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Chasing the Light Sterile Neutrino Status of the STEREO Experiment
Chasing the light sterile neutrino Status of the STEREO experiment Alessandro Minotti (IRFU - CEA Saclay) on behalf of the STEREO collaboration 16/03/2017 Outlook • Neutrino physics and oscillation • Reactor neutrinos and the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly • The STEREO experiment: principle, configuration, and timeline of the installation and commissioning phase • The STEREO experiment: status of the analysis of first collected data Alessandro Minotti (CEA - IRFU) Outlook • Neutrino physics and oscillation • Reactor neutrinos and the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly • The STEREO experiment: principle, configuration, and timeline of the installation and commissioning phase • The STEREO experiment: status of the analysis of first collected data Neutrino Physics and Oscillation Alessandro Minotti (CEA - IRFU) The Neutrino • Neutrinos (ν) = neutral leptons - A wide range of sources and energies - Standard Model: 3 massless and only LH ν (RH ν̄) νe νμ ντ W+ e+ W+ μ+ W+ τ+ • Neutrinos oscillate (change flavour) propagating α+ β+ - Energy-dependent deficit in solar ν flux να Flavour changing νβ W+ - Distance-dependent deficit for atmospheric ν’s KOSMISK Electron-neutrinosSUN STRÅLNING are produced in the ATMOSFÄR Sun center. SUPER- KAMIOKANDE 2015 SNO Neutrino Physics and Oscillation Alessandro Minotti (CEA - IRFU) #4 Oscillation Formalism • Neutrinos oscillate (change flavour) propagating α+ β+ να Flavour changing νβ Very small but non-zero different massesAs you can see, theW oscillatory+ behaviour comes from the difference in the energy eigenvalues of ν > and ν > (E WeakE ), Hamiltonian which we interpretFree Hamiltonian as coming fromWeak di Hamiltonianfferent masses for each of themass | 1 | 2 2 − 1 + Flavour eigenstates are a mix of eigenvalues.mass eigenstates A plot of this function is shown in Figure 7 for a particular setUnitary of parameters : ∆m2 =3 10−3eV 2, (like K̄ ⁰ K⁰ and KS KL) 2 × sin (2θ)=0.8andEν =1GeV.AtL = 0, the oscillation probability is zero and the corresponding 2 L π survival probability is one. -
Required Sensitivity to Search the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay in 124Sn
Required sensitivity to search the neutrinoless double beta decay in 124Sn Manoj Kumar Singh,1;2∗ Lakhwinder Singh,1;2 Vivek Sharma,1;2 Manoj Kumar Singh,1 Abhishek Kumar,1 Akash Pandey,1 Venktesh Singh,1∗ Henry Tsz-King Wong2 1 Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. 2 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. E-mail: ∗ [email protected] E-mail: ∗ [email protected] Abstract. The INdias TIN (TIN.TIN) detector is under development in the search for neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) using 90% enriched 124Sn isotope as the target mass. This detector will be housed in the upcoming underground facility of the India based Neutrino Observatory. We present the most important experimental parameters that would be used in the study of required sensitivity for the TIN.TIN experiment to probe the neutrino mass hierarchy. The sensitivity of the TIN.TIN detector in the presence of sole two neutrino double-β decay (2νββ) decay background is studied at various energy resolutions. The most optimistic and pessimistic scenario to probe the neutrino mass hierarchy at 3σ sensitivity level and 90% C.L. is also discussed. Keywords: Double Beta Decay, Nuclear Matrix Element, Neutrino Mass Hierarchy. arXiv:1802.04484v2 [hep-ph] 25 Oct 2018 PACS numbers: 12.60.Fr, 11.15.Ex, 23.40-s, 14.60.Pq Required sensitivity to search the neutrinoless double beta decay in 124Sn 2 1. Introduction Neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) is an interesting venue to look for the most important question whether neutrinos have Majorana or Dirac nature. -
