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UPSC Monthly Magazine 1 Easy to PICK – “UPSC Monthly Magazine" April- 2019 GS - I 2 Easy to PICK – “UPSC Monthly Magazine" April- 2019 100 Years Of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Delhi, Ahmedabad, etc. In The New In Punjab, the situation was tense under the 13th April, 2019 marked the 100 years of the oppressive regime of lieutenant governor historical Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre. Sir Michael O' Dwyer who had imposed martial law. o It was under his orders that Gandhi was Details arrested at Palwal near Delhi and The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes prevented from entering Punjab. Act of 1919, better known as the Rowlatt o He also directed that Amritsar's popular Act, came into force in March 1919, even leaders Satyapal and Saifuddin though every single Indian member of the Kitchlew be deported to some Central Legislative Council opposed it. ''unknown place''. They had been The Rowlatt Act bestowed on the agitating against the implementation of Government the power : Rowlatt Act, o to set up special courts consisting of o On Baisakhi day, people gathered in three High Court Judges for specified the small park for peaceful protest offences; against arrest of their leaders. o to direct execution of bond for good o The army surrounded the gathering behaviour; internment within city under orders from General Reginald reporting at police station; and Dyer, who was given a free hand by abstention from specific acts; and Governor Michael O’ Dwyer. The o to arrest anybody suspected of only exit point was blocked, and army terrorist activities, detain them for up opened fire on the unarmed crowd, to 2 years without trial, search a place killing more than 1000. without a warrant, and impose severe restrictions on the freedom of the press. Aftermath It shocked most Indians who had expected Mahatma Gandhi was overwhelmed by to be rewarded, not punished, for willingly the atmosphere of violence and withdrew fighting alongside the British in the First the Rowlatt satyagraha on 18th April, World War. 1919. Immediately after the passage of the Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Rowlatt Act, B.N.Sarma resigned his knighthood in protest. office as member of the Imperial On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by Legislative Council. the Secretary of State for India, Edwin The Madras Satyagraha Sabha under the Montagu, the Government of India leadership of C. Rajagopalachari, A. announced the formation of a committee of Rangaswamy Iyengar, G. Harisarvottama inquiry into the events in Punjab. Rao and T. Andhinarayana Chetty opposed o Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry the Rowlatt Act. Committee, it was later more widely Mahatma Gandhi called for a satyagraha known as the Hunter Commission. against the act (Rowlatt Satyagraha). The o Congress boycotted this committee. hartal was observed on 6 April 1919 after o The Hunter Committee did not impose the Viceroy gave his assent to the Rowlatt any penal or disciplinary action because Bill. Dyer's actions were condoned by But even before the satyagraha there were various superiors (later upheld by the large-scale violent, anti-British Army Council). demonstrations in Calcutta, Bombay, o Dyer was initially lauded by 3 Easy to PICK – “UPSC Monthly Magazine" April- 2019 conservatives in the empire, but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons. He was disciplined by being removed from his appointment, was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India. Mahatma Gandhi, in 1920, returned the Kaiser-i-Hind medal awarded to him after the Boer War by the British Government as a part of his movement against Punjab and khilafat injustice. The corrupt mahants of the Golden temple honoured General Dyer with a saropa (robe of honour), which led to the agitation that resulted in the formation of a committee known as Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC), which was given the control and management of the Golden Temple, the Akal Takht, and other Gurudwaras. Accepting the report of the Repressive Laws Committee, the Government of India repealed the Rowlatt Act, the Press Act, and twenty-two other laws in March 1922. Udham Singh, a revolutionary belonging to the Ghadar Party assassinated Michael O' Dwyer in London, on 13 March 1940. 