DOCSLIB.ORG

Austrian Foreign Policy 1995–2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Austrian Foreign Policy 1995–2015 Discussion (special issue) Austrian foreign policy 1995–2015 Helmut Kramer1, * 1 Institut für Politikwissenschaft, Universität Wien, Austria * E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract During the past 20 years, Austria’s foreign policy has undergone far-reaching changes as a consequence of Austria’s mem- bership in the European Union. Austria’s entry into the European Union broadened its foreign policy agenda: it became involved in a wide range of international issues and in the economic and political positions and bargaining processes of the EU in the international system. On the other hand, EU membership placed considerable constraints on Austria’s formerly independent national foreign policy, especially on Austria’s neutrality. This article gives an overview of the development of Austrian foreign policy since 1995, analyzing the developments leading from an active foreign policy profile in the 1970s and 1980s to a more passive, reactive foreign policy after entry into the EU. The main factors responsible for this development are a general weakening of the pro-active political approach in Austria’s EU policy and in international affairs, continued cuts in the Austrian foreign service budget, and the growing impact of the trend towards renationalization and provincialisation in domestic politics. Keywords Austria, foreign policy, EU membership, renationalization, provincialisation Österreichs Außenpolitik 1995–2015 Zusammenfassung Die österreichische Außenpolitik wurde durch den EU-Beitritt Österreichs im Jahre 1995 wesentlich umgestaltet: Auf der ei- nen Seite wurde die außenpolitische Agenda Österreichs durch die Involvierung in die Positionen und Verhandlungsprozes- se der EU wesentlich ausgeweitet. Auf der anderen Seite wurde durch die Mitgliedschaft in der EU die frühere unabhängige Außenpolitik des neutralen Österreichs wesentlich eingeschränkt. In dem Aufsatz wird ein Überblick über die Entwicklung der österreichischen Außenpolitik seit 1995 gegeben, in der die Tendenz zu einer Abschwächung der früheren pro-aktiven Außen- und Vermittlungspolitik auf eine ambivalente Politik in der EU, auf die einschneidenden finanziellen Kürzungen im Bereich des diplomatischen Dienstes und der internationalen Solidarleistungen Österreichs sowie auf den gesamtgesell- schaftlichen Trend zur Renationalisierung und Provinzialisierung zurückgeführt wird. Schlüsselwörter Österreich, Außenpolitik, EU Mitgliedschaft, Renationalisierung, Provinzialisierung The author has declared that no competing interests exist. September 12, 2016 I innsbruck university press, Innsbruck OZP – Austrian Journal of Political Science I ISSN 2313-5433 I http://oezp.at/ Vol. 45, issue 2 I DOI 10.15203/ozp.1372.vol45iss2 OPEN ACCESS 50 H. Kramer: Austrian foreign policy 1995-2015 I OZP Vol. 45, Issue 2 1. Introduction its strong position in the economic sphere, together with the diplomatic skills of Austrian diplomats In this essay on the development and the changes in such as Wolfgang Petritsch and Albert Rohan in Austrian foreign policy in the period 1995-2015 Part 1 representing the EU in important functions, and the discusses the overall impact of Austria’s membership active military participation in the EU and UN peace- in the European Union (EU) in the field of Austria’s making missions in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina foreign and international policy. Part 2 gives an overview enabled Austria to play an important and respected of Austria’s difficulties in finding a steady pace and a role in EU attempts to reduce and put an end to the constructive attitude in its general foreign policy approach conflicts in this region and to initiate a process of to the EU, as well as its failure to fulfill the expectations to EU enlargement through the former communist act as mediator in the EU enlargement process in Eastern countries in Southeast Europe. Europe. Part 3 analyzes the stagnation and reduction in Austria’s entry into the EU also had a positive and the funds necessary for an effective foreign policy role, the helpful influence in enhancing Austria’s traditionally organizational crisis of the Foreign Ministry – which in active role in the UN and the opportunity to host one 2007 changed its name from Federal Ministry for Foreign of the four UN headquarters in Vienna. There were Affairs to Federal Ministry for European and International distinct advantages to participation in UN affairs as Affairs (BMEA) and then, in 2014, to Federal Ministry for a member of a