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Temperance Reform and Prohibition in Antebellum Maine

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Temperance Reform and Prohibition in Antebellum Maine ABSTRACT FROM SUASION TO COERCION: TEMPERANCE REFORM AND PROHIBITION IN ANTEBELLUM MAINE by Daniel Christopher Melega Historians of nineteenth-century temperance reform are quick to elevate Neal Dow and the 1851 Maine Law as the example of antebellum prohibition efforts. While Maine’s first-in- the-nation ban on the manufacturing and selling of liquors was unique, it was anything but prohibitive. The law, complete with exceptions and limited consequences, operated more like a tax on those engaged in the practice and that was only if prosecutors and judges did not nullify the law themselves. As a result, characterizations of the Maine Law as prohibitory and Dow as the father of prohibition in Maine deserve critique. Through an examination of newspapers, judicial records, petitions, and the legislative record, one finds that the temperance reform narrative in Maine is much more complex. Mainers of dispersed geographic, socio-economic, political, and religious backgrounds grappled with what, if any, role the state should play in pursuing moral improvement. This work decenters the prohibition narrative away from Dow and focuses on the multifaceted causes of and reasons for the Maine Law’s rise and failure. As a consequence, the statewide temperance effort, including the conflicting views within it on “the drink,” receives deserved attention. FROM SUASION TO COERCION: TEMPERANCE REFORM AND PROHIBITION IN ANTEBELLUM MAINE A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Daniel Christopher Melega Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2017 Advisor: Dr. Steven Conn Reader: Dr. Lindsay Schakenbach Regele Reader: Dr. Andrew Offenburger ©2017 Daniel Christopher Melega This Thesis titled FROM SUASION TO COERCION: TEMPERANCE REFORM AND PROHIBITION IN ANTEBELLUM MAINE by Daniel Christopher Melega has been approved for publication by The College of Arts and Science and Department of History ____________________________________________________ Dr. Steven Conn ______________________________________________________ Dr. Lindsay Schakenbach Regele _______________________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Offenburger Table of Contents Introduction: A Tumultuous Time: Antebellum Maine and Temperance Reform 1 Chapter One: Prohibition’s Rise in Maine 1820 - 1840 10 Chapter Two: From Suasion to Legislation: The Rise of State Action on Temperance 1840 - 1850 31 Chapter Three: “Prohibition” Maine’s Failed Experiment with Coercion 1850 - 1856 53 Conclusion: The Limits of State Coercion 78 References: 84 iii Dedication For my Grandmother iv Acknowledgements As is so often the case, there are an immeasurable number of people that made this project possible. Without them, this project would have surely suffered. To those who supported me with lodging, accommodations, and friendly banter during my summer research trips across Maine, I wish to thank Dan and June L’Heureux, Luke Shorty, and Mike Lambert. Particular thanks goes to my Aunt Louise Benham for providing me with a base of operations for much of the summer of 2016 and January 2017 and, as well, my grandmother who made sure I was more than well fed on my way out the door every morning to my respective destinations. Of thanks of a more academic and scholarly nature, although most certainly friendly as well, I wish to thank the many individuals and organizations that were so kind to volunteer their time and information to me for this project. In particular, my heartfelt thanks goes to the library staff at my undergraduate alma mater Colby College. Their connections with resources and materials during the summer of 2015 helped me identify my interest in antebellum reform movements. The Maine State Archives in Augusta and their wonderful staff, including but not limited to Sam Howes, made my two-month stint at the State Archives during the summer of 2016 pleasant and immensely beneficial. The Maine Historical Society in Portland, and not too far from Neal Dow’s home on Congress Street, proved irreplaceable thanks to their collection of temperance-era publications and their thoughtful staff, who were always ready and willing to point me in a helpful direction. Additional thanks goes to the Skowhegan Public Library, the Augusta Historical Society, and the Maine State Library for their collections of newspapers and other assorted period pieces. And, most importantly, I give special thanks to Dr. Steven Conn and Dr. Lindsay Schakenbach Regele, who provided the academic guidance and support necessary for me to undertake this project. Dr. Conn’s graduate seminar colloquia, though never directly related to the topic in this paper, proved immensely beneficial in the way in