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Present status of oscillations

Yury Kudenko Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow

HSQCD2018, Gatchina, Russia, 8 August 2018 1 OUTLINE

 Neutrino oscillations - 3-neutrino scheme - running accelerator and reactor experiments - future projects

 Light sterile - neutrino anomalies - new experimental tests

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 2  oscillations and mixing : neutrinos are massless particles       U U U  e 1  e1 e2 e3  U parameterization: 3 families    U   U  U U U three mixing angles        2   1  2  3  12 23 13   CP violating phase CP    3  U1 U 2 U 3 

atmospheric link between solar atmospheric and solar   1 0 0  cos 0 sin ei cos sin 0   e    13 13  12 12  1      0 cos23 sin23  0 1 0 - sin12 cos12 0 2      0 -sin cos  ii  0 0 1     23 23 -sin13e 0 cos13   3 

SuperK, K2K, T2K Daya Bay, RENO Solar experiments, SuperK MINOS, T2K, NovA(?) MINOS Double KamLAND

0   90 0 23~45 13 1234

2 2 2 2 5 2 | m32 |  | m31 |  2 2 2 m21  msol  7.510 eV mij  mi  m j | m2 |  2.4103 eV 2 atm 2 2 2 2 m12  m23  m31  0 two independent m

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 3 Main goals of oscillation experiments

neutrinos quarks - CP violation in lepton sector

Strength of CP violation in neutrino oscillations

J = Im(U U U U ) = Im(U U U U ) -5 CP e1 2 e2 1 e2 3 e3 2 Quark sector JCP  310 2 = cos12sin12cos 13sin13cos23sin23sinCP Lepton sector JCP  0.02sinCP all mixing angles  0  First indication from T2K: CP = -/2  JCP  0 if CP  0

- Neutrino mass hierarchy

- 23 – maximal? If not, what octant (23 > /4 or 23 < /4)? Neutrino cross sections

- Sterile neutrinos 8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 4 Experimental methods * * 2 * * P(   )    4Re(UiUiUjUj )sin ij  2Im(UiUiUjUj )sin 2ij i j i j

Appearance

Disappearance

Search for CP violation in neutrino oscillations Matter effect

2 P(   e )  P(   e ) m12L sin212 ACP    sin Mass Hierarchy P(   e )  P(   e ) 4E sin13

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 5 Current experiments

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 6 about 500 members 59 institutions from 11 countries LONG-BASELINE EXPERIMENT

Super-K

        Tokai Tokyo JAPAN Far SuperKamiokande Collect data since 2010

Neutrino monitor Off-axis neutrino Off-axis beam INGRID ND280 near neutrino detector

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 8 T2K data P.Litchfield, ICHEP2018 Neutrino mode 1.491021 POT Antineutrino mode 1.121021 POT anti-anti- 

243 events 102 events

  e e +1 e

75 15 9

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 9 T2K data and expectation

disappearance

appearance

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 10 T2K results

T2K e / anti- e

T2K e / anti- e + reactor 13

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 11 T2K result

Best fit

cp = -1.6 rad for NH

CP-conservation hypothesis (sinCP = 0, ) excluded at 2 level - First hint for CP violation in the lepton sector

- T2K data favour CP  - /2 and normal hierarchy

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 12 Future plans

T2K expected to accumulate 7.8x1021 POT around 2021 (now 3x1021 POT) • Upgrade of near detectors to improve systematic uncertainties 18% (2011)  9% (2014)  5% (2018)  goal 4% (2021) • Plan to increase the beam intensity up to 1 MW in 2021 • Beam power up to 1.3 MW in ~2026 • T2K-II: proposed extension up to 2026 for 20x1021 POT

3 sensitivity to CP violation for CP  -/2

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 13 NOvA Neutrino beam from FNAL to Ash River Baseline 810 km Neutrino beam 14 mrad off-axis Far detector : 14 kt fine-grained calorimeter 65% active mass Near Detector: 0.3 kt fine-grained calorimeter

Taking data since Summer 2014

Study of  and e oscillations

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 14 NOvA:  J.Bian ICHEP2018 Neutrino beam: 8.851020 POT Antineutrino beam: 6.91020 POT

Far detector

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 15 NOvA: e/anti-e

e anti-e 58 events observed 18 events observed 15 background events expected 5.3 background events expected

 e appearance  4

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 16 NOvA results

Best fit: NOvA prefers - Normal Hierarchy Normal Hierarchy at 1.8 - CP = 0.17 but consistent with all

CP values at <1.6

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 17 Prospects for NOvA

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 18 OPERA: final result PRL 120 (2018) 211801  appearance

19 10  events observed for 18x10 POT 2 -3 2 2 Expected 6.4 events for m 23 = 2.5 x10 eV , sin 223 = 1.0 Expected background 2.00.4 events

Significance of  appearance 6.1

2 -3 2 2 OPERA: m 23 = (2.7 + 0.7 - 0.6) x10 eV , assuming sin 223 = 1.0

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 19 IceCube

Neutrinos have the first maximum of disappearance PRL 120 (2018) 071801 at about 25 GeV Energy threshold of Deep Core = 5 GeV Data taking for 3 years

