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Table 2.Iii.1. Fissionable Isotopes1
FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES Charles P. Blair Last revised: 2012 “While several isotopes are theoretically fissionable, RANNSAD defines fissionable isotopes as either uranium-233 or 235; plutonium 238, 239, 240, 241, or 242, or Americium-241. See, Ackerman, Asal, Bale, Blair and Rethemeyer, Anatomizing Radiological and Nuclear Non-State Adversaries: Identifying the Adversary, p. 99-101, footnote #10, TABLE 2.III.1. FISSIONABLE ISOTOPES1 Isotope Availability Possible Fission Bare Critical Weapon-types mass2 Uranium-233 MEDIUM: DOE reportedly stores Gun-type or implosion-type 15 kg more than one metric ton of U- 233.3 Uranium-235 HIGH: As of 2007, 1700 metric Gun-type or implosion-type 50 kg tons of HEU existed globally, in both civilian and military stocks.4 Plutonium- HIGH: A separated global stock of Implosion 10 kg 238 plutonium, both civilian and military, of over 500 tons.5 Implosion 10 kg Plutonium- Produced in military and civilian 239 reactor fuels. Typically, reactor Plutonium- grade plutonium (RGP) consists Implosion 40 kg 240 of roughly 60 percent plutonium- Plutonium- 239, 25 percent plutonium-240, Implosion 10-13 kg nine percent plutonium-241, five 241 percent plutonium-242 and one Plutonium- percent plutonium-2386 (these Implosion 89 -100 kg 242 percentages are influenced by how long the fuel is irradiated in the reactor).7 1 This table is drawn, in part, from Charles P. Blair, “Jihadists and Nuclear Weapons,” in Gary A. Ackerman and Jeremy Tamsett, ed., Jihadists and Weapons of Mass Destruction: A Growing Threat (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2009), pp. 196-197. See also, David Albright N 2 “Bare critical mass” refers to the absence of an initiator or a reflector. -
FT/P3-20 Physics and Engineering Basis of Multi-Functional Compact Tokamak Reactor Concept R.M.O
FT/P3-20 Physics and Engineering Basis of Multi-functional Compact Tokamak Reactor Concept R.M.O. Galvão1, G.O. Ludwig2, E. Del Bosco2, M.C.R. Andrade2, Jiangang Li3, Yuanxi Wan3 Yican Wu3, B. McNamara4, P. Edmonds, M. Gryaznevich5, R. Khairutdinov6, V. Lukash6, A. Danilov7, A. Dnestrovskij7 1CBPF/IFUSP, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2Associated Plasma Laboratory, National Space Research Institute, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil, 3Institute of Plasma Physics, CAS, Hefei, 230031, P.R. China, 4Leabrook Computing, Bournemouth, UK, 5EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, UK, 6TRINITI, Troitsk, RF, 7RRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, RF [email protected] Abstract An important milestone on the Fast Track path to Fusion Power is to demonstrate reliable commercial application of Fusion as soon as possible. Many applications of fusion, other than electricity production, have already been studied in some depth for ITER class facilities. We show that these applications might be usefully realized on a small scale, in a Multi-Functional Compact Tokamak Reactor based on a Spherical Tokamak with similar size, but higher fields and currents than the present experiments NSTX and MAST, where performance has already exceeded expectations. The small power outputs, 20-40MW, permit existing materials and technologies to be used. The analysis of the performance of the compact reactor is based on the solution of the global power balance using empirical scaling laws considering requirements for the minimum necessary fusion power (which is determined by the optimized efficiency of the blanket design), positive power gain and constraints on the wall load. In addition, ASTRA and DINA simulations have been performed for the range of the design parameters. -
小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category
小型飛翔体/海外 [Format 2] Technical Catalog Category Airborne contamination sensor Title Depth Evaluation of Entrained Products (DEEP) Proposed by Create Technologies Ltd & Costain Group PLC 1.DEEP is a sensor analysis software for analysing contamination. DEEP can distinguish between surface contamination and internal / absorbed contamination. The software measures contamination depth by analysing distortions in the gamma spectrum. The method can be applied to data gathered using any spectrometer. Because DEEP provides a means of discriminating surface contamination from other radiation sources, DEEP can be used to provide an estimate of surface contamination without physical sampling. DEEP is a real-time method which enables the user to generate a large number of rapid contamination assessments- this data is complementary to physical samples, providing a sound basis for extrapolation from point samples. It also helps identify anomalies enabling targeted sampling startegies. DEEP is compatible with small airborne spectrometer/ processor combinations, such as that proposed by the ARM-U project – please refer to the ARM-U proposal for more details of the air vehicle. Figure 1: DEEP system core components are small, light, low power and can be integrated via USB, serial or Ethernet interfaces. 小型飛翔体/海外 Figure 2: DEEP prototype software 2.Past experience (plants in Japan, overseas plant, applications in other industries, etc) Create technologies is a specialist R&D firm with a focus on imaging and sensing in the nuclear industry. Createc has developed and delivered several novel nuclear technologies, including the N-Visage gamma camera system. Costainis a leading UK construction and civil engineering firm with almost 150 years of history. -
