Agriculture Black Sea Germans And, 19, 22 Collective, 29, 92–95, 108, 109, 232 Militia And, 212 Subsistance, 233 Vomi And, 76

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Index

agriculture Law No. 2650, 6 Black Sea Germans and, 19, 22 political party platform, 5 collective, 29, 92–95, 108, 109, 232 Romanian Orthodox Church, 5 militia and, 212 versus German, 6 subsistance, 233 Sonderkommando R and, 208 VoMi and, 76 typhus and, 118 Aid Committee for Foreigners in Odessa, Volksdeutsche and, 207, 222–228, 236 23 VoMi and, 17 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 21 Antonescu, Ion, 5, 31, 75, 114, 118, 133, February 1804 edict, 21 155 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, reforms anti-Semitism of, 7, 113, 133 of, 24 geo-political ambitions of, 77 Alexanderfeld (town), 41, 171 Himmler and, 77 Alexianu, Gheorghe, 82, 94, 96, 118, 133, Antonescu, Mihai, 154 155, 178 Area Youth Leaders (Bereichsjugendfuhrer¨ ), Aly, Gotz,¨ 224 187 ammunition, 146–147 Assmann, Martin, 91 Ananjew (town), 41 Ancel, Jean, 122, 123 Babi-Yar, genocide and, 132 Anetovka (village), 149 Baden (town), 176 Angrick, Andrej, 122, 135 Baltic Germans (Baltendeutsche), 20 Anhalt-Zerbst, 21 Baltische Landwehr (Baltic Militia), 52 anti-Semitism Beck, Eugenie, 105–107, 125 Black Sea Germans and, 223 Bereichskommandofuhrer¨ (Regional Christian National Defense League and, Commander), 41, 78 6 Bereichskommandos (Regional economic, 5 Commands) Judeo-Bolshevism and, 75, 85–90, 159, Deutsche Jugend and, 187 182, 227, 228, 232, 235, 237 ethnic German schools and, 183 League of the Archangel Michael and, 6 isolation of, 44 NSKK and, 60 local rule and, 40–45 Romania and, 5–8 reduction in number of, 197 as state policy, 6 Selbstschutz training courses of, 164

255

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256 Index

Bereichskommandos (Regional Bruder¨ in Not (Brothers in Need, charity), Commands) (cont.) 30 XI (Rastatt), 67, 107, 115, 126, 130, Brudermann, Ludwig, 91 135, 136, 137, 138, 151, 162, 163, Bug River, 5, 21, 31, 233 209–216 genocide and, 10, 157 death toll in and around, 150 Bukovina,northern(region),4,5,7 Reserve Order Police Battalion Bulgaria, 5 101 compared, 218 Burgermeisteramt¨ (seat of municipal XIV (Worms), 67, 89, 93, 136, 137, 138, government), 80 139, 163, 200 XX (Lichtenfeld), 50, 88, 136, 137, 138, Carol II, King of Romania, 5 139, 163 Cassullo, Andreas, 176, 177 XXIII (Selz), 189, 190 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 21 XXV (Odessa), 97, 100, 101–107, 134, Central Ofﬁce of the State Justice 161, 177 Administrations for the Berezovka (Berezivka, town), 83, 133, Investigation of National Socialist 149 Crimes (Zentrale Stelle der Bessarabia(region),4,5,7,22 Landesjustizverwaltungen zur Bischofsfeld (town), 41, 197 Aufklarung¨ nationalsozialistischer Black Army (Revolutionary Insurrectionary Verbrechen), 12 Army of Ukraine), 27 Cherson (province), 21 Black Sea Germans (Schwartzmeerdeutschen), Christian National Defense League 2, 8, 22, 231 (Romania), 6 Bolshevism and, 159 Christianity, 174–181 differentiated from see Protestant Church; Roman Catholic Baltic Germans, 26 Church; German Christian other ethnic Germans, 98 Movement Transylvanian Saxons and Baltic confession and, 174 Germans, 25 Mennonite, 24 Volga Germans, 22 National Socialism and, 174 status of Sonderkommando R and, 159, 234 1905–22, 25–27 civil administration, 83–85 1922–41, 27–30, 90 German, 8, 69, 177 early twentieth century, 19 Romanian, 110, 137, 178 nineteenth century, 19, 36 Claasen, Erich-Meinert, 103 summer, 1941, 19, 36 clothing camp (Kleiderlager), 170 Volga Germans and, 28 collective farms, 122 Bogdanovka concentration camp, 114, 122, Bogdanovka, 108, 127 162, 234 forced labor on, 214, 215 death toll at, 129, 146, 150 Johannesfeld, 199, 200 inmate population 1941, 122 Gut Rauch, 166 Born, Heinz, 66, 94 Lichtenfeld, 87 Braun, Gertrude, 65–66, 171 Neu Amerika, 127, 140, 147 Breslau (city), 119 Petrovka, 91 British Radio Code and Cypher School, collectivization, 175 wartime records of, 11 Selbstschutz and, 216 Browning, Christopher R., 218 conscription, 28