political bloc which represented the Europe, Integration and International Affairs (BMEIA) – most loyal partner of the UN in matters of UN-fund- and of Austria’s diplomatic representation system as well ing as well as in the international initiatives of the UN as Austria’s dismal record in the field of development in the field of worldwide peacemaking and social and cooperation and international solidarity contributions. economic development. Part 4 discusses the Austrian government’s role in and Furthermore, Austria was supported by its EU responsibility for the general tendency to de-activate partners when it sought to obtain (against strong Austrian foreign policy as well as the impact of domestic competition from Turkey and Iceland) a seat as a non- policy on Austria’s foreign policy in a societal process of permanent member of the UN Security Council (SC) increasing provincialization and renationalization. In the in 2009 and 2010, in which role it initiated SC resolu- Conclusion (Part 5), we refer to recent attempts to reactivate tions in the field of human rights and in the defence Austrian foreign policy within the context of the structural of civilians in military conflicts. Austria was also problems posed by political and financial impediments on quite active in the field of disarmament (see Kmentt an active foreign policy profile. 2016) and in May 2011 was elected to the Human Rights Council by the UN General Assembly. That same year, Austrian diplomat Thomas Mayr-Harting 2. Austria’s foreign policy in the process of was appointed Head of the EU delegation to the UN in transformation from a nation to a member state New York (Troy 2013; BMEIA 2011). At the same time, membership in the EU placed During the past 20 years, Austria’s foreign policy (Gehler considerable constraints on Austria’s formerly in- 2005; Kramer 2006; Alecu de Flers 2012) has undergone dependent and largely autonomous national foreign far-reaching changes due to Austria’s entry into the policy. Important foreign policy and security issues European Union (EU) and its transformation from a now had to be interpreted and handled as questions nation state to a member state. This enabled Austria to and matters of “European internal policy”. Austria considerably widen its foreign policy agenda, becoming had to adapt its foreign policy, both in terms of spe- involved in a broad range of international issues and cific issues and in accordance with the obligation to participating in external economic relations and the increase coordination and consultation in diplomatic international bargaining processes of the EU on pressing relations within the framework of the EU’s Common global questions such as climate change and development Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), a political pro- aid. As a member of the EU, Austria gained political weight cess which – it must be added – is still mainly of an in its international standing, both in Europe and in its intergovernmental nature and dominated by the par- role in global affairs and in the United Nations. Through ticular interests of the big EU member states: France, its membership of the EU, Austria gained “additional Germany and Great Britain (Alecu de Flers 2012, 1f.; opportunities to become an active international political Lehne 2015). player in the Balkan states” (Jandl 2015, 236, translation One of the most significant consequences of EU by the author), a region in which it had already been much membership affecting and constraining Austria’s involved in the early 1990s in the context of the breakdown formerly independent national foreign policy posi- and dismemberment of Yugoslavia. Austria’s geographical tions was the weakening of the political relevance proximity, intensive historical and cultural connections, and the narrowing of the scope of application of H. Kramer: Austrian foreign policy 1995-2015 I OZP Vol. 45, Issue 2 51 Austria’ s neutrality. This process of adapting Austria’s During the past 20 years, Austria’s foreign policy foreign policy and security policy to the foreign policy profile was shaped and influenced not only by Austria’s positions of the EU had already set in during the pe- EU membership and the impact of “Europeanisation”, riod before 1995, when the Austrian government began i.e., the process by which the national foreign policy of to intensify formal contacts with Brussels and with the individual EU member states is affected by a common foreign ministries of the EC/EU countries, and to adapt European foreign policy - although in some cases, in- its foreign policy positions to those of the EU. This can dividual member states