4 Easy to PICK – “UPSC Monthly Magazine" April- 2019 PLEA TO PROTECT ACCUSED IN SEXUAL ABUSED CASES ACCUSED CASIn The News such situations in the interest of A petition has been filed in the Supreme Court to justice. frame guidelines to protect the reputation and Amend Section 228-A of the Indian dignity of persons accused of sexual offences. penal Code that provides punishment for disclosing the identity of the Concerns victims but does not provide any safeguard for protection of the identity A person was considered innocent unless proven guilty by a court of and integrity of the accused in case of law. If a person was falsely accused, false accusation. his reputation would be lost forever Court should frame the guidelines like it had earlier framed in Vishaka & and exposed to public ridicule for no fault of his. This would be a Ors. v. State of Rajasthan to protect the integrity of victim and to safeguard violation of the fundamental right to the victim from facing the social life enshrined under Article 21 of stigma. the Constitution . It does not only destroy an individual’s life but also creates a social stigma for the family Conclusion: 1. Supreme Court had on many occasions members too. reinforced that the “right to reputation” is Disclosure of his identity, especially an integral part of Articles 21 and 19(2) of during trial, would lead to media the Constitution of India. trial. Besides, considering the wide reach of social media, the person’s name and even that of his family, 2. Therefore, some preventive measures which might include minors, would must be taken to avoid and deal with be exposed on the Internet. This such situations in the interest of justice. would be a violation of their fundamental right to privacy. Few incidents: Increased Vulnerability S. Nambi Narayanan (who is an Indian scientist and aerospace engineer and also In present times, where people are in a awarded India’s third highest civilian virtual world, the reputation and award the Padma Bhushan) was falsely integrity of a person is always an easy charged with espionage and was later on target to destroy. cleared of all charges and had to put up a It would be tragic that the person, long fight to save his reputation. even after being found innocent, would continue to be known as a However, no amount of compensation suspected sex offender on social media could restore what he had lost in the because once his identity entered the process. public domain it would become searchable and permanent. The previous identification as a suspect will endure in the public sphere. Need of the hour: some preventive measures must be taken so as to avoid and to deal with 5 Easy to PICK – “UPSC Monthly Magazine" April- 2019 GREEN URBAN AREAS In The News 10. Water conserving irrigation method CPWD recently organized National Seminar on like drip irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation “Greenery and Landscaping”. and pop up system needs to be adopted. Plants and greenery help in reducing Following recommendations were made 11. adverse effects of climate change. during the Seminar: Therefore every individual should 1. Green Urban Areas play an important adopt minimum one tree. role in the social and natural 12. Green initiative needs to be taken up sustainability and improve quality of life. on a mission mode by every nation, 2. Greenery and Dense plantation have a every city, every society and every major impact on the conservation of individual so that future generations energy, and reduce the energy may lead happy and healthy life. requirement of the building. What are Green Urban Areas/Spaces and why 3. In order to maintain sustainable are they significant? environment, pollution free clean air, it is essential to take up the plantation Green spaces such as parks and sports work. fields as well as woods and natural 4. Cost of land has increased manifold meadows, wetlands or other and high rise buildings are coming up, ecosystems, represent a fundamental people are getting hardly any area for component of any urban ecosystem. the greenery. Keeping in view the Green urban areas facilitate physical same, plantation, greenery and other activity and relaxation, and form a environment friendly applications refuge from noise. Trees produce should be planned around the building oxygen, and help filter out harmful air by way of dwarf trees, small shrubs, pollution, including airborne ground covers, hanging baskets, particulate matter. Water spots, from creepers, etc. lakes to rivers and fountains, moderate 5. There is need to adopt wood temperatures. alternative in building construction. Urban parks and gardens play a Use of alternate materials like critical role in cooling cities, and also Bamboo needs to be encouraged. provide safe routes for walking and 6. Orientation and proper training should cycling for transport purposes as well be imparted to the persons engaged in as sites for physical activity, social landscaping and Horticulture, for interaction and for recreation. Recent implementation of the new estimates show that physical technologies in this field to save the inactivity, linked to poor walkability labour and cost of the project in long and lack of access to recreational run. areas, accounts for 3.3% of global 7. Emphasis should be given for deaths. conserving and transplanting indigenous Green spaces also are important to and grown up trees. mental health. Having access to green 8. Herbal and medicinal plants need to be spaces can reduce health inequalities, encouraged.
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