The Germanium Detector Array for the Search of Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay of 76Ge
Colloquium on particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology 22 November 2004 GERDA The GERmanium Detector Array for the search of neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge Bernhard Schwingenheuer, Max-Planck-Insitut Kernphysik, Heidelberg Outline o Physics Motivation o Nuclear Matrix Elements oPast 76Ge Experiments o The GERDA Approach o Our Friends: the Competition oSummary GERDA Collaboration INFN LNGS, Assergi, Italy INR, Moscow, Russia A.Di Vacri, M. Junker, M. Laubenstein, C. Tomei, L. Pandola I. Barabanov, L. Bezrukov, A. Gangapshev, V. Gurentsov, V. Kusminov, E. Yanovich JINR Dubna, Russia ITEP Physics, Moscow, Russia S. Belogurov,V. Brudanin, V. Egorov, K. Gusev, S. Katulina, V.P. Bolotsky, E. Demidova, I.V. Kirpichnikov, A.A. A. Klimenko, O. Kochetov, I. Nemchenok, V. Vasenko, V.N. Kornoukhov Sandukovsky, A. Smolnikov, J. Yurkowski, S. Vasiliev, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia MPIK, Heidelberg, Germany A.M. Bakalyarov, S.T. Belyaev, M.V. Chirchenko, G.Y. C. Bauer, O. Chkvorets, W. Hampel, G. Heusser, W. Grigoriev, L.V. Inzhechik, V.I. Lebedev, A.V. Tikhomirov, Hofmann, J. Kiko, K.T. Knöpfle, P. Peiffer, S. S.V. Zhukov Schönert, J. Schreiner, B. Schwingenheuer, H. Simgen, G. Zuzel MPI Physik, München, Germany I. Abt, M. Altmann, C. Bűttner. A. Caldwell, R. Kotthaus, X. Univ. Köln, Germany Liu, H.-G. Moser, R.H. Richter J. Eberth, D. Weisshaar Univ. di Padova e INFN, Padova, Italy Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland A. Bettini, E. Farnea, C. Rossi Alvarez, C.A. Ur M.Wojcik Univ. Tübingen, Germany Univ. di Milano Bicocca e INFN, Milano, Italy M. Bauer, H. Clement, J. Jochum, S. Scholl, K. -
The Analysis of the Results of the Neutrino-4 Experiment on Search for Sterile Neutrino and Comparison with Results of Other Experiments
The analysis of the results of the Neutrino-4 experiment on search for sterile neutrino and comparison with results of other experiments А.P. Serebrov, R.M. Samoilov, NRC “KI” Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchinа, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Abstract We present new results of measurements of reactor antineutrino flux and spectrum dependence on the distance in the range 6-12 meters from the center of the reactor core. Additional measurements were carried out and set of data to perform statistical analysis was almost doubled since the previous report. 2 Using all collected data, we performed the model independent analysis on the oscillation parameters ∆m14 2 and sin 2휃14. The method of coherent summation of results of measurements allows us to directly observe 2 the effect of oscillations. We observed an oscillation effect in vicinity of Δm14 = (7.25 ± 0.13푠푡푎푡 ± 2 2 1.08푠푦푠푡 )eV and sin 2휃 = 0.26 ± 0.08푠푡푎푡 ± 0.05푠푦푠푡. We provide a comparison of our results with results of other experiments on search for sterile neutrino. Combining the result of the Neutrino-4 experiment and the results of measurements of the gallium anomaly and reactor anomaly we obtained 2 value sin 2θ14 ≈ 0.19 ± 0.04 (4.6σ). Also was performed comparison of Neutrino-4 experimental results with results of other reactor experiments NEOS, DANSS, STEREO, PROSPECT and accelerator experiments MiniBooNE, LSND and IceCube experiment. Mass of sterile neutrino obtained from data collected in the Neutrino-4 experiment (in assumption 2 2 m4 ≈ Δm14) is m4 = 2.68 ± 0.13eV. Using the estimations of mixing angles obtained in other experiments and our new results we can calculate, within 3+1 neutrino model, masses of electron, muon, eff eff eff and tau neutrinos: m휈푒 = (0.58 ± 0.09)eV, m휈휇 = (0.42 ± 0.24)eV, m휈휏 ≤ 0.65eV. -