which I considered my approach to the subject. And Dr. Schakenbach Regele’s stewardship through the project from prospectus to final copy with many recommendations, edits, and suggestions on the numerous draft iterations I presented to her were irreplaceable. Without her, this project would not have come to fruition. My added thanks for her patience as I struggled through what seemed like dozens of false starts and on-again, off-again writing success this spring. My additional thanks to Dr. Andrew Offenburger for taking time to serve on my thesis committee and to all of the History Department at Miami for their professional and collegial guidance. I would be remiss not to mention my fellow graduate students, who provided helpful thoughts, feedback, commentary, and the always needed morale boost. Lastly, to my family for their support as I spread my wings beyond New England for this new adventure, including my Dad’s cousin, Peggy, who made possible a reconnection with extended family and provided the occasional respite for me to get away from Oxford to relax and enjoy the surroundings of northern Kentucky. My thanks to all. Dan 5/11/2017 v A Tumultuous Time: Antebellum Maine and Temperance Reform “Rum did that!” Neal Dow would claim as he crisscrossed Portland’s streets pointing out the disastrous effects of alcohol.1 For Dow, one of Maine’s most recognizable businessmen, political elites, and temperance crusaders, “the drink” was society’s major vice responsible for poverty, criminal behavior, and intoxication.2 To eliminate these scourges, the solution was simple: statewide prohibition, which would eradicate the moral ills brought on by demon rum. By the summer of 1851, Dow got his wish. Maine passed a first-in-the-nation prohibition law, and twelve northern states and territories joined the prohibitory fray by 1855.3 Reformers succeeded in legislating one of the great moral issues of the era out of existence (or so they hoped), and Maine led the way. What was remarkable about all of this was not the fact that temperance reform was on the national agenda, the issue had been present in American life for three decades, but rather, the sudden success of reformers to pass the most stringent kinds of state laws proscribing alcohol. The impetus for reform legislation, according to historians, usually travelled three paths: a religious one espousing moral improvement, a socio-economic one linking workplace efficiency with one’s ability to provide for the family, and a more hostile class-based, anti- immigrant approach.4 These motivations seemingly made Maine an unlikely first stop for prohibitory success. First, rampant industrialization, associated large-scale immigration, and wage earning did not characterize Maine’s economy in the same way as it did other states, and second, the fervor of moral reform was stronger elsewhere, especially across sections of upstate New York and the Ohio Valley.5 An older body of scholarship on the history of Maine points to the importance of Portland mayor Neal Dow for the passage of temperance laws. These biographical works, however, ignore the temperance phenomenon in Maine in broader terms. Namely, they leave out the efforts of others in the temperance campaign, and they cast too small 1 Ian R. Tyrrell, Sobering Up: from Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860, (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1979), 252. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Paul E. Johnson, A Shopkeeper’s Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978); Tyrrell, Sobering Up: from Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800- 1860; W.J. Rorabaugh, The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition, (New York: OUP, 1979), 25, 61, 95-99. 5Ibid. 1 of a geographic lens by looking mostly at Portland.6 What is missing in these works is a broader societal analysis.7 Charting a course from the late 1830s to 1856 (the repeal of Dow’s 1851 Maine Law), the progression from moral suasion to legislation to address the alcohol problem is clear. Rather than cast the reasons for temperance success as the consequence of one man, however, other factors demand attention. First, what were the circumstances that resulted in Mainers, generally, supporting temperance reform efforts? Second, why did legislation become the preferred way of addressing the temperance issue, and third, to what degree was the legislation successful in accomplishing the goals of the reformers? Taken together, then, this manuscript will not only address temperance reform in Maine, but will also address the attitudes Mainers held on temperance reform and what they suggest about their willingness to rely on the coercive power of the state to pursue moral reform. By focusing on the public discourse present within the press, statewide judicial records,
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