Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(2) 319-331 2019 DOI: 10.22092/ijfs.2018.118533. Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province)
Daghooghi B.1*; Kaymaram F.2; Vosoughi A.1; ValinassabT.2; Moradi M.3
Received: December 2015 Accepted: August 2018
Abstract The Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta, Cuvier, 1817) is one of the commercial small pelagic fish in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In the current research, feed preference index (FP), fullness index (FI), and stomach contents of Rastrelliger kanagurta were evaluated to assess the quantity and type of feed habits. A total of 573 specimens were collected randomly from Bandar - Abbas and Qeshm Island fishing sites from November 2011 to October 2012. The minimum and maximum total lengths were 13.9 and 35.5cm, respectively with the highest frequency in length group of 24- 26cm. Results showed that 21.3% of stomachs were full, 44.5% were semi-full and 34.2% were empty. Planktons and fish were the main and random feed items of this species respectively. Fullness index and Vacuity index for this species were calculated 21.3 and 34.2, respectively. Stomach contents analysis revealed that phytoplankton (66%) and zooplankton (34%) form the main feed of Rastrelliger kanagurta. Among the phytoplankton, Bacillariophyceae (86%) was the dominant feed followed by
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 Cyanophyceae (8%) and Dynophyceae (6%). Copepods (88%) were dominant zooplanktonic feed items. Encrasicholina punctifer was the only bony fish observed. Maximum and minimum of GaSI index were estimated 2.57 and 1.12 in October and February, respectively. Condition factor and relative guts length were calculated 1.76 and 2.38, respectively. The results indicated that this fish is a relatively frugal species which consumes plankton as the main feed.
Keywords: Rastrelliger kanagurta, Indian mackerel, Feeding Habits, Persian Gulf, Hormozgan Province.
1-Islamic Azad University. Sciences and Research Branch. Tehran, Iran. 2-Iranian Fisheries Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas, Iran. 3-Iranian National Oceanography Center. Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 320 Daghooghi et al., Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in…
Introduction larvae were observed (Rao and Rao, The Scombridae family is distributed in 1957). Minimum life span of R. Indian and Pacific Ocean, as well as kanagurta was estimated 4 years and Red Sea, Arab Sea and Persian Gulf. maximum fork length recorded for this This family includes 15 genera and 49 species was 35 cm but it is normally 25 marine epipelagic and oceanic species cm (FAO, 1983). Spawning season of (Collette and Nauen, 1983) .The Indian Indian mackerel was reported in India mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta from September to March, the eggs (Cuvier, 1817) is one of the most hatched immediately (Luther, 1973). important pelagic species of scombridae The studies on the feed and feeding of family that is widely distributed in the the Indian mackerel R. kanagurta by tropical Indo-West Pacific region, from various authors till the year 1960 have South Africa, Seychelles, Red Sea, been reviewed by Chidambaram et al. Indonesia, north of Australia to (1952). The studies made thereafter are Malaysia, Sea of China and Ryukyu those of Rao (1962), Noble (1965), Rao Island, as well as Persian Gulf and (1965), Venkataraman and Mukundan Oman Sea. This species has entered (1971) and Luther (1973). It could also from Suez channel into Mediterranean be seen that there is no published Sea (FAO, 1983). A dense shoal of the information on the feeding habits of Indian mackerel appears regularly in Indian mackerel from Calicut in India certain months of the year along the after the study by Venkataraman coast which has high catch more often (1961), Pradhan (1956), Bhimachar and and constitutes one of the most George (1952), Kutty (1962), Rao important marine fishery resources (1965), Nobel (1965), Luther (1973), along Iranian coasts (FAO, 1983). Sivadas and Bhaskaran (2009). This
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 Annual catch of the Indian mackerel study conducted qualitative and have been reported 1912 tons from quantitative analysis of stomach Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Iranian contents to determine the monthly prey waters) in 2013 (IFO, 2014). Among composition and feeding intensity of R. four coastal provinces, Hormozgan kanagurta in the Persian Gulf. Province has the most catch of this species with 1757 tons (IFO, 2014).The Materials and methods Indian mackerel has been variously The study area was restricted to the classified as a planktonivore/ omnivore strait of Hormuz located in the Persian with varied diet composition (diatoms, Gulf consisted of Hormuz Island, dinoflagellates, copepods, crustaceans Bandar-Abbas, and Qeshm Island and occasionally fish and sand fishing grounds (Fig. 1). The fishery of particles). Young mackerel feed on Indian mackerel was operated by drift- plankton but in adult individuals, net and small trawlers, the fishing carnivorous habits and feeding on season starting from every September macro plankton such as fish and shrimp to June annually (Pradhan, 1956). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(2) 2019 321
Figure 1: The study area for sampling of Rastrelliger kanagurta in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province) (2011-2012).