can also initiate and influence be shown in the convergence of positions when Austria EU policy (Alecu de Flers/Müller 2012). Austrian for- was faced with the demands of Slovenia and Croatia for eign policy also found itself having to adapt to systemic national independence in the context of the breakup and changes in the international system, an increase of dismemberment of Ex-Yugoslavia in 1991 and 1992 and the number of international actors, and new responsi- in the United Nations, where “Austria’s voting behavior bilities for international organizations. Austria and the approximated the EC/EU majority line from the early member states of the European Union were faced with 1990s onwards” (Alecu de Flers 2012, 104f.; also Luif an increasingly crisis-ridden international system, in- 1995). cluding climate change, serious financial and economic The basis and foundation of Austria’s neutral status disturbances and the growing number of refugees from – which had since 1955 constituted the conceptual and war-torn and poor countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 India-Austria Relations Political Relations Diplomatic Relations
    India-Austria Relations Political Relations Diplomatic relations between India and Austria were established in 1949. Traditionally India-Austria relations have been warm and friendly. There has been a regular exchange of high level visits between the two countries: High Level Bilateral Visits 1955 Prime Minister Pandit Nehru 1971 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1980 Chancellor Bruno Kreisky 1983 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1984 Chancellor Fred Sinowatz 1995 EAM Pranab Mukherjee 1999 President K. R. Narayanan 2005 President Heinz Fischer 2007 Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik 2009 Speaker of Lok Sabha Meira Kumar 2010 Vice Chancellor Josef Pröll 2011 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer 2011 President PratibhaDevisingh Patil 2012 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer President of India, Pratibha Devi Singh Patil visited Austria from from 4-7 October 2011. The talks covered entire gamut of bilateral relations and international issues of mutual concern. Special emphasis was put on strengthening economic and commercial cooperation, scientific cooperation and people to people exchanges. President Fischer strongly supported India’s place in a reformed UN Security Council. He said that ‘We recognize that the world is changing fast and that the current composition in the Security Council does not reflect the realities of the new world order currently emerging. Your country deserves to play a bigger role in the Security Council’. Austrian Federal President Dr. Heinz Fischer visited India in February 2005. The Joint Statement issued during the visit highlighted the need to keep up the momentum of exchanging high level visits, expanding and deepening cooperation in power, environment, health infrastructure, biotechnology, information technology, engineering and transport, intensifying cooperation between universities and research institutions, expanding direct air- links between the two countries, condemning terrorism and a dialogue on UN related issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Schon Zeus Liebte Europa (PDF
    7 1 Herausgeber: Verein zur Dokumentation der Zeitgeschichte 3970 Weitra, Rathausplatz 1 Eigentümer und Verleger: Vytconsult GmbH 2514 Traiskirchen, Karl Hilberstraße 3 2 „Noch nie hat es eine so lange Zeit des friedlichen Zu- sammenlebens am europäischen Kontinent gegeben. Der Integrationsprozess ist weit fortgeschritten, aber noch nicht unumkehrbar.“ Alois Mock im Jahr 2000 ÖVP-Bundesparteiobmann (1979 - 1989), Vizekanzler (1987 - 1989) und Außenminister (1987 - 1995) 3 Inhaltlicher Leitfaden Der Ursprung Europas ....................................................................5 Die Geschichte des europäischen Einigungswerkes .................................9 Die Gründung der Montanunion ...................................................... 13 Die Geburtsstunde der EWG .......................................................... 15 Österreich setzt auf Kurs Richtung Brüssel ........................................ 19 Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs ........................................................... 22 Aus der EG wird die EU Start der Beitrittsverhandlungen .................................................... 24 Chronik der EU von 1995-2019 ....................................................... 26 Quo Vadis, EU ........................................................................... 39 Sebastian Kurz ................................................................ 41 Othmar Karas .................................................................. 44 Johannes Hahn ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18