2 -3 2 2 m 32 = (2.31 +011-0.13)x10 eV sin 23 = 0.51 +0.07 -0.09 for NH

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 20 2 2 Oscillation parameters: m 32 – sin 23 M.Yokoyama ICHEP2018

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 21 Reactor experiments Measurement of  Daya Bay, China 13

17.4 GW

13 RENO, Korea

16 GW

Double Chooz, France

8.5 GW

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 22 Oscillation results

Daya Bay

Liang Zhan, ICHEP2018

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 23 Future LBL Projects

- Reactor experiment JUNO - Accelerator LBL experiment DUNE - HyperKamiokande and T2HK

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 24 Reactor experiment JUNO China

66 institutions > 400 collaborators

Main target: Start data taking in 2020 Measurement of neutrino mass hierarchy

• 700 m deep underground • 36 GW reactor power • 53 km baseline -> oscillation

maximum 12 • 20 kton LS detector ? • 3% energy resolution at 1MeV • <1% energy scale uncertainty

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 25 JUNO goals Main goal: determination of neutrino mass hierarchy

Supernova neutrino + Geoneutrinos Solar neutrinos

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 26 Detector JUNO Requirements: - PMT coverage 75% of total surface - QE  35% Calibration - Sci. att. length >20 m

Top Tracker 3” PMT h=44 m Central detector Acrylic sphere 20kt Liquid Scin ~17000 20’’ PMT ~36000 3’’ PMT

Water Cherenkov ~2000 20’’ PMT

d=43.5 m 20” PMT 8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 27 LBNF/DUNE Project Flagship FNAL project Main goals: - discovery of CP violation in leptonic sector 30 countries - neutrino mass hierarchy at >5 level 161 institutions - 1000 collaborators - proton decay search Ep = 60-120 GeV Beam power 1.2 -> 2.4 MW On axis neutrino beam E  1- 6 GeV L=1300 km from FNAL to SURF, S.Dakota

Sensitivity to CP violation

Far detector 40 kt (4 x 10kt) LAr TPC Single and Dual phase 2021 – installation of 1st far detector detectors 2024 – 2 modules operational 2026 – deliver neutrino beam 8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 28 HyperKamiokande 12 countries 70 institutes Japan 300 members HyperK: 2 water tanks Expected data taking start 2026

- Upgrade of JPARC to 1.3 MW beam power - New/upgrade of near neutrino detectors

Main goals: - Search for CP violation - Proton decay - Neutrino astrophysics 1 tank CP 60 m(H)x74m(D) 10 years of running: Total volume 260 kt - 8 for  = - /2 Fiducial volume 190 kt CP - 80% coverage of 10xSuperK  parameter space with >3 PMT coverage 40% CP - p  0 e+ >1035 y 40000 PMTs

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 29 Expected sensitivity to CP

Significance for CP = - /2

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 30 Light sterile neutrinos

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 31 LSND

LSND

anti-  anti-e 87.9 ± 22.4 ± 6.0 events Excess 3.8σ

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 32 MiniBooNe e anti-  anti-e L 540 m E = 0.2-3 GeV Neutrino

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 33 Gallium anomaly

51Cr (27.7 days) 37Ar (35.4 days) SAGE GALLEX 427 keV ν (9.0%) 747 keV ν (81.6%) 432 keV ν (0.9%) 752 keV ν (8.5%) 813 keV (9.8%) 811 keV(90.2%) 320 keV γ 51V (stable) 37Cl (stable)

71 71 - Detection process: e + Ga  Ge + e GALLEX SAGE m(Ga)=30 t m(Ga)=13 t 51 51 51 37 Source r = 5cm

Cr -1 Cr -2 Cr Ar r = 76cm

Intensity (Mci) 1.714 1.868 0.517 0.409 h = = h 128cm

R = (pexp/ptheory) 0.95  0.11 0.81 ± 0.11 0.95 ± 0.12 0.79 ± 0.10

Rcomb 0.88 ± 0.08 0.86 ± 0.08

R = pexp/ptheory = 0.87±0.05 8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 34 Reactor anomaly

anti-e  anti-e

2 0.937  0.027 2 active neutrino mixing with sin 213=0.06

S.Gariazzo et al arXiv:1703.08860

Daya Bay and RENO

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 35 ? 3 + 1s 3

?

