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University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan 71-27,503 KREPS, Gary Alden, 1944- INNOVATION IN CRISIS RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS: A MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1971 Sociology, general University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED INNOVATION 'm CRISIS RELEVANT ORGAN IZATICHS : A MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF ORGAEIZAYIOFAl. CHANGE D IS S ERTA'f ION Pro sen 1: ec! in Partial Fulfil iment of Lhe. Requirements for the Degree. Doctor of Philosophy in the Gradual; e School of The Ohio State University By Gary Alden Keeps, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1971 Approved by Advisor Department of Sociology Please Note: Some pages have very light type. Filmed as received. University Microfilms. ACKbOWJJfOGliENTS This study was made possible by a grant from the Center for Studies of Mental Health and Social Problems, Applied Research Branch, The National Institute of Mental Health (PH3 Grant 5 R01 MH 15399-03). I am deeply grateful to Professor Russell. R. Dynes and Professor E . L. Quarantelli, Go-Directors o£ the Disaster Research Center. The sociological insight of these two men has been a constant stimulant to my educational development. The project would not have been possible without the able assistance of Professor Dynes, my advisor, whose guidance, encouragement, and time were generously contributed throughout the study. Professor Quarantelli was greatly instrumental in the development of the study and proved to be a continuing source of constructive criticism and suggestions. I am also grateful for the assistance of Professor Ronald Corwin, who served on my dissertation committee and has provided an excellent role model for research on complex organiza­ tions. And to the many members of the sociology faculty v?ho have assisted me in my graduate program, my sincere appreciation. Completion of this study has involved the combined efforts of virtually the entire staff of the Disaster Research Center.. Jack Weller, PvObert Stallings, Thomas Forrest, J. Richard Ponting, ii Dennis Wenger, Michael Kearney, and George Runner worked diligently in the collection of data and made significant contributions in overcoming methodological problems. Barbara Tootle efficiently handled the travel and other adminishrative arrangement.';. She also undertook the difficult and tine consuming task of typing the final manuscript. Janice Zimmer: anc! the. rest of the secretarial staff completed the onerous task of interview transcription. My sincere appreciation to all of these people for their help and friendship. Special thanks to my colleague and dear friend, Jack Weller. Tie, perhaps more than anyone, assisted me in elaborating, the con­ ceptual and empirical issues in the study. Our long and frequent discussions over the months of this study have, contributed greatly to this final product. My gratitude also to the many organisational representatives who agreed to participate in the study and generously provided the necessary information. Overburdened as many of these officials were, they still managed to find the time necessary to adequately complete the stud}' in their organizations. Finally, my deep appreciation to my family whose support and kindness have encouraged me throughout these long years of graduate training. I am especially grateful to my wife Loretta, whose love and understanding have meant more than anything else. VITA May 25, 1944 ....... liom ~ Akron, Ohio 1966 ....... « . B.A. in Sociology (cum laude) The* University of Akron Akron, Ohio 1966-1967 ........ National Scieuce Foundation T r a i n e .■ ; s 11 i n, T i i ■0 1 1 i o Stain; University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 ........ Research Assisi:,ant, The Disaster Rose: arch Center, The Ohio State Univers 1 ty, Columlms, Ohio 1968 . 11. A. in Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1971 . ..................... Research Associate, The Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969 ......... Teaching Associate, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "The Nature and Relationship of Social Conflict and Change: Organi­ zation Change Within a Community Conflict Environment." A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, D.C., August 1970, with Dennis Wenger. "Organization Change Within a Community Conflict Environment." Disaster Research Center, Working Paper #26, Columbus, Ohio, 1970, with Dennis Wenger. iv "A Model of Community Coordination in Response to Disaster." Disaster Research Center, Working Paper #29, Columbus, Ohio, 1970, with Jack H. Weller. "Organ izacxonal. Inner yi: ion in Crisis Relevant Groups." A paper presented at the Spring Symposium on Conflict and Change in Contemporary America, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, May 1971. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fie! d: Sociology Comp!ex Organizations. Professor Russell R. .Dynes and Professor Ronald Con-?in Social Organization. Professor Russell R, Dynes and Professor E . L . Q u ar an t e i 1 i Community, Urban, and Ecological Studies. Professor Kent Schwirian Research Methodology. Professor Kent Schv?irian and Professor Raymond Sletto v TABLE OF CONTENTS A CKI'I 0W LEDOUEN IS VITA xv LIST OF TABLES vi.ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 3. Background Conceptual and Empirical Issues Substantive aivl Theoretical Relevance Nature of the Data Outline of the Study THE CONCEPTS WHICH U N D E R L Y THE MODEL 13 Organ itation Or3 an i a a t i on - Env ir onraan t R e 1 a!: i on sh ip s Objective Organizational Change The Process of Organizational Change III. A MODEL OF THE PROCESS OF CHANGE IN CRISIS RELEVANT ORGANIZATIONS 64 Assumptions Axioms Basic Propositions Derived Propositions The Model IV. METHODOLOGY 87 The Cases Data Collection Measurement of Variables vi Chapter Page. V. THE EMPIRICAL EXAMINATION .................. 119 Specification of Rankings Correlation Analysis of the Data Police Department Case Analyses Fire Department Case Analyses The Intelligence-Inf]uence Hypothesis Conclusion VI. CONCLUSION ............................................. 154 Expansion of the Theory Futu re Ver if i c.a tionnl Rese.nrch Implications for the Continuing Analysis of Organizational Change APPENDIX A. ■........................... 169 B ................. 171 C . 196 D ................. 199 E ..................... ............ 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................... 215 vii LIST OF TABLES Title Page 1. Organizational Variables .......... 113 2. Specification of Organizational Rankings by Model Variables: Police Departments ........ 121 3. Specification of Organizational Rankings by Model Variables: Fire Dcpa.rtir.onts . 122. 4. Specification of Organ!nation aI Rankings by Structural Variables: Police Departments .... 123 5. Specification of Organir-’-ational Bankings by Structural Variables: Fire Departments ..... 124 6 . Correlation Analysis of the Model in Police Departments ....... 123 7. Correlation. Analysis of the Model in Fire Departments ..................................... 126 8 . Subjective Threat and Model Variables .............. 127 S. Police Departments: Correlation Analysis of Model vith Structural Variables ........................... 129 10. Fire Departments: Correlation Analysis of Model v?ith Structural V a r i a b l e s .................... 130 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The. objective of this study is -to conceptualise and empiric,ally examine the process of organisational change as an adaptive response to an uncertain and threatening environment. The internal processes of development of organizational adjustments and the role of environ­ mental linkages to these processes are therefore important considera­ tions. In order to meet this objective, it is necessary to draw out meaningful propositions to be addressed by data end then further elaborated. In tins regard, the study develops a middle range theore­ tical model of change in crisis relevant organizations and then examines empirically and refines the model using data from a sample of urban police and fire departments in the United States. The model analyzes organ!zational adaptations to the problems posed by the threat or actual occurrence of civil disturbance. Change is conceptualized as an intelligence processing organizational activity, i.e., bringing technical and political information and/or knowledge to bear upon the definition and elaboration of organizational problems and the execution of attempted solutions to meet these problems.'*' Viewing change in this manner provides an appropriate language to grasp the structure and pro­ cess of change at the organizational level; bridging the gap between conceptions of the individual decision maker adopting changes, to the 1 emergent properties of organization as system undergoing patterned ad apt a ti. on s . There* are four central concepts which underly the change process model; these arc organ isat ion, orgam'.znt ion-env i.ronmcri i: re la Li on .1 •■hips , o h i ec L~ivc organize j onrl chance, and the process of prg;jji j_za tipn a 1 change. The concept of organiset ion is important because this is the sociological level of analysis of the research. Organization-enviroil­ men t rei at leash ips arc important because the occurrence of civil distur­ bance is an extra-organiaationu 1 , i.e., environmental impingement upon organizetional affairs, Gbieci ive organ irrational change is Lhe specific behavioral outcome the research will examine. Finally, the process of change, conceptual
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