Index 257

Dankert, Fritz, 186 Dniester River, 5, 21, 115, 154, 155 Dean, Martin, 224 ban on expelling Jews across, 116 death march (Bogdanovka), 139 Domanevka (regional center), 149 Deibert, Georg, 189–193 Dortmund (city), 13 dekulakization, 29, 174 Dresden (city), 119 Deletant, Dennis, 117 DRK (Deutsches Roten Kreuz, German Denikin, A. I., 27 Red Cross), 63–69 denunciations, 88, 188, 200, 235, 237 Ebenal family, 108, 110 genocidal, 76, 85, 87, 160, 232 Economic Group (Wirtschaftsgruppe, retributive, 33, 85 Odessa), 170 deportations Einsatzgruppe D, 34–36, 37, 76, 78, 135, expulsions and, 114 219, 223 intensified Romanian, late 1941, Einsatzkommando 12, 36 132–137 genocide and, 86, 101, 118, 129, 188, of Black Sea Germans, 28, 29, 30, 37 189 of Jews Eisenreich, Paul, 194, 197 from Bessarabia to the Bug River, 114, Ekaterinoslav (province), 21 115–117, 122 Ellermeyer, Walter, 135, 143 from Bukovina to the Bug River, 114, ethnic classifications 115–117, 122 Bereichskommando XXV’s, 104 from Bukovina to the Soviet Union, 7 Deutsche Volksliste (German Peoples’ from Kishinev (Chis¸inau),ˇ 6 List), 75, 97, 99, 204 from Odessa to Berezovka, 133 subjectivity of, 210 from Odessa to northeastern qualifications for ethnic German Transnistria, 114, 152 classifiers, 104 from Odessa to northern Ochakov, VoMi’s 133 Odessa, 100–107, 232 from Odessa to the Bug River, 234 rural Transnistria, 107–110 from the Regat to Poland (proposed), Sonderkommando R’s subjective, 76, 7 99 ghettoization and, 7 ethnic cleansing, 16 to northeastern Transnistria, 8, 10, new ethnic settlements created through, 233 77 to Odessa, 10 Romania and, 7 to the Bug River, 10 ethnic Germanness, 9, 97–100, 161, 174, Der Deutsche in Transnistrien (The German in 205, 231, 236 Transnistria), 182 measuring, 9 Deutchland grußt¨ Euch (Germany Welcomes militia membership and, 107, 226 You), 182 of Black Sea Germans, 76 Deutsche Jugend (German Youth), ethnic identity, 9–10 186–187 EWZ (Einwandererzentrale, SS Central Deutsche Wochenschau (German Weekly Immigration Office), 68, 210, 212, Newsreel), 183 214 Deutsches Haus (German House), 182 disease, epidemic (German fear of), 16 Faltis, Josef, 109 Dnieper River, 201 famine, 29, 214