It was arranged to have at least 45 Numerical Method (Pillay, 1952). The specimens monthly, all samples were number of each macro-plankton species obtained from Bandar-Abbas and was recorded for determining the Qeshm Island fishing site and were relative importance of various feed transported in icebox to the laboratory elements. Feed items were identified up for further measurements and studies. to each level wherever possible by The intact specimens were measured various references (Tomas et al., 1997; for total and fork length (cm) and body Hoppenrath et al., 2009). weight (g). Before removing the The various calculated feed indices stomach from the each individual comprised of the CV Stomach
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 specimen, its weight, sex, and stage of condition were categorized to full, semi maturity were recorded. Later the full and empty. The Fullness Index (FI) stomachs were carefully removed and = (Nsf/Nt) ×100 calculated as follows: preserved in 90 % alcohol solution Nsf=the number of stomachs with same (Biswas, 1993) for subsequent analysis. fullness. Nt=Total number of studied The volume of the stomach contents stomachs (Dadzie et al., 2000). was determined by displacement Condition factor was calculated as method. Then the stomach contents follows: were made to one ml. All the macro- CF = (w/FL3)×105 Whereas w = fish planktonic organisms, when present, weight (g) and FL= Fork length (cm) were first separated and counted. After (King, 1995). Relative guts length was stirring well, a subsample of 1 ml was estimated as follows: RLG=IL/TL, taken with a graduated pipette and whereas IL= intestine length (cm) and evenly spread over Bazarove counting TL= total length (cm). If RLG<1, fish is slide. It was examined under a carnivore and if RLG>1, fish is binocular microscope (Nikon Invert herbivore and if RLG is mean, fish tend Model TS100) and analyzed by to omnivore (Biswas, 1993). 322 Daghooghi et al., Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in…
The Vacuity Index (VI) was calculated food of fish (Euzen, 1987). All tests as follows: were undertaken using SPSS Version VI (%)=Number of empty stomachs 16. /Number of total stomachs×100 (Biswas, 1993). Index intended to be Results interpreted If 40 ≤ VI< 60, aquatic is A total of 573 Indian mackerel were moderately fed. If 60 ≤ VI< 80, aquatic sampled, among which 34.2 %, 44.5% is relatively low fed. If 80 ≤ VI< 100, and 21.3% of stomachs were identified aquatic is low fed (Biswas, 1993). The empty, semi full and full respectively. Gastro-Somatic Index calculated as The maximum and minimum numbers follows: of full stomachs were observed on GaSI(%)=[Stomach weight (g)/ Body October and January, respectively (Fig. weight (g)]× 100 (Biswas, 1993). 2). Vacuity Index (VI) was calculated The feed Preference Index (FP) was 34.2 and it shows that Indian mackerel calculated as follows: FP(%)= [Number is a severe appetite fish. FI was of stomachs which contain a specific calculated 21.3 and the maximum and prey / Number of stomachs which minimum of FI were estimated 58.9 and contain food]×100 (Biswas, 1993). 0 in January and July, respectively. The According to this formula if FP<10, peak of Gastro-Somatic Index was eaten prey is considered to be negligible found from October to November (Fig. in the diet. If 10 ≤ FP < 50, eaten food 3). is considered as minor food and if FP≥ 50, eaten food is considered as the main Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021
Figure 2: Stomach condition of Rastrelliger kanagurta of the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province) (2011-2012). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(2) 2019 323
Figure 3: GaSI of Indian mackerel in both male and female from Hormozgan Province (2011-2012).
Results of stomach contents study 1). Fish scale was found only in the showed that Indian mackerel fed on stomach of one specimen. Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and fish. Copepods were dominant zooplankton The food preference (FP) were and Bacillariophyceae were dominant calculated for Copepods (FP=75.45) phytoplankton observed in Indian and then bivalve (FP=37.81), mackerel stomach contents. Copepods Coscinodiscus (FP=35.55), Tintinnids formed the major elements in the feed
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 (FP=29.59), Peridinium (FP=25.46), regime of Indian mackerel. They were Ceratium (FP=23.39), Pyrophacus present in the gut practically throughout (FP=20.87), Dinophisis (FP=16.97), the year (except January) and the Pleurosigma (FP=16.28), Noctiluca maximum feeding of them was from (FP=15.82) and Oscillatoria March-May. Other zooplankton (FP=11.47) were second hand feed elements such as foraminifera, shrimp items and Encrasicholina punctifer larvae, ostracods, naupli, (FP=8.02), thalassiothrix (FP=8.02), lamellibranchia larvae, fish egg, were Naupli (FP=6.65) and also other feed found periodically in specific months in items with FP lower than 10 were the year. random foods identified for this species. Encrasicholina punctifer was the The identified numbers of fish, only fish that Indian mackerel fed on, zooplankton and phytoplankton species just observed in April, may, June, were 1, 10 and 24, respectively (Table September and November (Fig. 4).