Radiation Hazard Location
Radiation Hazard Location Radiation Detector JS Stanley US Patent 8,399.859 B2 March 19, 2013 Using semi spherical PRESAGE with a lead collimator to detect contaminated Hot Cells Improving the Presage Polymer Radiosensitivity for Hot Cell and Glovebox 3D Characterization Adamovics, John; Farfan, Eduardo B.; Coleman, J. Rusty Health Physics (2013), 104(1), 63-67. RadBall is a novel, passive, radiation detection device that provides 3D mapping of radiation from areas where measurements have not been possible previously due to lack of access or extremely high radiation doses. This kind of technol. is beneficial when decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear facilities occur. The key components of the RadBall technol. include a tungsten outer shell that houses a radiosensitive PRESAGE polymer. The 1.0-cm-thick tungsten shell has a no. of holes that allow photons to reach the polymer, thus generating radiation tracks that are analyzed. Submerged RadBall Deployments in Hanford Site Hot Cells Containing 137CsCl Capsules Farfan, Eduardo B.; Coleman, J. Rusty; Stanley, Steven; Adamovics, John; Oldham, Mark; Thomas, Andrew Health Physics 103:100-106 (2012) The overall objective of this study was to demonstrate that a new technol., known as RadBall, could locate submerged radiol. hazards. RadBall is a novel, passive, radiation detection device that provides a 3-D visualization of radiation from areas where measurements have not been previously possible due to lack of access or extremely high radiation doses. This technol. has been under development during recent years, and all of its previous tests have included dry deployments. This study involved, for the first time, underwater RadBall deployments in hot cells contg. -
Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes - a Clinical View Dr Beverley Ellis Consultant Radiopharmacist
Security of Supply of Medical Radioisotopes - a clinical view Dr Beverley Ellis Consultant Radiopharmacist Nuclear Medicine Centre Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust Nuclear Medicine § Approx 35 million clinical radionuclide imaging procedures worldwide § Globally 2nd most common imaging technique after CT (higher than MR) 20 million in USA 9 million in Europe 3 million in Japan 3 million in rest of the world Approx 700, 000 nuclear medicine procedures per year in UK Myocardial Perfusion - Ischaemia Stress Stress SA Rest Stress VLA Rest Stress HLA Rest Rest Tc-99m Bone Scans Normal Metastases Mo-99/Tc-99m Generator Supply Tc-99m Radiopharmaceutical Production Mo-99 Shortages Design of Clinical Services to Reduce Tc-99m Use § Optimisation of generator management – Efficiency savings – Delivery and extraction schedules – Patient scheduling § Improved communication – Customers – Suppliers § Improved software – gamma cameras – Produce comparable quality images using less radioactivity Global Situation § OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) – Set up High Level Group (HLG-MR) in 2009 – Security of supply of Mo-99 and Tc-99m – Established 6 principles e.g. full cost recovery and outage reserve capacity – Issued a series of publications Global Situation § AIPES (Association of Imaging Producers & Equipment supplies) (Now called Nuclear Medicine Europe) – Support coordination of research reactor schedules Global Situation § Increased Mo-99 Production Capacity – Mo-99 suppliers – acquire additional capacity to cover shortfalls (Outage -
France USA Research
atw Vol. 61 (2016) | Issue 2 ı February safety and was subject to a separate After joint examination of this file global markets, and submitted the set of “conventional” permits. with IRSN, ASN convened the Advi- license application to the NRC in Hanhikivi1 will be a 1,200mega sory Committee for nuclear pressure September. watt VVER pressurised water reactor equipment (GP ESPN) on 30 Septem Westinghouse and Toshiba Corpo 141 of the Russian AES-2006 type. Start of ber 2015. The GP ESPN submitted its ration are working collaboratively on commissioning is scheduled for 2022 opinion and its recommendation to a limited number of customized mate and commercial operation for 2024. ASN. On this basis, ASN issued a rials and/or reinforcements that will | www.fennovoima.fi | 7304 position statement on the procedure allow new units to be built in areas adopted by Areva, with a certain that have a higher seismic condition. NEWS number of observations and add This Specialized Seismic Option will itional requests. provide the same advanced safety France The results of the new test pro features, modular design and simpli gramme will be crucial to ASN’s fied systems as the standard, NRC- Flamanville 3 EPR: ASN has decision on the suitability for service certified AP1000 plant technology. no objection to the initiation of the Flamanville 3 RPV closure head | www.westinghousenuclear.com of a new test programme and bottom head. This test pro | 7283 (asn) On 12 December 2015, ASN gramme will take several months. issued a position statement concern | www.asn.fr | 7290 ing the approach used to demonstrate the mechanical properties of the Research Flamanville 3 EPR reactor pressure vessel (RPV) closure head and bottom USA IPP: The first plasma: head proposed by Areva. -