    The Schüssel Era in Austria Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES Volume 18 innsbruck university press Copyright ©2010 by University of New Orleans Press, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, ED 210, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA, 70119, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America. Published and distributed in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe by University of New Orleans Press: Innsbruck University Press: ISBN 978-1-60801-009-7 ISBN 978-3-902719-29-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009936824 Contemporary Austrian Studies Sponsored by the University of New Orleans and Universität Innsbruck Editors Günter Bischof, CenterAustria, University of New Orleans Fritz Plasser, Universität Innsbruck Production Editor Copy Editor Assistant Editor Ellen Palli Jennifer Shimek Michael Maier Universität Innsbruck Loyola University, New Orleans UNO/Vienna Executive Editors Franz Mathis, Universität Innsbruck Susan Krantz, University of New Orleans Advisory Board Siegfried Beer Sándor Kurtán Universität Graz Corvinus University Budapest Peter Berger Günther Pallaver Wirtschaftsuniversität
    [Show full text]
  • Österreich, Habsburg Und Europa
    Österreich, Hab sburg und Europa Geographie Alpenrepublik im Herzen Europas, Mitteleuropa Ö Offizieller Name: Republik sterreich ü Gr ndung: 1918/1945 Hauptstadt: Wien (2,3 Mio.) Bevölkerung: 8,32 Mio. (2007) (KuK-Monarchie 1895 43,68 Mio., 1914 52,8 Mio., davon 10 Mio. ö Deutsch sterreicher) Gesamtfläche: 83 850 km² (676.648 km² KuK-Monarchie 1914, 300.213 km² Österreich, 325.325 ² ² km Ungarn, 51.110 km Bosnien-Herzegowina) Niederösterreich: 996 "Ostarrichi", Babenberger Lehen, 1156 Herzogtum, und später Habsburger Kernland (1358/1463 Erzherzogtum). ö Hymne Nieder sterreich O Heimat, dich zu lieben Getreu in Glück und Not Im Herzen steht's geschrieben Als innerstes Gebot. Wir singen deine Weisen Die dir an Schönheit gleich ö Und wollen hoch dich preisen Mein Nieder sterreich. Oberösterreich: 1186 als Traungau mit Steyr im Verbund mit der Steiermark zu den Babenbergern, 1254 eigenständig als "Austria superior" (Österreich ober der Enns) durch ř Ottokar P emysl, 1278/82 habsburgisch. Steiermark: 1186 an die Babenberger (Georgenberger Handfeste), 1278/82 an Habsburg. ä K rnten: 1335 an Habsburg (durch den Vater von Margarete Maultasch). Tirol: 1363 durch Margarete Maultasch an Habsburg. Vorarlberg: bis 1918 im Verband mit Tirol. Ö Salzburg: 1805/16 an Habsburg (vorerst mit O ). Ö Burgenland: 1921 nach Abtrennung von Ungarn an sterreich. ö ä Wien: 1921/22 Abtrennung von Nieder sterreich als eigenst ndiges Bundesland. pdfMachine A pdf writer that produces quality PDF files with ease! Produce quality PDF files in seconds and preserve the integrity
    [Show full text]
  • The Marshall Plan in Austria 69
    CAS XXV CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIANAUSTRIAN STUDIES STUDIES | VOLUME VOLUME 25 25 This volume celebrates the study of Austria in the twentieth century by historians, political scientists and social scientists produced in the previous twenty-four volumes of Contemporary Austrian Studies. One contributor from each of the previous volumes has been asked to update the state of scholarship in the field addressed in the respective volume. The title “Austrian Studies Today,” then, attempts to reflect the state of the art of historical and social science related Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.) • Austrian Studies Today studies of Austria over the past century, without claiming to be comprehensive. The volume thus covers many important themes of Austrian contemporary history and politics since the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918—from World War I and its legacies, to the rise of authoritarian regimes in the 1930s and 1940s, to the reconstruction of republican Austria after World War II, the years of Grand Coalition governments and the Kreisky era, all the way to Austria joining the European Union in 1995 and its impact on Austria’s international status and domestic politics. EUROPE USA Austrian Studies Studies Today Today GünterGünter Bischof,Bischof, Ferdinand Ferdinand Karlhofer Karlhofer (Eds.) (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Studies Today Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 25 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2016 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • India-Austria Relations Political Relations Diplomatic Relations Between India and Austria Were Established in 1949. Traditional