258 Index

Federal Minister for Expellee Affairs Helenenthal (town), 181 (Bundesminister fur¨ Vertriebene), Herf, Jeffrey, 57 51 Hermannstadt (Sibiu), 180 Federal Security Service of the Russian Herrlich, Edith, 103–104, 106 Federation (FSB or Federal’naia Hilberg, Raul, 117, 118 sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Hildebrandt, Richard, 202, 203 Federatsii), 12 Himmler, Heinrich, 3, 77, 170, 203, 231 Fegelein, Hans, 168 Hitler Youth (Hitler Jugend), 61 Filderman, Wilhelm, 7 Hochstetter, Dorothee, 58 von Fircks, Erich, 67 Hoffmeyer, Horst, 40, 44–48 Franck, Hans, 107 autonomy of, 153, 167 Franke, Otto, 61 Christianity and, 177 Frederick Wilhelm II, King of Prussia, 21 education and, 184 Freikorps Grenzschutz Ost (Free Corps evacuation and, 201 Border Patrol East), 46 genocide and, 114, 125, 135, 147, 205, 234 Galat¸i (region), 202 Hildebrandt and, 203 German Christian Movement Himmler and, 47 (Glaubensbewegung Deutsche Hitler Youth and, 187 Christen), 159, 180, 234 Jewish clothing and, 170, 171 German Foreign Office, 154 leadership style of, 78, 92, 202 German Interior Ministry, 154 plan for Transnistria, 75 German Peoples’ Party in Romania suicide of, 203 (Deutsche Volkspartei in Volksdeutsche and, 77, 99 Rumanien),¨ 180 Hoffnungstal (town), 41, 166, 171 Germanization Hotz, Otto, 60, 93 Sonderkommando R’s Transnistria Hubner,¨ Nina, 109 project of, 16, 157, 235 Hubner,¨ Valdemar, 109 VoMi criteria for, 9 Hungary, 5 ghettoization, 7, 10, 114, 115, 117–120, 132, 137, 156, 171 Institute for the Study and Eradication of Glaser, Martin, 176, 177 Jewish Influence on German Gleich, Hans, 108 Church Life (Institut zur Goebbels, Josef, 124 Erforschung und Beseitigung des Goerbig, Hans-Joachim, 97, 106, 134 judischen¨ Einflusses auf das Gorlich,¨ Frank, 182, 185 deutsche kirchliche Leben), 180 Gotz,¨ Karl, 185 Ioanid, Radu, 115 Gradovka, 147 Iron Guard, 6, 77 Gross, Jan, 14, 224, 238 Isopescu, Modest, 122, 123, 125, 127, Groß-Liebenthal (town), 41, 171 142 Gutsche, Ernst, 71 Janovka (town), 41, 197 Halbstadt (town), 41, 197 Jewish labor brigade (rabochaia brigada), 128, Hallenberger, Friedrich, 181 130, 139 Hartung, Rudolf, 108, 124–125, 127, 128, “Jewish problem,” 10 136, 161, 162, 194, 209, 220, 226 German “solution” to, 7–8, 113, avarice of, 142, 151 151–155, 233