Depleted Uranium Technical Brief
Disclaimer - For assistance accessing this document or additional information,please contact [email protected]. Depleted Uranium Technical Brief United States Office of Air and Radiation EPA-402-R-06-011 Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 December 2006 Depleted Uranium Technical Brief EPA 402-R-06-011 December 2006 Project Officer Brian Littleton U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Radiation Protection Division ii iii FOREWARD The Depleted Uranium Technical Brief is designed to convey available information and knowledge about depleted uranium to EPA Remedial Project Managers, On-Scene Coordinators, contractors, and other Agency managers involved with the remediation of sites contaminated with this material. It addresses relative questions regarding the chemical and radiological health concerns involved with depleted uranium in the environment. This technical brief was developed to address the common misconception that depleted uranium represents only a radiological health hazard. It provides accepted data and references to additional sources for both the radiological and chemical characteristics, health risk as well as references for both the monitoring and measurement and applicable treatment techniques for depleted uranium. Please Note: This document has been changed from the original publication dated December 2006. This version corrects references in Appendix 1 that improperly identified the content of Appendix 3 and Appendix 4. The document also clarifies the content of Appendix 4. iv Acknowledgments This technical bulletin is based, in part, on an engineering bulletin that was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation and Indoor Air (ORIA), with the assistance of Trinity Engineering Associates, Inc. -
Radiation Quick Reference Guide Recommend Contacting Your State Fusion Center
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office If you encounter something suspicious follow your specific local protocols. Radiation Quick Reference Guide Recommend contacting your state fusion center. DNDO is available 24/7 to assist at 1-877-DNDO-JAC / 1-877-363-6522 JAC Information Line 202-254-7179 Email: [email protected] Nuclear Concerns/ Threats 1. Nuclear Weapon - a device that releases nuclear energy in an ex- Isotopes of Concern for use in RDDs - with common uses plosive manner. Uses Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) and/or 1. Cobalt-60 – cancer treatment, level/ Plutonium. density gauge, teletherapy, radiography, 2. Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) - a nuclear weapon fabricated food sterilization/irradiation, by a terrorist organization or rogue nation. brachytherapy 2. Iridium-192 – Radiography/non- destructive testing, flaw detection, brachy- therapy “cancer seed”, skin cancer Cobalt 60 sources Uranium “superficial” brachytherapy Plutonium 3. Uranium a. Uranium exists naturally in the earth’s crust. Of the different “isotopes” of uranium, U-235 is the one required to produce a Iridium sentinel and nuclear weapon. gamma camera b. Natural uranium contains a small amount of U-235 (<1%) which Cesium Seeds must be separated in complex extraction processes to create HEU. The predominant uranium isotope is U-238. 3. Cesium-137 - Gauge/level gauge, industrial radiography, brachyther- c. Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) refers to uranium usable in weap- apy/teletherapy, well logging/density gauges ons due to its enrichment in U-235. 4. Strontium-90 – Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), fis- d. Approximately 25 kg of HEU is required for a nuclear weapon. sion product, industrial gauges, medical treatment e. -
The Supply of Medical Isotopes
The Supply of Medical Isotopes AN ECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS The Supply of Medical Isotopes AN ECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS The Supply of Medical Isotopes AN ECONOMIC DIAGNOSIS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD/NEA (2019), The Supply of Medical Isotopes: An Economic Diagnosis and Possible Solutions, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9b326195-en. ISBN 978-92-64-94550-0 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-62509-9 (pdf) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Yok_onepiece/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2019 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. -
Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications Report Prepared for Alberta Innovates
PNNL-25978 Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications Report Prepared for Alberta Innovates November 2016 SM Short B Olateju (AI) SD Unwin S Singh (AI) A Meisen (AI) DISCLAIMER NOTICE This report was prepared under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), as an account of work sponsored by Alberta Innovates (“AI”). Neither AI, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), DOE, the U.S. Government, nor any person acting on their behalf makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by AI, PNNL, DOE, or the U.S. Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of AI, PNNL, DOE or the U.S. Government. Deployability of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors for Alberta Applications SM Short B Olateju (AI) SD Unwin S Singh (AI) A Meisen (AI) November 2016 Prepared for Alberta Innovates (AI) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Executive Summary At present, the steam requirements of Alberta’s heavy oil industry and the Province’s electricity requirements are predominantly met by natural gas and coal, respectively. On November 22, 2015 the Government of Alberta announced its Climate Change Leadership Plan to 1) phase out all pollution created by burning coal and transition to more renewable energy and natural gas generation by 2030 and 2) limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil sands operations. -
Disposal of Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators; Problems, and How to Solve Them
DISPOSAL OF RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS; PROBLEMS, AND HOW TO SOLVE THEM N.R. Kuzelev, Ye.N. Kroschkin, A.G. Kataschov - FSUE “VNIITFA”. 1. The work carried out at “VNIITFA” in 2007 The following work for disposal of RTGs was carried out at “VNIITFA” in 2007: USA - For the money allocated by the US we completed the work on developing of the database of all the RTGs located on the territory of the Russian Federation. 21 RTGs were tested in the Far East and in Kamchatka. Besides, the US coordinated the work financed by the Canadian side on decommissioning of 10 RTGs from the Tiksi Bay, as well as installation of 9 alternative power sources in the Strait of Yugorsky Schar. Canada - in accordance with the Executive Agreement with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada 17 transportation containers for transporting RHSes were fabricated, as well as 16 sets of secure containers for transporting RTGs. The above equipment is currently being used to transport RTGs and RHSes for disposal. Norway - removal of RTGs from the coast of the Barents Sea continued with the technical assistance of Norway. Totally 21 RTGs were removed and disassembled due to the money of Norway. Currently there are no RTGs on the Kola Peninsula. Russia - for the money of the Russian Federation the work was carried out to eliminate radiation accident with the RTG at Navarin lighthouse, as well as 3 RTGs from the Baltic region were disposed of with a certain preliminary work. Inspection of 10 RTGs was carried out in Yakutia (Peleduy). -
A Comparison of Advanced Nuclear Technologies
A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D MARCH 2017 B | CHAPTER NAME ABOUT THE CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY The Center on Global Energy Policy provides independent, balanced, data-driven analysis to help policymakers navigate the complex world of energy. We approach energy as an economic, security, and environmental concern. And we draw on the resources of a world-class institution, faculty with real-world experience, and a location in the world’s finance and media capital. Visit us at energypolicy.columbia.edu facebook.com/ColumbiaUEnergy twitter.com/ColumbiaUEnergy ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS SIPA’s mission is to empower people to serve the global public interest. Our goal is to foster economic growth, sustainable development, social progress, and democratic governance by educating public policy professionals, producing policy-related research, and conveying the results to the world. Based in New York City, with a student body that is 50 percent international and educational partners in cities around the world, SIPA is the most global of public policy schools. For more information, please visit www.sipa.columbia.edu A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D* MARCH 2017 *Andrew C. Kadak is the former president of Yankee Atomic Electric Company and professor of the practice at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He continues to consult on nuclear operations, advanced nuclear power plants, and policy and regulatory matters in the United States. He also serves on senior nuclear safety oversight boards in China. He is a graduate of MIT from the Nuclear Science and Engineering Department.