    India-Austria Relations Political relations Diplomatic relations between India and Austria were established in 1949. Traditionally India-Austria relations have been warm and friendly. There has been a regular exchange of high level visits between the two countries: High Level Bilateral Visits 1955 Prime Minister Pandit Nehru 1971 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1980 Chancellor Bruno Kreisky 1983 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1984 Chancellor Fred Sinowatz 1995 EAM Pranab Mukherjee 1999 President K. R. Narayanan 2005 President Heinz Fischer 2007 Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik 2009 Speaker of Lok Sabha Meira Kumar 2010 Vice Chancellor Josef Pröll 2011 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer 2011 President Pratibha Devisingh Patil 2012 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer President of India, Pratibha Devi Singh Patil visited Austria from from 4-7 October 2011. The talks covered entire gamut of bilateral relations and international issues of mutual concern. Special emphasis was put on strengthening economic and commercial cooperation, scientific cooperation and people to people exchanges. President Fischer strongly supported India’s place in a reformed UN Security Council. He said that ‘We recognize that the world is changing fast and that the current composition in the Security Council does not reflect the realities of the new world order currently emerging. Your country deserves to play a bigger role in the Security Council’. Austrian Federal President Dr. Heinz Fischer visited India in February 2005. The Joint Statement issued during the visit highlighted the need to keep up the momentum of exchanging high level visits, expanding and deepening cooperation in power, environment, health infrastructure, biotechnology, information technology, engineering and transport, intensifying cooperation between universities and research institutions, expanding direct air- links between the two countries, condemning terrorism and a dialogue on UN related issues.
    [Show full text]
  • Vienna Migration Conference 2016
    Vienna Migration Conference 2016 European Migration and Refugee Policies – The Way Ahead International Refugee Protection and European Responses European Migration Policy and International Cooperation CONTENT VIENNA MIGRATION CONFERENCE 2016 Content Introduction by Michael Spindelegger 03 International Refugee Protection and European Responses 08 The emergence of a new foreign migration policy in Europe 11 Speakers 14 European Migration and Refugee Policies – The Way Ahead 16 Opening and key note 33 International Refugee Protection and European Responses 36 European Migration Policy and International Cooperation 50 Conclusions 65 Overview VIENNA MIGRATION CONFERENCE 2016 Vienna Migration Conference 2016 European Migration and Refugee Policies – The Way Ahead International Refugee Protection and European Responses European Migration Policy and International Cooperation 01 VIENNA MIGRATION CONFERENCE 2016 INTRODUCTION Introduction Michael Spindelegger European migration policy is going through challenging times. Around 1.3 million persons applied for asylum in the EU in 2015; which was the highest number since more than 60 years; in 2016 it was still about 1.1 million asylum applicants. Sadly, the death toll had even risen compared to previous years. According to the UNHCR, more than 5,000 migrants had lost their lives while trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea by the end of the year. Refugee and migration potentials remain exceptionally high. More than 65 million people around the world have fled from war, conflict and violence. This figure is more than two times higher than it was twenty years ago. And even if we manage to resolve the current crisis and the violent conflicts causing it, immense challenges will remain. Today, 2 billion persons live in the main regions of origin of migration – Africa, the Arab World and South Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL ELECTIONS in AUSTRIA 29Th September 2013
