ impoverished or diminishing habitats,an d local nomy, Agricultural University, 3? Gea. Poulkesweg endemism. On the other hand, rare species Wsgeaingen, The Nttherltais. * Genetic Eesowra» Unit, fatenutioaal Crop Re­ may prove of more common occorreo.ee than search Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patan- expected from the records, when intensively «faeru, AJP. 502324 sought 4» JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. 82 In a taxonomical revision of Cajanus DC. monsoons, and from February to April after (van de Maesen 1985) Atylosia tos been de­ the cool season, depending on area and species. clared congeneric with Cajanus, based on com­ After a wet monsoon the plants will flower parative morphology, cytology, chemical data longer, and produce seeds for a longer span and crossability. The earlier distinction bet­ of time. In some areas of South India, Decem­ ween the genera was mainly based on the ber and January are also suitable for collec­ • absence or presence of a seed stropMole.Caja- tion. • nus cajan has a vestigial stropMole, conspicu­ Precise location data of the collected Caja­ ous in the developing seeds, and in some culti- ninae are listed in various Genetic Resources vars this structure persists at maturity. Some Unit Progress Reports (limited availability at pigeonpea seeds are indistinguishable from ICRISAT), hence they are not repeated here. Atylosia seeds, all of which have a persistent The locations of Cajanus spp. are also listed strophiole. The enumeration lists all 17 species for the specimens examined in a monograph ' of Cajanus from the area under consideration, (van der Maesen 1985). This paper summa­ in total this genus now has 32 spcies. Maps rizes the recent findings in comparison with 1 and 2 show the distribution of the species, the old records, in an attempt to visualize the based on herbarium study and explorations. present distribution of Cajanus species on We still have not yet collected four of these maps, and to point to possible extinction. species from India and Burma. Other wild genera related to pigeonpea, WILD SPECIES IN PIGEONPEA IMPROVEMENT Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia, Paracalyx, and Eriosema, are also classified in the subtribe Several cross combinations of wild with Cajaninae of the tribe Phaseoleae. Other Caja­ cultivated Cajanus produce viable hybrids, ninae genera not mentioned here are small which can. be used as intermediaries to intro­ and mainly of African distribution (Lackey duce genes from wild to cultivated genotypes. 1980). Both species described in the genus So far several Cajaninae have been screened Endomallus are synonyms of Cajanus goerm's and found to possess desirable traits. Rema- Dab. (van der Maesen 1985). Although less naodan (1981) summarized the utility of cer­ closely related, it would be useful to continue tain species. For instance, accession of C, and complete collection of these genera for albicans, C. Uneatus, C, sericem and C. crama possible future utilization, and possibly to sal­ possess resistance to sterility mosaic C. seara- vage them from, extinct«. baeoides has antibiosis to the pod borer, Héiothis armigera, and most species have high OCCURRENCE OF Cajanus svv. AND protein contents. Biochemically the relatives ÛTMBR CAJAMIMAJB of pigeonpea are very interesting, for they have protease inhibitors that could, provide selec­ Other than the bais of information ptlierej tive resistance apinst certain insects, and are from herbaria and literature, several pointed destroyed by cooking (Singh and lambuna- collections were made between 1975 and 1983 tban 1981). to collect Caianmae. In India generally two Many species are now 'o n hand in the nftriod« are suitable for collection of seeds of ICRISAT collection, but quite a few are rare wild lepmes : in October-November after the and could not. be found during our recent .4» CAJANINAE IN TUB INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, BURMA AND THAILAND explorations. For iotrogression purposes viable MAINTENANCE OF CAJANINAB seeds are required. We make an appeal to botanists to keep an eye on Cajaainae (and Most Cajaninae have been fp-owm success­ rare relatives of any crop species), and ICRI- fully in ICRISATs Botanic Garden. Those » SAT would be grateful to receive seed and her­ species nativet o India lower about the same barium samples of Oajaninae, in particular time as in nature» except Cajanus mollis tmm k' the species that have so far eluded collec­ the lower hills of the Himalayas, which flowers tion. Detailed location data can be supplied in early August at our Center instead of from upon request. mid-September onwards. Cajanus trhtervim, m&pl . Distributiono fCa!*wa tpp .i nSauf t tela. 491 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. 82 Map2 , Distributiono fCalanus »pp . inSout hAsia . which is adapted to high altitudes, hardly sur­ At ICRJSAT the species are not grown vives at 600 m and does not flower. To execute under shade, and apparently perennate not as interspecific hybridization, flower buds were well as in nature. On the other hand, growth collected in the Nilgiri hills aad stored on ice tends to be luxurious, because competition is in a thermos flask, and used for pollination removed, and the plants are irrigated. Insect c. 48 hours after collection. This technique pests have to be controlled by spraying insecti­ was successful, and may be applicable to other cides, for instance C. albicans tends to suffer species not adapted to the place of research. from scale insects, especially in the second 492 CÀMN1NAE IN TBE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT, BURMA AND THAILAND year of growth. In nature pod borers and pod Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King) vdMaesen flies also attack Cajanus, but eg. C. scarahaeoi- (= C. volubilis sensu Gamble) des possesses mechanical resistance and anti­ BURMA, INDIA: quite widely distributed ex­ biosis aganist pod borers. Seeds shatter and cept Rajasthan, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, no­ have to be collected daily or biweekly. The where frequent, JAVA, NEPAL, MALAYA, foliage of most Cajaninae appears palatable to PHILIPPINES, THAILAND. VIETNAM (0-800 ffl). cattle, another factor limiting the survival of Climber on trees or shrubs, sal,, teak or pine wild pigeonpeas. forests, along streams and on dry soils. In Many seeds of Cajaninae have hard seed- Burma var. burmamem pods have long semi- coats, and tend to exhibit dormancy. As a caducous golden brown hairs, var. crassusha s routine, seeds are scariied before sowing by short puberulous pods. The only wild pigeon­ a sharp instrument. Seed dormancy can also pea on the Andaman Islands. Fl. Jan.-March. be removed by sulphuric acid 98% treatment Cajanus elongates (Benth.) vdMaesen for 30 minutes (N. K. Rao et al., n.d.) BHUTAN, BURMA, INDIA: Assam, Mcgbitlaya: At ICRISAT seeds are preserved at +4C Khasi hills, Iseira river, Mairang, Sorjung, and 30% RH, to ensure longevity and viability. Mowphlang, Moagpoh, Nunkloes, Laitlyngkot, near Kynshi, Nilpara (up to 2000 m), last ENUMERATION OF CAJANINAE collected to India in November 1957, in West Bengal: Nilpara; NEPAL, last 'Collected in 1967; Cajanus (incl. Atylosa) VIETNAM. Very rare, not found recently des­ Cajanus albicans (Wt. & Arn.) vdMaesea pite thorough searches, may have faced ex­ INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Karaataka, Kerala, tinction due to habitat destruction.
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