Index 259

Romanian “solution” to, 7–8, 113, 116, Krumbeck, Heinrich, 78 133, 151–155, 233 Kursk offensive, 201 Jews Einsatzgruppe D and, 34–37 Landau (Shyrokolanivka, town), 36, 41, 70, Nazi conception of, 1 176, 184 Nazi plans for, 156 League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher NSKK and, 59 Madel),¨ 64 Odessa, 101–103, 138 League of the Archangel Michael (Iron Pale of Settlement experimental farms Guard, Romania), 6 of, 23 League of the German East (Bund Romanian Deutscher Osten), 46 assimilated versus unassimilated, 6 Lebensraum (livingspace),Nazigoalof,1, civil equality for, 5 231 middle class, 5 Leibbrandt, Georg, 8 Odessa bomb and, 6 Leibham, Franz, 81 social interactions of, 6 Leninental (town), 127 Selbstschutz and, 144, 149, 162, 169 Lichtenfeld (town), 41, 181, 197 Selz, 189–193 Liebl, Franz, 50, 82, 88, 136 Sonderkommando R and, 76, 85–90, Lieder unseres Volkes (Songs of our People), 111, 154, 156, 158, 189, 231 184 Soviet, 26 lime kilns (Gradovka), 148 Nazi plans for eliminating, 7, 39 Local Group Leader (Ortsgruppenleiter), 50 Ukrainian perceptions of, 24 Local Youth Leaders (Ortsjugendfuhrer¨ and Volksdeutsche relationship with, 144, Ortsmadelf¨ uhrerinnen¨ ), 187 208, 220, 222, 223, 226 Łod´ z´ (city), 44, 202 VoMi propaganda against, 17 Lorenz, Werner, 46, 70, 135 Johannesfeld (town), 41, 171 Lower, Wendy, 45, 70 Johannestal (town), 181 Lublin (Poland), 170 Ludwigsburg (city), 13 Kampf um Deutschland, Ein Lesebuch fur¨ die Lumans, Valdis, 47 deutsche Jugend (The Struggle for Lutzendorf,¨ Herbert, 68 Germany. A Reader for German Youth), 184 Machine Tractor Stations (MTS), 31, 109 Kandel (town), 176 Makhno, Nestor, 27 Kapp Putsch (1920), 48 malaria, 214 Karlsruhe (town), 176 Mannheim (town), 41, 197 Kastner,¨ Ursula, 63, 64 Mariankova (town), 127 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, 12, 204 Marienberg (town), 41 KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoi Martinovka (Martinivs’ke), 150 bezopasnosti or Committee for Marx, Friedrich, 143 State Security), 12, 14 material redistributions Kiev (city), 44, 202 Bogdanovka militia and, 109 von Killinger, Manfred, 154 militias and, 233 Kirschstein, Herbert, 106, 107 Sonderkommando R’s, 76, 91 Klein Rastatt (Gradovka, town), 140, 147 Volksdeutsche and, 208 Koch, Erich, 46, 152, 154 Mattern, Paul, 55–56 Kohli,¨ Matthaus,¨ 82, 89, 94 Mayer, Josef, 214

260 Index

Mein Kampf (My Struggle), 184 Operation Barbarossa (1941), 1, 30, 86, Michailovka (town), 127, 140 223, 231 Milgram, Stanley, 218 typhus-prevention and, 119 Mischlinge (local Jews), 188, 193, 205 Operation Reinhard, 7 Moldavia, 7 Oppermann, Erwald, 152 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 4, 5, 39 Order Police (Ordnungspolizei), 59 Mostovoi (regional center), 149 Ostpolitik, 13 Muller,¨ Erwin, 196–199 Ostrowo resettlement camp Munchen¨ (town), 127, 140, 147 (Umsieldlungslager), 106, 204

Nadolny, Walter, 89, 198 Pachschwoll,¨ Norbert, 189–193 National Socialism Pale of Settlement, 23 groups excluded from the new order of, Parteiprogramm (Party Program), 184 231 partisans, 63 NSKK and, 40, 73 Peace of Jassy (1791), 21 Protestantism and, 180 Penal Reeducation Camp Roman Catholicism and, 175, 212 (Straferziehungslager), 198–200 Sonderkommando R and, 55 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 20 Volksdeutsche and, 117, 151 Petersen, Walter, 108 VoMi and, 234 Pieger, Nikolaus, 175–178 VoMi-recruited ethnic Germans and, pogroms, 24, 223, 235, 238 98 Ias¸i, 6 National Socialist Women’s Organization Poland, 208 (NS-Frauenwerk), 63, 71 Posen (province), 69 NEP (New Economic Policy), 28 prisoners of war, 119, 200 Neudorf (town), 41 Protestant Church, 16, 159, 179–181, 234 New Russia (region), 21 Prusin, Alexander, 74 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia (October Prutzmann,¨ Hans-Adolf, 136 manifesto), 26 Niessner, Erwin, 61, 142 Rastatt (town), 41, 107, 115, 127, 147, 176 Nikolaev (Mykolaiv, city), 34, 36, 152, 166, Red Army, 216 202 Third and Fourth Ukrainian Fronts, 201 Novo Archangelsk (town), 153 Regat (Romanian Old Kingdom), 7 NSKK (Nationalsozialistische Reich Criminal Police Ofﬁce Kraftfahrkorps, National Socialist (Reichskriminalpolizeiamt), 197 Motor Corps), 16, 40, 57–61 Reich Labor Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst), composition of, 57, 60 65 Hoffmeyer and, 59 Reich Leadership of the German Women’s transportation companies Organization (Reichsleitung des (Verkehrskompanien), 59 Deutschen Frauenwerks), 65 utilization of, 59 Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Nuremberg Laws, 6, 119, 158 Territories (Reichsministerium fur¨ die besetzten Ostgebiete), 119, 154 Oberlander,¨ Theodor, 46 Reich Propaganda Ofﬁce Ochakov (district), 133 (Reichspropagandaamt), 181 Odessa (city), 2, 31, 41, 166, 171, 181 Reich Youth Leader (Reichsjugendfuhrer),¨ Ohlendorf, Otto, 135 186