    GENERAL ELECTIONS IN AUSTRIA 29th September 2013 European Elections monitor The Social Democratic Party’s “grand coalition” re-elected in Austria Corinne Deloy Translated by Helen Levy Like their German neighbours (with whom they share the same satisfactory economic results) the Austrians chose to re-elect their leaders in the general elections on 29th September. Both countries are also due to be governed by grand coalitions rallying the two main political parties – one on the left and the other on the right – during the next legislature. Results As expected the outgoing government coalition formed With 5.8% of the vote (11 seats), the Team Stronach by the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) of outgoing for Austria, a populist, eurosceptic party founded in Chancellor Werner Faymann and the People’s Party September 2012 by Austro-Canadian businessman (ÖVP) of Vice-Chancellor Michael Spindelegger, came Frank Stronach, will be making its debut in the Natio- out ahead in the election. The SPÖ won 27.1% of the nal Council (Nationalrat), the lower chamber of parlia- vote and 53 seats (five less in comparison with the ment, likewise the Neos-New Austria, a liberal party previous election on 28th September 2008); the ÖVP created on 27th October 2012 by Matthias Strolz, a won 23.8% and 46 seats (- 4). The election illustrates former ÖVP member and supported by the industrialist the continued decline in the electorate of both parties: Hans Peter Haselsteiner, which won 4.8% of the vote together they achieved the lowest score in their his- and 9 seats. tory, mobilizing just half of the electorate (50.9%, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective
    CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 Bischof, Karlhofer (Eds.), Williamson (Guest Ed.) • 1914: Aus tria-Hungary, the Origins, and the First Year of World War I War of World the Origins, and First Year tria-Hungary, Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof AustrianFerdinand Federalism Karlhofer (Eds.) in Comparative Perspective Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) UNO UNO PRESS innsbruck university press UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Austrian Federalism in ŽŵƉĂƌĂƟǀĞWĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ Günter Bischof, Ferdinand Karlhofer (Eds.) CONTEMPORARY AUSTRIAN STUDIES | VOLUME 24 UNO PRESS innsbruck university press Copyright © 2015 by University of New Orleans Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage nd retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to UNO Press, University of New Orleans, LA 138, 2000 Lakeshore Drive. New Orleans, LA, 70148, USA. www.unopress.org. Printed in the United States of America Book design by Allison Reu and Alex Dimeff Cover photo © Parlamentsdirektion Published in the United States by Published and distributed in Europe University of New Orleans Press by Innsbruck University Press ISBN: 9781608011124 ISBN: 9783902936691 UNO PRESS Publication of this volume has been made possible through generous grants from the the Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration, and Foreign Affairs in Vienna through the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, as well as the Federal Ministry of Economics, Science, and Research through the Austrian Academic Exchange Service (ÖAAD). The Austrian Marshall Plan Anniversary Foundation in Vienna has been very generous in supporting Center Austria: The Austrian Marshall Plan Center for European Studies at the University of New Orleans and its publications series.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Austrians First!' – Election Campaigns by Right-Wing Populist Parties
    Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Politikwissenschaft Supervisor: Sebastian Schneider University of Twente, School of Management & Governance Supervisor: Dr. Giedo Jansen Bachelor Thesis in the Double-Degree Program: Public Administration (Special Emphasis: European Studies) Submission Date: July 27, 2014 ‘Austrians First!’ – Election Campaigns by Right-Wing Populist Parties. A Comparative Case Study between the Austrian Freedom Party and the Austrian People’s Party in the National Legislative Elections 2013 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Theoretical Considerations 4 2.1 The Concept of Right-Wing Populism 4 2.1.1 Approaching the Concept of Populism 4 2.1.2 The Populist World View 5 2.1.3 The Distinction between Right-Wing Populism and Extremism 6 2.2 Political Campaign Strategies 6 2.2.1 Personalization 7 2.2.2 Politics of National Identity 8 2.2.3 Anti-Establishment Attitudes 9 2.2.4 Emotionalization 9 2.2.5 Simplification 10 3. Right-Wing Populism and Elections in Austria 12 3.1 Austria: Politics and Society 12 3.2 The Austrian Freedom Party 12 3.3 The Austrian People’s Party 13 3.4 Election Campaigns in Austria 13 3.5 The National Legislative Elections 2013 14 4. Methodology 16 4.1 Research Design 16 4.2 Case Selection 17 4.3 Sampling 17 4.4 Data Analysis 18 4.5 Operationalization 19 5. Analysis 21 5.1 Personalization 21 5.2 Politics of National Identity 22 5.3 Anti-Establishment Attitudes 24 5.4 Emotionalization 26 5.5 Simplification 29 6. Conclusion 31 7. Biography 34 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Austria Relations Political Relations Diplomatic Relations Between India
