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Exposure to Lead, Pesticides in Agriculture, and Organic Solvents in the Workplace

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Exposure to Lead, Pesticides in Agriculture, and Organic Solvents in the Workplace Chapter 10 Case Studies: Exposure to Lead, Pesticides in Agriculture, and Organic Solvents in the Workplace “If we were to judge the interest excited by any medical subject by the number of writings to which it has given birth, we could not but regard the poisoning by lead as the most important to be known of all those that have been treated up to the present time. ” M.P. Orfila A General System of Toxicology 1817 “mere is . no systematic monitoring of the health or exposure to pesticides of the more than 2 million farmworkers, applicators, harvesters, irrigators, and field hands who work around pesticides. Industrial workers who produce these pesticides receive the benefits of such monitoring. ” National Academy of Sciences Alternative Agriculture 1989 “When I was in the Navy, I remember my commanding officer called me in and he was very upset because an air control operator had abandoned the tower, his position of duty, with seven aircraft stacked up calling for landing instructions. I was supposed to examine him. As I look back, I completely missed what was happening until years later. He was working in his off hours loading pesticides into spray planes, which caused a tremendous change in his personality and his behavior and his ability to cope. ” Gordon Baker, M.D. Testimony before the Committee on Environment and Public Works U.S. Senate March 6, 1989 t< ..+ doctors tell me my nervous system has been heavily damaged, my brain has been damaged, and I suffer chemically induced asthma. I also have kidney, liver, and vision difficulties. I had a tumor removed from my eyes less than 1 year ago, and have been told that I have more, not to mention the chronic muscle pains throughout my body . Throughout my entire 8 years at this truck manufacturing company, I was never informed of the hazards of the solvents I used, None of these products were adequately, clearly, or should I say, truthfully labeled. Yet the hazards for most of the products had been known for years by the chemical manufacturers and other people. Frank Carsner Testimony before the Committee on Science and Technology U.S. House of Representatives October 8, 1985 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .+. ......+ .. .. .. .. .. .. ”” .0 +. ”O”. sD”o+QIo. 267 ExPOSURE TO LEAD . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..+. ... +....”+ ..+~’”0+”””+’~~o+T” 267 Sources of Exposure . ......”””””””..”””~”””o”Qo ““+0”+0”~ 268 Routes of Exposure . .. .. .. .. .. .+ .. ... ... ..+..... ..”+++~n....o+o.+. 269 Levels of Exposure . .. .. .. .. .. .+ .. ~.. .. ””.””.”. “++” ~~~ Effects of Lead on the Human Body . Regulatory Activity Regarding Exposures to Lead. .. .. .. ... ... .....+. ,.......~.. 273 Summary and Conclusions . .. .. .. .. .+ .. ”~. ”+. ~.. .o.’~. + 281 EXPOSURE TO NEUROTOXIC PESTICIDES IN AGRICULTURE . 281 Extent of Exposure of Agricultural Workers .. .....................++. ... .......+ 283 Documented Adverse Effects on the Nervous System . 283 Federal Regulation .. .. .. .. .. ...+.... ......”...”.””... ‘.””.”.. 285 State Regulation . .. ................+.. “..+...o.”s.”s. 289 Examples of Neurotoxic Pesticides .. .. .. +. .. .............++.. .“+.+ 290 Summary and Conclusions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ..”..++ ...”.++... 295 EXPOSURE TO ORGANIC SOLVENTS IN THE WORK PLACE . 296 Uptake, Distribution, and Elimination of Solvents .. .. .. .. *. .. .. C. ... .+. .+...+. 298 Neurological and Behavioral Effects . .. .. .?. ... ..+....” 298 The Solvent Syndrome: A Current Controversy . 299 Health Protection . ..............+”...~”.+..+ ● +.. 300 OSHA Regulations . .. ........,....”..+.. .....+.”.+.”~~..00.. 301 Summary and Conclusions . ...........,.~””.”...””.. 304 CHAPTER 10 REFERENCES . ...* 304 Boxes Box Page 10-A. Lead: A Historical Perspective .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .+....... ..........+..”””~+”~ 268 IO-B. Lead Poisoning and IQ . .. .. .. .. .+ .. .. .. ... ... ,.. .,*.o 273 10-C. State Wad Poisoning Prevention Programs . .. ..........9+.. 278 10-D. Lead in Water Coolers . .. .. .. .. .. .+ ... ... ......+” ~...~.~.. 280 10-E. Pesticides in Food .. .. .. .. .. .. .+ . .. .. .. .. .. .+ .. ... .. ”..+”.”. f++ 2$2 10-F. Organic Farming and Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides .. ................,.+ 291 10-G. Engineering Controls v. Personal Protective Devices . 301 Figures .Figure . Page 10-1. eChildren’s Blood Lead Levels Considered Acceptable by Various Agencies . 271 10-2. Adverse Health Effects of Lead . .. .. .. .. .. .+ +. ... ... .~~.”.. 272 10-3. Lead Used in Gasoline Production and Average Blood Lead Levels . 275 10-4. Dietary Lead Intake .. .. .. .. .. ..+. .~a”+~~”+ 275 10-5. Food Can Shipments .. .. .. ... ..