Index 261

Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 10, 40, 69, SA (Sturmabteilung, Stormtroopers), 46 91, 114, 115, 122, 126, 133, 152, Sports Academy (Sportschule), 56 153, 156 Saratov (region), 21 relocations, 4, 32, 39, 96 Schneider, Hildegard, 64 Baltic Germans, from Riga, 47 Scholtz-Klink, Gertrude, 65 ethnic Germans from Bessarabia (1940), Schwarz, Gudrun, 68 47, 50, 53, 59 Second Russo-Turkish War, 21 ethnic Germans from Galicia (1939–40), Second Vienna Award (1940), 5 59, 61 Secret Field Police (Geheime Feldpolizei), ethnic Germans from northern Bukovina 34 (1940), 47, 59 Sei Deutsche (Be German), 184 ethnic Germans from Podolia (1939–40), Selbstschutz (Self Defense Force, militia), 47, 50 10, 78, 126, 209–216 ethnic Germans from Volhynia Bolshevism and, 208, 213, 216 (1939–40), 47, 50, 59, 61 cavalry squadrons (Reiterschwadronen)of, Germans to Russian Empire (early 19th 166 century), 2, 21 common characteristic of, 208 incentives for, 21 demographics of, 209–216 Renewal Movement expansion of, 163 (Erneuerungsbewegung), 53 genocide at Bogdanovka and, 114 Reserve Order Police Battalion 101, 208, history and composition of, 79 218, 221 mandatory training courses for, 164 Resettlement Camps (Umsiedlungslagern), oath of allegiance to Hitler and, 165 59 October Revolution and, 27 Bessarabia, 69 Selbstschutzfuhrer¨ (local militia northern Bukovina, 69 commander), 80 Polodia, 69 Selz (town), 41, 171, 176 Posen, 69 Siebert, Klaus, 41, 48–49, 71, 83, 94, 165, Volhynia, 69 184, 195 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 154 Sima, Horia, 77 von Richter, Erika, 52 SiPo-SD (Sicherheitspolizei and Roemmich, Heinrich, 179 Sicherheitsdienst, Security Police Rohm¨ Putsch ( June 1934), 56 and Security Service) Roma, 8 as a community of violence (Prusin), Roman Catholic Church, 16, 22, 107, 159, 74 174, 175–179, 212, 234 von Sievers, Erich Edgar Alexander, 52–53 Romania Himmler and, 53 alliance with Germany against Russia, von Sievers, Gert, 53 31 Slavs, Nazi plans for, 1 antagonism towards Germany, in SMERSH (Smert’ Shpionam, Death to Transnistria, 77–85 Spies), 11, 14 Holocaust and, 4–8 Sonderkommando 1005, 114 Operation Barbarossa and, 4 Sonderkommando R (Special Command Rosenberg, Alfred, 184 R[ussia]), 4, 37, 209–216, 231 Rosenfeld (town), 41 autonomy of, 39, 44, 45, 69, 153, 186 Rowno (Rivne, city), 152 composition of, 15, 40 Russian Revolution (1917), 26, 223 German women, 63–69

