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Cost Estimation and Economical Evaluation of Three Configurations Of CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Appl Water Sci DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0446-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cost estimation and economical evaluation of three configurations of activated sludge process for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using simulation Shahryar Jafarinejad1 Received: 26 November 2015 / Accepted: 30 June 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The activated sludge (AS) process is a type of Introduction suspended growth biological wastewater treatment that is used for treating both municipal sewage and a variety of Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are complex sys- industrial wastewaters. Economical modeling and cost tems which include a large number of biological, physic- estimation of activated sludge processes are crucial for ochemical, and biochemical processes (Sotomayor et al. designing, construction, and forecasting future economical 2001). The activated sludge process is the most widely requirements of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In applied biological treatment of liquid waste, treating both this study, three configurations containing conventional municipal sewage and a variety of industrial wastewaters activated sludge (CAS), extended aeration activated sludge (Aguilar-Lo´pez et al. 2013; Sotomayor et al. 2001; Slater (EAAS), and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) processes for 2006). Actually, activated sludge systems are a type of a wastewater treatment plant in Tehran city were proposed suspended growth biological wastewater treatment in and the total project construction, operation labor, main- which the degradation and removal of contaminants within tenance, material, chemical, energy and amortization costs the wastewater is performed by microorganisms [bacterial of these WWTPs were calculated and compared. Besides, biomass suspension (the activated sludge)] (Evans 2012). effect of mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS) amounts on Depending on the design and the specific application, an costs of WWTPs was investigated. Results demonstrated activated sludge wastewater treatment plant can achieve that increase of MLSS decreases the total project con- biological nitrogen removal and biological phosphorus struction, material and amortization costs of WWTPs removal, plus the removal of organic carbon substances containing EAAS and CAS. In addition, increase of this (Aguilar-Lo´pez et al. 2013; Slater 2006; Evans 2012; value increases the total operation, maintenance and energy Jeppsson 1996; Chachuat et al. 2005; Banadda et al. 2011; costs, but does not affect chemical cost of WWTPs con- Gernaey et al. 2004; Nelson and Sidhu 2009; Bakiri et al. taining EAAS and CAS. 2012). Many researchers have modeled and simulated the activated sludge process (Evans 2012; Jeppsson 1996; Keywords Activate sludge Á Treatment Á Cost Á Modeling Chachuat et al. 2005; Banadda et al. 2011; Gernaey et al. 2004; Nelson and Sidhu 2009; Bakiri et al. 2012; Abdel Kader 2009). A review on the historical evolution of the activated sludge process can be found in the work of Jeppsson (1996). A number of modifications to the design and opera- tional conditions of the conventional activated sludge process have been developed for the specific purposes of & Shahryar Jafarinejad domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. The con- [email protected] ventional activated sludge (CAS) process is designed with 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, College of a plug flow reactor and continuous influent wastewater. A Environment, UoE, Karaj, Iran large number of variations of the conventional activated 123 Appl Water Sci sludge process have been designed to improve system Materials and methods performance by modifying the reactor layout, aeration system, influent pattern, and operational conditions. Some Influent wastewater of the more widely used modified activated sludge pro- cesses include completely mixed activated sludge, step- The investigated municipal wastewater treatment plant in feed activated sludge, extended aeration activated sludge this study is located in Tehran, Iran. The information of this (EAAS), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, plant was obtained from Mohagheghian et al.’s (2014) work. membrane bioreactor (MBR) processes, etc. (Evans The biological treatment of this plant is extended aeration 2012). activated sludge. It serves 42,000 people. The characteristics Sotomayor et al. (2001) developed a simulation bench- of influent wastewater are given in Table 1. In this table, the mark which represented a continuous flow activated sludge sludge retention time (SRT), mean influent flow, mean process, in a configuration with