GERDA: Germanium Detector Array Searching for 0Νββ Decay Gedet: Germanium Detector R&D
GERDA: GERmanium Detector Array searching for 0νββ decay GeDet: Germanium Detector R&D Director: Allen Caldwell Projector leaders: Béla Majorovits (GERDA), Iris Abt (GeDet) Postdoc: Josef Janicsko, Xiang Liu, Jens Schubert Ph.D.: Manuela Jelen, Kevin Kröninger(graduated 07/07), Daniel Lenz, Jing Liu Group engineer: Franz Stelzer Diplomand: Markus Kästle Werkstudenten/in: Golam Dastagir, Westa Domanova, Maximilian Empl, Daniel Greenwald, Andreas Kaiser Construction: Karlheinz Ackermann, Stefan Mayer, Sven Voggt Many thanks to colleagues from electronic & mechanic departments! Project Review 17/12/2007 Neutrino masses & mixing parameters 2 ν ν3 2 ν1 Mass 2 e Δm 32 μ ν τ 2 2 Δm 21 ν1 ν3 normal (NH) inverted (IH) 0 2 -3 2 atmospheric accelerator Æ Δm 32 = 2.2•10 eV 2 -5 2 solar reactor Æ Δm 21 = 8.1•10 eV absolute mass NH or IH Dirac or Majorana(ν=ν) page 2 0νββ decay Æ effective Majorana neutrino mass mββ np W- (A,Z) Æ (A, Z+2) + 2e- e- νL ΔL ≠0 e- νR happens, if ν=ν& mν>0 W- n p 2 2 −1 2 GT gV F half life []T1/2 = G( Q,Z)⋅ M − 2 M ⋅ mββ gA Phase space nuclear matrix element effective mass mββ 2 2 2 2 i(α2 −α1) i(−α1−2δ) mββ = ∑mjUej = m1 ⋅ Ue1 +m2 ⋅ Ue2 e +m3 ⋅ Ue3 e j page 3 Measure T1/2 of 0νββ decay npnp W- - e- e ν L ν - e- νR e W- ν n p n p 0νββ 2νββ: (A,Z) Æ (A,Z+2) +2e-+2ν search for energy peak at Q value (Ge76: 2039keV) page 4 0νββ experiments 21 Experiment Underground Isotope T1/2 [10 y] <mee> [eV] (selected) Laboratory Elegant VI Oto (Japan) 48Ca > 95 < 7.2 - 44.7 Heidelberg- Gran Sasso 76Ge >19000 < 0.35 - 1.2 Moscow (Italy) -
In-Situ Gamma-Ray Background Measurements for Next Generation CDEX Experiment in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory a a a a ∗ a a A,B a H
In-situ gamma-ray background measurements for next generation CDEX experiment in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory a a a a < a a a,b a H. Ma , Z. She , W. H. Zeng , Z. Zeng , , M. K. Jing , Q. Yue , J. P. Cheng , J. L. Li and a H. Zhang aKey Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging (Ministry of Education) and Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084 bCollege of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT Keywords: In-situ -ray measurements were performed using a portable high purity germanium spectrometer in In-situ -ray measurements Hall-C at the second phase of the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL-II) to characterise Environmental radioactivity the environmental radioactivity background below 3 MeV and provide ambient -ray background Underground laboratory parameters for next generation of China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX). The integral count rate Rare event physics of the spectrum was 46.8 cps in the energy range of 60 to 2700 keV. Detection efficiencies of the CJPL spectrometer corresponding to concrete walls and surrounding air were obtained from numerical calculation and Monte Carlo simulation, respectively. The radioactivity concentrations of the walls 238 232 in the Hall-C were calculated to be 6:8 , 1:5 Bq/kg for U, 5:4 , 0:6 Bq/kg for Th, 81:9 , 14:3 40 Bq/kg for K. Based on the measurement results, the expected background rates from these primordial radionuclides of future CDEX experiment were simulated in unit of counts per keV per ton per year (cpkty) for the energy ranges of 2 to 4 keV and around 2 MeV. -