+. 275 297 10-6. Classes of Organic Solvents . .. .cO. .9+. .40t. Tables Table Page 1o-1. Significant Sources of Exposure to Lead . 269 10-2, Estimated Number of Children Exposed to Sources of Lead . 269 10-3. Organophosphorous and Carbamate Insecticides . .. .. .. .. .. .+. .+.. 292 10-4. Neurotoxic Effects of Acute Exposure to High Levels of Oganophosphorous or Carbamate Insecticides . ... +...... 294 10-5. Organochlorine Insecticides . .. .. .. .. .. .. ~. .+ ... +. ”......+. 294 10-6. Representative Exposure Limits to Solvents . .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ~.. ....+... .-. 303 Chapter 10 Case Studies: Exposure to Lead, Pesticides in Agriculture, and Organic Solvents in the Workplace INTRODUCTION ers, and issuance of protective equipment to workers are some of the preventive measures currently in use. The best way of illustrating the adverse effects of This chapter gives examples of how various solvents toxic substances on the nervous system is by looking have been regulated under the Occupational Health at substances or classes of substances that are known and Safety Act, including the new standards for to be neurotoxic. These case studies discuss attempts worker protection proposed by the Occupational to control human exposure to lead, pesticides, and Health and Safety Administration in 1988. It dis- organic solvents. They illustrate the prevalence of cusses criticisms of the existing regulations and neurotoxic substances, the susceptibilities of certain offers suggestions as to how they might be im- subpopulations, special hazards in occupational proved. settings, and how Federal agencies address these concerns. EXPOSURE TO LEAD As it exists in the earth, lead is bound in chemical compounds and presents little risk to humans. As it As discussed in previous chapters, regulation of is mined and utilized, however, it is distributed neurotoxic substances is a two-part process, one throughout the environment, presenting a risk to the being identification of new hazardous chemicals and entire population, but especially children, who are prevention of human exposure to them, the other most vulnerable to its effects. Research shows that being reduction of exposure to existing toxic sub- children are directly exposed to multiple sources of stances. Lead is a prominent example of a substance lead, are more sensitive to exposure, and suffer long known to be toxic to the human nervous system worse effects than adults. A great deal of progress (see box 1O-A). Unlike some elements, such as has been made by Federal agencies in reducing sodium or zinc, lead serves no useful biological public exposure by regulating the lead contents of purpose; since the body can neither use nor metabo- paint, gasoline, plumbing systems, and food contain- lize it, lead accumulates in body tissues, especially ers, but lead poisoning continues to be a major bones and teeth. Debate continues as to what national health problem. maximum level is tolerable, although the only way to prevent any toxic accumulation is to limit Chemical pesticides also present a significant risk exposure to zero. This chapter highlights some of the to the population as a whole, but especially to difficulties of removing or preventing exposure to a agricultural workers and others who apply them or neurotoxic substance that has been extensively used work close to them. Several Federal agencies have in industry and therefore is especially prevalent in regulations that are intended to protect these workers the environment. from pesticide poisoning, but critics argue that more could be done. Many States have their own regula- Efforts to reduce public exposure to lead by tions, some of which are more stringent than Federal removing current sources and preventing new ones regulations, especially in protecting farmworkers. have been undertaken by several Federal agencies. This chapter reviews the different types of pesticides The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and in use and summarizes what is known about their the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have neurotoxic effects. taken steps to reduce the amount of lead in gasoline and food, and EPA is currently considering more Many solvents are neurotoxic and threaten the stringent methods for controlling exposure to lead health of the industrial workers who come in contact from drinking water. Other sources of lead, however, with them. Solvents may cause a variety of func- are more difficult to control. Lead has been used tional changes, ranging from temporary memory consistently in industrial and commercial activities loss to unconsciousness, depending on the duration and, despite awareness of its inherent dangers, and extent of exposure; major structural changes in continues to be used in product manufacturing. The the nervous system may also result. Engineering use of lead in manufacturing ultimately results in its controls to avoid contamination,
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