262 Index

Sonderkommando R (Special Command Territorial Association of Germans from R[ussia])(cont.) Russia (Landsmannschaft der leaders, 52–56 Deutschen aus Russland), 205 rank-and-ﬁle, 56–62 theft/pillage, 11, 16, 141–144, 150, 151, ethnic cleansing and, 16 224, 234 genesis of, 39 anti-Semitism and, 224 German civil administration and, 153 of garments, 158 in Transnistria, 8–11 bartered for grain, 172 NSKK and, 59 Romanian, 82 SiPo-SD and, 70, 153 during Soviet invasion, 78 Volksdeutsche militia and, 16 in Volksdeutsche settlements, 33 wartime records of, 11 Selbstschutz and, 225 Soviet Extraordinary State Commission for Sonderkommando R and, 225 Ascertaining and Investigating Volksdeutsche and, 158, 208, 222–228, Crimes Perpetuated by the 234, 236 German-Fascist Invaders and their garments, 169–174 Accomplices (Chrezvychainaia Thielman, Kasper, 189–193 gosudarstvennaia komissiia po Transnistria, 4, 5, 8–11, 31, 231 ustanovleniiu i rassledovaniiu 1939 Soviet census for, 116 zlodeianii nemetsko-fashistskikh as a Romanian occupation zone, 115 zakhvatchikov i ikh soobshchnikov), Transylvania (region), 5 11, 14, 123, 129 Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenburger¨ Soviet nationalities policy, 29 Sachsen), 25 korenizatsiia (nativization), 28 Trapp, Wilhelm, 218 Speyer (town), 34, 41, 171, 176 treaties SS (Schutzstaffel, Protection Squadron) Craiova (1940), 5 autonomy of, in Transnistria, 8 Nystadt (1721), 20 DRK and, 71 Tighina (1941), 115, 152 NKSS and, 70 typhoid, 214 NS-Frauenwerk and, 71 typhus, 114–115, 117–120, 118, 134, 141, Volksdeutsche project (Transnistria), 8 151, 152, 233 VoMi and, 3, 69–72 Jews and, 118–119 SS Economic and Administrative Main Ofﬁce (SS-Wirtschafts- University of Konigsberg,¨ 51 Verwaltungshauptamt), Unterrichtsmethodik in mehrsprachigen Schulen 170 (Instructional Methods for Multilingual Staedel, Wilhelm, 180–181 Schools), 184 Stalin,Josef,29 Stalingrad (city), 201 Velikovka (town), 149 Steinberg (town), 81 Volga Germans (Wolgadeutsche), 21 Stolypin, P. A., 26 Volhynia (region), 4, 26 Strasburg (town), 176 Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), 2, 17 Streit, Bernhard, 134, 136 as members of Sonderkommando R, 52 Sulz (town), 176 as vanguard of Nazi expansion, 2 history of, 2–4 Teacher Training Institute Bolshevism and, 237 (Lehrerbildungsanstalt), 186 community ethnic cleansing and, 16

Index 263

conformity/obedience to authority and, Wanner, Matthaus,¨ 81 208, 219, 221, 235 Wannsee Conference, 158 Czechoslovakia and, 3 Warthegau, 202 genocidal motivations of, in Transnistria, Wehrmacht, 8, 33, 78, 201 226–229 denunciations and, 34 challenges to uncovering, 207–209 typhus and, 119 Nazi relocation plans for, 4 Volksdeutsche and, 52 oath of allegiance required of, 165 initial protection of, 33 provisional identity papers, 158 Wehrmacht Liaison Office for resistance strategies of, 219 Transnistria (Verbindungsstab der Soviet discrimination against, 215 Deutschen Wehrmacht fur¨ Sudetenland and, 3 Transnistrien), 166 Volksgemeinschaft and, 208, 236 Weimar Republic, 3, 87 Volksgemeinschaft (Nazi racial community), Weingartner,¨ Theophil, 53–55 9, 17, 77, 97, 160, 162, 188, 228 Hoffmeyer and, 54 Volkstumsausweis (ethnic German White Army, 27 identification card), 99, 103, 161, Wir sind daheim (We Are at Home), 182 191 Wolfrum, Gerhard, 51–52 VoMi (Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle) (Ethnic Hoffmeyer and, 51 German Liaison Office), 8, 39, 232 Oberlander¨ and, 51 composition of, 3 Women’s Labor Service (Weiblicher mission of, in Transnistria (Hoffmeyer), Arbeitsdienst), 65 75 Worms (town), 41, 91, 171 Volksgemeinschaft and, 9 Wrangel, P. N., 27 Voznesensk (city), 136, 152 zemstva (representative form of local Waffen-SS (Armed SS), 168, 186 government), 24 conscription campaigns, 200 Zhytomyr (city), 40