    India - Austria Relations Political relations Diplomatic relations between India and Austria were established in 1949. Traditionally India-Austria relations have been warm and friendly. There has been a regular exchange of high level visits between the two countries: High Level Bilateral Visits 1955 Prime Minister Pandit Nehru 1971 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1980 Chancellor Bruno Kreisky 1983 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1984 Chancellor Fred Sinowatz 1995 EAM Pranab Mukherjee 1999 President K. R. Narayanan 2005 President Heinz Fischer 2007 Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik 2009 Speaker of LokSabhaMeira Kumar 2010 Vice Chancellor Josef Pröll 2011 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer 2011 President PratibhaDevisinghPatil 2012 President of National Council of Austrian Parliament Barbara Prammer 2016 Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz President of India, Pratibha Devi Singh Patil visited Austria from from 4-7 October 2011. The talks covered entire gamut of bilateral relations and international issues of mutual concern. Special emphasis was put on strengthening economic and commercial cooperation, scientific cooperation and people to people exchanges. President Fischer strongly supported India’s place in a reformed UN Security Council. He said that ‘We recognize that the world is changing fast and that the current composition in the Security Council does not reflect the realities of the new world order currently emerging. Your country deserves to play a bigger role in the Security Council’. Austrian Federal President Dr. Heinz Fischer visited India in February 2005. The Joint Statement issued during the visit highlighted the need to keep up the momentum of exchanging high level visits, expanding and deepening cooperation in power, environment, health infrastructure, biotechnology, information technology, engineering and transport, intensifying cooperation between universities and research institutions, expanding direct air- links between the two countries, condemning terrorism and a dialogue on UN related issues.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Victim of a Conflict Is Often the Truth
    1 2 © UN Photo/Albert González Farran Symposium Report “Enhancing Women’s Share in Peace and Security” 3 Content: 4 Preface 6 Introduction 8 Executive Summary 16 Thematic Overview 24 UNSCR 1325: Equality of Women’s Participation - Essential for Sustainable Peace 28 Session 1: Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management 30 Background Paper 34 Session Report 42 Session Recommendations 44 UNSCR 1325: Some Examples from Kosovo 46 Session 2: Gender-Sensitive Conflict Assessment and Analysis 48 Background Paper 51 Session Report 62 Session Recommendations 64 UNSCR 1325: Integrating a Gender Perspective into Military Operations 68 Session 3: Women Change Peace Talks 70 Background Paper 4 73 Session Report 82 Session Recommendations 84 UNSCR 1325: Learned Lessons from a Conflict Zone 86 Session 4: The Role of the Media in Implementing UNSCR 1325 88 Background Paper 92 Session Report 102 Session Recommendations 104 UNSCR 1325: Why We Need to Rigorously Address Online Threats Towards Female Journalists 108 Session 5: Closing Session 110 Session Report 114 Session Recommendations 116 Annexes: 117 List of Acronyms 118 Policy Paper 128 About the Authors 131 Endnotes 5 Preface The symposium “Enhancing Women’s Share in Peace and Security” in November 2014 was a contribution to the 15th anniversary of the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 (2000) and the 20th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, carried out by Austrian state institutions and civil society organizations, namely the Austrian Parliament, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports, the Austrian Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, the Austrian Development Cooperation, the Bruno Kreisky Forum for In- ternational Dialogue, the Austrian Federal Chancellery, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education and Women’s Affairs, the International Peace In- stitute, the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna and the UN Women National Committee Austria.
    [Show full text]