Current and Future Neutrino Experiments
Current and future neutrino experiments Justyna Łagoda XXIV Cracow EPIPHANY Conference on Advances in Heavy Flavour Physics Plan ● short introduction ● non-oscillation experiments – neutrino mass measurements – search for neutrinoless double beta decay ● oscillation experiments – reactor neutrinos – solar neutrinos – atmospheric neutrinos – long baseline experiments – search for sterile neutrinos ● summary 2 Neutrino mixing ● mixing matrix for 3 active flavours −i δ c 0 s e CP 2 additional 1 0 0 13 13 c12 s12 0 phases if νe ν1 ν = 0 c s ⋅ 0 1 0 ⋅ −s c 0 ⋅ ν neutrinos are μ 23 23 12 12 2 Majorana i δ (ντ) CP ν ( 3) particles 0 −s23 c23 −s e 0 c ( 0 0 1) ( )( 13 13 ) ● 3 mixing angles θ12, θ13, θ23, CP violation phase δCP L L P =δ −4 ℜ(U * U U U * )sin2 Δm2 ±2 ℑ(U * U U U * )sin2 Δm2 να →νβ αβ ∑ αi βi α j β j ij ∑ αi βi α j β j ij i>j 4 E i>j 4 E ● 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 independent mass splittings: Δm 21= m 2–m 1, Δm 32 = m 3–m 2, ● 2 “controlled” parameters: baseline L and neutrino energy E ● the presence of matter (electrons) modifies the mixing – energy levels of propagating eigenstates are altered for νe component (different interaction potentials in kinetic part of the hamiltonian) – matter effects are sensitive to ordering of mass eigenstates 3 Known and unknown ● neutrino properties are measured using neutrinos from various sources in various processes and detection techniques −i δ i α /2 c 0 s e CP 1 mixing 1 0 0 13 13 c12 s12 0 e 0 0 i α 2/ 2 parameters: 0 c23 s23 0 1 0 −s12 c12 0 0 e 0 i δCP oscillation 0 −s23 c23 −s e 0 c ( 0 0 1)( 0 -
Arxiv:1509.08702V2 [Physics.Ins-Det] 4 Apr 2016 Be Neutron-Quiet and Suitable for Deployment of the COHERENT Detector Suite
The COHERENT Experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source D. Akimov,1, 2 P. An,3 C. Awe,4, 3 P.S. Barbeau,4, 3 P. Barton,5 B. Becker,6 V. Belov,1, 2 A. Bolozdynya,2 A. Burenkov,1, 2 B. Cabrera-Palmer,7 J.I. Collar,8 R.J. Cooper,5 R.L. Cooper,9 C. Cuesta,10 D. Dean,11 J. Detwiler,10 A.G. Dolgolenko,1 Y. Efremenko,2, 6 S.R. Elliott,12 A. Etenko,13, 2 N. Fields,8 W. Fox,14 A. Galindo-Uribarri,11, 6 M. Green,15 M. Heath,14 S. Hedges,4, 3 D. Hornback,11 E.B. Iverson,11 L. Kaufman,14 S.R. Klein,5 A. Khromov,2 A. Konovalov,1, 2 A. Kovalenko,1, 2 A. Kumpan,2 C. Leadbetter,3 L. Li,4, 3 W. Lu,11 Y. Melikyan,2 D. Markoff,16, 3 K. Miller,4, 3 M. Middlebrook,11 P. Mueller,11 P. Naumov,2 J. Newby,11 D. Parno,10 S. Penttila,11 G. Perumpilly,8 D. Radford,11 H. Ray,17 J. Raybern,4, 3 D. Reyna,7 G.C. Rich∗,3 D. Rimal,17 D. Rudik,1, 2 K. Scholbergy,4, z B. Scholz,8 W.M. Snow,14 V. Sosnovtsev,2 A. Shakirov,2 S. Suchyta,18 B. Suh,4, 3 R. Tayloe,14 R.T. Thornton,14 I. Tolstukhin,2 K. Vetter,18, 5 and C.H. Yu11 1SSC RF Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of National Research Centre \Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, 117218, Russian Federation 2National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409, Russian Federation 3Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA 4Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA 5Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 6Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA 7Sandia -