PNMS matrix

 e  Ue1 Ue2 Ue3 Ue4  1          U 1 U  2 U 3 U  4   2         U U U U      1  2  3  4  3        s  U s1 U s2 U s3 U s4   4 

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 36 e and anti-e disappearance arXiv:1512.02202 Global fit of reactor and Gallium data

m2  2 eV2

sin22  0.1

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 37 New MiniBooNe result arXiv:1805.12028

MiniBooNe doubled  data since 2012  12.841020 POT anti- 11.271020 POT

neutrino +antineutrino total excess 460.5  95.8 events (4.8) Best fit point: 2 2 m 41 = 0.041 eV sin22 = 0.958

Excluded by OPERA and ICARUS

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 38 Sterile ’s: Daya Bay + MINOS+ Bugey-3 PRL117 (2016) 151801

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 39  Sterile ’s: IceCube PRL 117 (2016) 071801 E = 320 GeV – 20 TeV sterile neutrinos produce distortions of  + anti- flux (energy and angle) in the range 0.01  m2  10 eV2 - 1 year of data - statistics limited

Result compatible with no-sterile hypothesis

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 40 NEOS: reactor anti- disappearance Korea, Reactor 2.8 GW PRL 118 (2017) 121802 Core: 3.1 m h=3.8 m Detector 1t LS + Gd, 24 m from reactor core S/N  22

No evidence for sterile neutrino with mass  1 eV

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 41 Neutrino-4 arXiv:1708.00421 Detector SM-3 reactor, Dimitrovgrad

Detector on Earth surface Signal/background = 0.6

 6.5 – 11.5 m from active zone

Reactor and Gallium anomalies excluded at 95% CL

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 42 DANSS experiment Detector configuration arXiv:1804.0404 3.1 GWth Kalinin Power Plant

5000 anti-e detected per day with < 3% cosmic background

Positron spectra

Distance from the reactor core 10.7-12.7 m

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 43 DANSS result arXiv:1804.0404 Result is based on 663x103 events

No oscillations

2 2 sin 214 = 0.14 sin 214 = 0.05 2 2 2 2 m 14 = 2.3 eV m 14 = 1.4 eV

The Reactor Anomaly best fit point 2 2 2 (sin 214 = 0.14 m 14 = 2.3 eV ) is excluded at > 5 CL

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 44 STEREO experiment ILL, Grenoble, France, L.Bernard, ICHEP2018

58.3 MWth - Detector 6 identical cells compact core 40x80 cm - Gd loaded (0.2% in mass) 3 - Vtot = 2.2x0.9x0.9 m - 15 mwe overburden - Neutrino rate 396/day -First result based on 65.8 days of data taking

Preliminary result is compatible with no oscillation. The best fit of the Reactor Anomaly is rejected at 98%.

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 45 Daya Bay: anti-neutrino flux PRL 118 (2017) 251801

This discrepancy gives an overestimation of predicted antineutrino flux by 7.8%.

U-235 is a possible source of the Reactor Anomaly?

Short baseline experiments at U-enriched reactors are needed

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 46 Sterile ’s: « pro» and « con»

LSND/MinBooNe + Reactor anomaly Ga anomaly

MINOS Disappearance MINOS/Daya Bay/Bugey combined result IceCube - NEOS DANSS Neutrino-4 STEREO

Problem to be solved soon

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 47 FNAL: Short Baseline Neutrino program arXiv:1503.01520

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 48 Hunting for light sterile neutrinos

Accelerator MiniBooNe MINOS+ SBN at FNAL Reactor (running or under construction) Daya Bay DANSS Neutrino-4 NEOS STEREO Solid PROSPECT NuLat Neutrino sources BEST Atmospheric neutrinos SuperKamiokande IceCube

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 49 Conclusion

Current LBL experiments T2K + NOvA main goals: CP violation (3), Mass Hierarchy, 23 T2K: first hint of CP violation in lepton sector

Next generation experiments: discovery/measurement of CP violation, determination of Mass Hierarchy JUNO (MH) under construction DUNE (CP, MH) approved HyperK and T2HK (CP) approval in progress

Light sterile neutrinos: - no positive signal from running experiments - crucial tests are coming

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 50 Thank you for attention!

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 51 Backup slides

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 52 Single-phase LAr TPC

APA APA APA

CPA CPA

58 m 3.6 m

1st 10 kt module of DUNE - single-phase TPC 6m x 2.3 m anode and cathode planes 3.6 m spacing Photon detectors – light guides + SiPMs embedded in APAs

J.Insler, talk at LLWI2017

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 53 LAr detectors at CERN Neutrino Platform NP02: WA105 (DP demonstrator + ProtoDUNE DP) S.Murthy, talk at TPC-2016 Demonstrator: 3x1x1 m3 – 5 tons

ProtoDUNE DP: 6x6x6 m3 300 tons active mass

LEM

Cosmic data taking gas begun Measurements with test beam in 2018

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 54 T2HKK Second tank in Korea arXiv:1611.06118

Neutrino and antineutrino spectra in T2HKK cover 1st and 2nd oscillation maximum

- ACP ~3 times larger in 2nd maximum - Sensitivity to MH

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 55 Source experiments BEST J.Phys.Conf.Ser. 798 (2017) 012113 3 MCi 51Cr source sin22=0.3

Two-zone 50 t liquid Ga metal target

PRD 91 (2015) 072005 SOX (terminated)

Source will be produced at Mayak, Russia

Start data taking in 2018

8 August 2018 Yury Kudenko INR RAS, Moscow 56