pre-denitrification, influent COD, mean influent BOD, mean influent SS and including the processes of organic matter removal, nitrifi- average summer temperature of this plant are shown which cation and denitrification of domestic effluents, for the were obtained from Mohagheghian et al. (2014). In addition, unbiased performance evaluation of advanced control values of minimum influent flow, maximum influent flow, methods in wastewater treatment plants. Benedetti et al. %volatile solids, soluble COD, soluble BOD, total Kjeldahl (2006a, b) illustrated the results of a systematic method- nitrogen (TKN), soluble TKN, ammonia, total phosphorus, ology to evaluate system design/upgrade options which pH, cations, anions, settleable solids, oil and grease, non- allow the choice of the most appropriate trade-off between degradable fraction of VSS and average winter temperature cost of measures and effluent quality, and to assess the were assumed by the author for cost estimation. reliability of a process layout. It is, therefore, a flexible instrument to cope with the flexibility and complexity of Description of WWTP containing EAAS process integrated water management regulations. Lee et al. (2006) reviewed the modeling and control of biological nutrient Extended aeration activated sludge is a low-rate activated removal (BNR)-activated sludge processes for wastewater sludge process operating at low organic loading rates and treatment using distributed parameter models described by partial differential equations (PDE). Dynamic optimization Table 1 The characteristics of influent wastewater is a powerful tool for assisting engineers in determining Parameter Value optimal operations and designs for activated sludge pro- cesses. Hreiz et al. (2015) reviewed the literature devoted SRT (days) 15–20 to optimal control and design of activated sludge processes. Mean influent flow (m3/h) 200 Karpinska and Bridgeman (2016) reviewed computational Minimum influent flow (m3/h) 100 fluid dynamics (CFD)-aided modeling of activated sludge Maximum influent flow (m3/h) 300 systems in which the rationale behind the use of CFD to Mean influent COD (mg/L) 304 model aeration, facilitating enhancement of treatment Soluble COD (mg/L) 180 efficiency and reduction of energy input were discussed. Mean influent BOD (mg/L) 130 In the field of wastewater treatment, there is an Soluble BOD (mg/L) 60 increasing requirement to improve effluent quality for the Mean influent SS (mg/L) 230 benefit of receiving surface waters. Additionally, it is Volatile solids (%) 75 required to minimize energy consumption and reduce the Average summer temperature (°C) 25.7 (*26) use of chemicals in the treatment process (Meijer 2004). Average winter temperature (°C) 10 Besides, economical simulation and cost estimation of Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) (mg N/L) 40 activated sludge processes are crucial for designing of Soluble TKN (mg N/L) 28 wastewater treatment plant. Actually, cost estimation pro- Ammonia (mg N/L) 25 vides a powerful tool for design, construction and forecast Total phosphorus (mg P/L) 8 of future economical requirements. In this study, three pH 7.6 configurations for a wastewater treatment plant in Tehran Cations (mg/L) 160 city were proposed and the total project construction, total Anions (mg/L) 160 operation labor, total maintenance labor, total material, Settleable solids (mL/L) 10 total chemical, total energy and total amortization costs of Oil and grease (mg/L) 100 these configurations (plants) were calculated and Non-degradable fraction of VSS (%) 40 compared. 123 Appl Water Sci Fig. 1 Layout of wastewater treatment plant containing EAAS process F/M ratios with long hydraulic retention times and sludge Table 2 The characteristics of EAAS process ages. As a result, there is little food in the system to support Parameter Value the microorganisms present. Competition is active and high-quality outflows are produced. It is usually used SRT (day) 20 without primary settlement and nitrification is normally Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) (mg/L) 2500 achieved. Extended aeration plants are often used as Maximum heterotrophic-specific growth rate 6 (1/day) package plants for small communities (EPA 1997). Heterotrophic decay rate (1/day) 0.24 Layout of wastewater treatment plant containing EAAS Maximum autotrophic-specific growth rate (1/day) 0.5 process is shown in Fig. 1. This plant consists of influent Autotrophic decay rate (1/day) 0.04 pump station, preliminary treatment (screening, grit Biomass yield 0.5 removal), equalization, extended aeration activated sludge, secondary clarifier, chlorination, aerobic digestion, belt-fil- Aeration type Diffusion aeration ter press, and hauling and land filing. This plant requires Bubble size Fine equalization tank to regulate the flow. Influent pump station Alpha factor for oxygen transfer in wastewater
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