Results of the STEREO Experiment Rudolph Rogly, CEA-Saclay on Behalf of the STEREO Collaboration
Results of the STEREO experiment Rudolph Rogly, CEA-Saclay on behalf of the STEREO collaboration 1 Motivation – Flux anomaly Improved reactor antineutrino spectrum predictions – PRC 83:054615 (2011) Observed ~6.5% deficit in measured fluxes at short-baseline, so- called Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA) – PRD 83:073006 (2011) ★: RAA oscillation best fit $ $ $ ∆�!"# = 2.3 eV / sin 2�!"# = 0.14 Signature of the oscillation to a sterile state ? 2 Motivation – Shape anomaly Nature Physics 16, 558-564 (2020) ~10% local events excess observed by several lowly enriched in 235U (LEU) experiments around 5 MeV wrt. Huber predicted shape. Related to fuel composition ? Do U and Pu contribute to the same extent ? → Highly-enriched in 235U (HEU) experiments such as STEREO shed a light on the contribution of the pure 235U and are complementary to LEU experiments. 3 The STEREO experiment JINST 13 (2019) 07, P07009 Experimental Site (ILL Grenoble, France): Ø Ground-level experiment. Ø Compact core (∅ 40cm x 80 cm) and short-baseline (~10m) experiment to probe the RAA. 235 Ø 58MWth nominal power / HEU fuel (93% U) → 99% of �̅ flux from 235U fissions. Detector Design: Ø Segmented design for oscillation analysis: 6 cells (target volume) surrounded by 4 gamma catchers. Ø Pb, polyethylene, B4C shielding + water Cherenkov muon veto + Pulse Shape Discrimination for background mitigation and rejection (achieved S:B of 0.8:1). 4 Detector calibration and response PRD 102,052002 (2020) Energy scale derived from a global fit of: q Calibration data taken with point-like radioactive sources in each cell, at different heights. 12 q Cosmogenic B beta spectrum (�! = 13.4 MeV). -
IUPAP Report 41A
IUPAP Report 41a A Report on Deep Underground Research Facilities Worldwide (updated version of August 8, 2018) Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 3 SNOLAB 4 SURF: Sanford Underground Research Facility 10 ANDES: AGUA NEGRA DEEP EXPERIMENT SITE 16 BOULBY UNDERGROUND LABORATORY 18 LSM: LABORATOIRE SOUTERRAIN DE MODANE 21 LSC: LABORATORIO SUBTERRANEO DE CANFRANC 23 LNGS: LABORATORI NAZIONALI DEL GRAN SASSO 26 CALLIO LAB 29 BNO: BAKSAN NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY 34 INO: INDIA BASED NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY 41 CJPL: CHINA JINPING UNDERGROUND LABORATORY 43 Y2L: YANGYANG UNDERGROUND LABORATORY 45 IBS ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH FACILITY 48 KAMIOKA OBSERVATORY 50 SUPL: STAWELL UNDERGROUND PHYSICS LABORATORY 53 - 2 - __________________________________________________INTRODUCTION LABORATORY ENTRIES BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION Deep Underground Laboratories and their associated infrastructures are indicated on the following map. These laboratories offer low background radiation for sensitive detection systems with an external users group for research in nuclear physics, astroparticle physics, and dark matter. The individual entries on the Deep Underground Laboratories are primarily the responses obtained through a questionnaire that was circulated. In a few cases, entries were taken from the public information supplied on the lab’s website. The information was provided on a voluntary basis and not all laboratories included in this list have completed construction, as a result, there are some unavoidable gaps. - 3 - ________________________________________________________SNOLAB (CANADA) SNOLAB 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine #9, Lively ON Canada P3Y 1N2 Telephone: 705-692-7000 Facsimile: 705-692-7001 Email: [email protected] Website: www.snolab.ca Oversight and governance of the SNOLAB facility and the operational management is through the SNOLAB Institute Board of Directors, whose member institutions are Carleton University, Laurentian University, Queen’s University, University of Alberta and the Université de Montréal. -
