Physical and Geographical Regionalization and Environmental Management: a Case Study in Poland
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Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 29, No. 4 (2020), 2753-2762 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/110756 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2020-03-02 Original Research Physical and Geographical Regionalization and Environmental Management: A Case Study in Poland Andrzej Macias, Sylwia Bródka, Marta Kubacka*, Witold Piniarski Department of Landscape Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland Received: 9 March 2019 Accepted: 16 July 2019 Abstract This paper presents certain aspects connected with the use of physical and geographic regionalization at the level of the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship in Poland. The aspects are important from the point of view of landscape management. Regionalization focuses on unique (one-off) features that distinguish particular regions from one another. The selection of criteria as well as the research procedure applied prove the universal nature of the results obtained. Detailed characteristics of particular units allow for comprehensive analysis of environmental conditions in shaping human activity and the implementation thereof into future strategic and programme documents related to spatial and economic planning on regional and local scales. Keywords: physical and geographical regionalization, landscape management, landscape audit, Wielkopolskie Voivodeship Introduction countries, we have witnessed the development of landscape protection laws as well as the related research Today, landscape represents a very limited resource and management tools [8-9]. Furthermore, there is still so it is, therefore, important to recognize its potential a need for a common and geo-referenced landscape and optimize its usage. The responsibilities involved classification system in Europe [10]. in land management are becoming more complex The aim of regionalization [11] is to aggregate a large [1-4]. Moreover, public awareness of land management number of geographical areal units into a much smaller and sustainability issues is growing in many sectors, number of spatially contiguous regions that group including spatial planning, and is placing greater units with similar features. The goal of regionalization expectations on managers to balance competing values is to simplify and/or change spatial representation [5-7]. of data into something that is more meaningful and Following the birth of the European Landscape easier to analyze. Regionalization focuses on unique Convention (ELC) and its ratification by other (one-off) features, distinguishing particular regions from one another. It has been applied to many diverse fields, including demography [12], geomorphology [13], hydrology [14], biogeography [15] and ecology *e-mail: [email protected] [16]. Additionally, analyzing landscape units and 2754 Macias A., et al. their characteristics is essential for understanding the framework of its particular groups, types and subtypes. interactions between landscape assessment and land Another very important task identified in this document use policy [17]. Regional land cover classification is mapping the transformations that take place in the and landscape mapping are effective approaches for landscape and determining the forces causing them characterizing natural resources and landscape ecology [25–26]. [18]. Land cover as the composition and characteristic Therefore, the main goal of the study was to of land surface elements is the key environmental perform physical and geographical microregionalization information and is essential for resource management of the Wielkopolskie voivodeship with the consideration and policy purposes [19]. of the possibility to apply it in landscape audit, aimed The issue of physical and geographical at identifying priority landscapes. They are understood regionalization was initiated in Poland by Nałkowski as areas of particular value due to natural and cultural and Lencewicz in the 19th century, and it was then elements as well as landscape physiognomic values [27– developed by Kondracki [20-22]. The division proposed 28]. Detailed characteristics of particular units included by Kondracki [22] refers to the classification of physical in information sheets and in a numerical database and geographical regions of the world in the decimal enables comprehensive analysis of the meaning of system. It was performed with use of the deductive environmental conditions in landscape protection and method of leading factors [23]. The study was subject landscaping. For this reason, the application of the study to subsequent modifications which were mainly related is of great importance and, therefore, the possibility to the course of the unit boundaries, appurtenance to of its application in environmental management on a particular units and indexation in the decimal system regional level should be emphasized. [24]. Wielkopolskie Voivodeship was chosen as a case A significant turn in the approach to divisions and study (Fig. 1) to conduct regionalization. This is classification of landscapes in Poland was driven by one of Poland’s biggest regions/voivodeships the changes that occurred in domestic legislation as a (29,826.5 km2). It is located in central and western result of the implementation of certain provisions into Poland. Its characteristic features include the the ELC. The act of 24 April 2015 amending certain geomorphological conditions that emerged as a result acts in relation to strengthening landscape protection of the presence of the Scandinavian continental glacier. instruments and a draft regulation of the Council of The northern part of the voivodeship is characterized by Ministers on the preparation of landscape audits of 16 typical young glacial landscape with high topography February 2018, connected with the aforementioned act, dynamics, an abundance of concave forms and the assume that the typology and identification of landscapes presence of lakes. In addition, a clear band pattern in a scale of the voivodeship should be based on detailed of relief resulting from successive recession of the analysis of the types of topography and land coverage continental glacier in the glaciation period is a typical structure within the area of physical and geographical feature of the area with young glacial relief. On the mesoregions. Simultaneously, the ordinance provides other hand, the southern part of the voivodeship is for the necessity to determine lower rank landscapes characterized by old glacial relief created during older (e.g., physical and geographical microregions) that Pleistocene glaciations. This relief is only slightly constitute the basic landscape division enabling precise varied, dominated by flatlands and mild elevations. It recognition of the landscape variability within the is characterized by the absence of land subsidence and Fig. 1. The location of the research area – Wielkopolskie voivodeship and the most important cities. Physical and Geographical Regionalization... 2755 accompanying lakes. The variation of geomorphological to obtain a single vector facility (Table 1). The next conditions in the research area has an impact on land step consisted in the multiplication of all previously coverage and use as well as the proposed physical and calculated buffers as a basis for determining their geographical division. inflections (Fig. 2). There are 6 different data layers corresponding to every component of the natural environment that was selected as a single criterion of Material and Methods the multi-criteria analysis. Multiplying buffers of each of them by each other gives a maximum of 15 unique In order to maintain the comprehensive nature of the overlaying variants. Stage 3 was connected with the regionalization carried out, the study includes a possibly elaboration of a regular vector grid. One of the initial complete set of features allowing for the analysis assumptions was the study accuracy of 50 m and the of spatial variability of environmental conditions in determination of the size and shape of basic test fields the scale of the voivodeship. It was assumed that the as squares with an area equal to 2500 m2. The reach proposed set of criteria should meet the condition of the designated square grid comprised the area of that the properties of the natural environment should Wielkopolskie Voivodeship. Then, sampling of each of be analyzed on an increasing level of detail on lower 15 overlaying layers in the elaborated square grid was levels of regionalization. This in turn determined the performed in ArcMap 10.5 software. Next, in a separate level of detail of the source data used, most of which vector layer it was calculated how many out of a possible corresponded to the 1:50 000 scale. A comprehensive layer multiplications overlay each other in each square. approach was realized by also taking into account biotic The next stage of tests consisted in the preparation (vegetation) elements in the procedure, although they of a boundary density map in the QGIS programme, were treated as secondary to abiotic environmental where the map of the density of intersections of the conditions (Table 1). analyzed boundary buffers was created based on a The source materials gathered have been prepared in layer concerning the count of overlaying (Fig. 3). Stage a uniform format of vector data (shapefile). All analyses 4 comprised modelling of the route of physical and as well as final divisions of microregions have been geographic microregion boundaries by means of the made in GIS software (QGIS 2.18.9, GRASS 7.2.1 and selection of only those objects from the square grid ArcMap 10.5). An independently elaborated,