Accurate Measurement of Reactor Neutrinos Close to Surface with STEREO
Accurate measurement of reactor neutrinos close to surface with STEREO Photo:ILL Vladimir Savu IRFU,CEA, Paris-Saclay University on behalf of the STEREO collaboration Vladimir Savu (CEA) 06.12.2019 { AAP 2019 1 / 23 06.12.2019 { AAP 2019 Motivation Sterile neutrino search and reactorν ¯e measurements Motivation of STEREO I Oscillation test L/E ∼ 10 m/3 MeV ! ∼ 1eV sterile neutrino 2 2 Two new parameters: sin (2θnew ) and∆ mnew Physical Review D 83, 073006 (2011), G. Mention et al. 9 ∆ χ 2 4 1 4 9 5.5 Daya Bay Huber model w/ 68% C.L. I absolute flux 5.0 / fission] 4.5 normalization studies 2 cm 43 4.0 − C.L spectral shape studies [10 I 3.5 68% 239 95% σ −43 σ238 =(10.1±1.0)×10 99.7% σ =(6.04±0.60)×10−43 3.0 241 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.2 −43 2 σ235 [10 cm / fission] Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 251801 (2017) Physics Letters B 773 (2017) STEREO will test precisely these 3 questions with a pure 235U spectrum Vladimir Savu (CEA) 06.12.2019 { AAP 2019 1 / 23 The STEREO experiment Experimental site ILL research facility, Grenoble, France Research reactor core 58 MWth ! 1019 ν¯ s−1 e Water channel 15 m.w.e overburden 235 X Highly U enriched X Compact core (40cm ?) X Short baseline measurement: 9.4m < Lcore < 11.2m 93 tons moved on air cushions AutumnAutumn 2016 2016 I Surface-level experiment I γ and neutron background from neighboring experiments Vladimir Savu (CEA) 06.12.2019 { AAP 2019 2 / 23 The STEREO experiment Data taking Data taking I Phase-I: 66 days reactor ON { 22 days reactor OFF I Phase-II: 119 days reactor ON { 211 days reactor OFF I Data -
Ev-Scale Sterile Neutrino Search Using Eight Years of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Data from the Icecube Neutrino Observatory
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 125, 141801 (2020) Editors' Suggestion Featured in Physics eV-Scale Sterile Neutrino Search Using Eight Years of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory M. G. Aartsen,17 R. Abbasi,16 M. Ackermann,56 J. Adams,17 J. A. Aguilar,12 M. Ahlers,21 M. Ahrens,47 C. Alispach,27 N. M. Amin,40 K. Andeen,38 T. Anderson,53 I. Ansseau,12 G. Anton,25 C. Argüelles ,14 J. Auffenberg,1 S. Axani,14 H. Bagherpour,17 X. Bai,44 A. Balagopal,30 A. Barbano,27 S. W. Barwick,29 B. Bastian,56 V. Basu,36 V. Baum,37 S. Baur,12 † R. Bay,8 J. J. Beatty,19,20 K.-H. Becker,55 J. Becker Tjus,11 S. BenZvi,46 D. Berley,18 E. Bernardini,56,* D. Z. Besson,31, G. Binder,8,9 D. Bindig,55 E. Blaufuss,18 S. Blot,56 C. Bohm,47 S. Böser,37 O. Botner,54 J. Böttcher,1 E. Bourbeau,21 J. Bourbeau,36 F. Bradascio,56 J. Braun,36 S. Bron,27 J. Brostean-Kaiser,56 A. Burgman,54 J. Buscher,1 R. S. Busse,39 T. Carver,27 C. Chen,6 E. Cheung,18 D. Chirkin,36 S. Choi,49 B. A. Clark,23 K. Clark,32 L. Classen,39 A. Coleman,40 G. H. Collin,14 J. M. Conrad,14 P. Coppin,13 P. Correa,13 D. F. Cowen,52,53 R. Cross,46 P. Dave, 6 C. De Clercq,13 J. J. DeLaunay,53 H. Dembinski,40 K. Deoskar,47 S. De Ridder,28 A.