324 Daghooghi et al., Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in…
Figure 4: Total stomach contents of Rastrelliger kanagurta from Hormozgan Province (2011-2012).
Relative gut length (RLG) was CF= 1.94 in April and less CF=1.65 in calculated 2.38. Condition factor of October (Fig. 5). Indian mackerel were estimated monthly with mean of 1.76, and peak of
Table 1: Food items of Rastrelliger kanagurta stomach contents from Hormozgan Province (2011- 2012).
Fish Bony fishes Engraulidae Encrasicholina punctifer Copepod , Ostracod, Crustacea Shrimp larvae, Naupli Gastropods, Bivalve, Mollusca Lamellibranchia larvae
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 Zooplankton Tintinnids , Foraminifera, Fish egg , Others Nematod, Fish scale
Rhizosolenia, Coscinodiscus, Pyrophacus, Pleurosigma, Amphora, Plankton Thallassiothrix, Navicula, Gyrosigma, Bacillariophyceae Astrionella, Bellerochea, Chaetoceros, Thallasionema, Eucampia, Planktoniella, Phytoplankton Stephanopyxis, Biddulphia
Ceratium, Peridinium, Dinophisis, Dinophyceae Noctiluca, Prorocentrum, Gymnodinium, Ornithocercus Cyanophyceae Oscillatoria
Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(2) 2019 325
Figure 5: The fluctuation of condition factor of Rastrelliger kanagurta from Hormozgan Province (2011-2012).
Discussion copepods were observed in spring and Analysis of gut content is widely used autumn (Saraji and Naderi, 1996). The to ascertain the feed and feeding habit presence of an aquatic diet depends on of a fish species. Accurate description the availability of its choosing. The of diets and feeding habits provides the critical factor in determining the basis for understanding the trophic reliability and availability of prey fish is interactions in aquatic feed webs feeding (Dorner et al., 2003). Studies (Zanden and Rasmunssen, 2000). on feed and feeding of Indian mackerel Understanding fish nutrition habits have been done through periodical requires extensive field and laboratory examination of stomach contents and studies to inter the main sources of indicated a planktonic diet with nutrition for a species. Even then, dominance of copepods and presence of feeding studies can identify the diatoms, dinophysids, crustaceans,
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 prevalence of food items but it is not molluscan larvae, algae, amphipods and possible to assess the diet preferences miscellaneous items (Bhimachar and of fish without detailed complementary George, 1952; Pradhan,1956; Rao and studies to estimate the range and Rao,1957; Noble, 1962; Venkataraman abundance of potential feed items and Mukundan, 1971; Sivadas and available in their natural environment Bhaskaran, 2009). (Biswas, 1993). It is clear that feed In this study, R. kanagurta was habits such as frequency of feeding or shown to be a relatively plankton feeder size and species of prey, are constrained from the overall estimate of vacuity by the evolutionary history leading to index of 34.2 %. Analysis of feed and the species, body shape and digestive feeding of mackerel by previous system (Nikolsky, 1963). In this study, researchers showed that mackerel is a copepod (75.45%) was the dominant plankton feeder (Noble,1962; feed items of Indian mackerel. Venketaraman, 1961; George, 1952; Copepods were the most frequent Kutty, 1962; Rao, 1965) zooplankton in Persian Gulf area The peak of GaSI occurred in (Saraji, 2001) and high density of autumn, so, this might coincides with 326 Daghooghi et al., Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in…
saving energy for spawning season the previous studies also confirm that (Dadzie et al., 2000). The peak of GSI coppepods are the main fraction of feed was reported from April to July for R. kanagurta most often (Bhimachar (Daghooghi, 2009). Naturally, feeding and George, 1952; Venketaraman, intensity of fish will be decreased in 1961; Noble, 1965; Rao, 1965). In the spawning season and be increased present work, molluscs including afterwards (Bhimachar and George, Bivalves and their larva and Gastropods 1952; Chidambaram et al., 1952; formed 10% of feeding habitat. In a Noble, 1962; Rao, 1965). survey by Narayana (1958) main As for R. kanagurta, a broad range of percent of food in stomach of R. matters including Diatoms, kanagurta was fed on larval stage of Dianophyceae, Crustacea, molluscs Bivalves, Gastropods, and fairy larva, Algea and Amphipoda were Dentalium and Cavolina during whole reported (Bhimachar and George, 1952; year except November. Bivalves’ larvae Pradhan, 1956; Rao and Rao, 1957; were the most abundant in December Noble, 1962). and April. Coppepods are the most abundant Mean condition factor (CF) for R. plankton in coastal water in the Bandar kanagurta during this survey was 1.76 - Abbas (Saraji, 2001) and the presence and the maximum index was obtained of a tight coat causes them to be in April (1.94) and the minimum in digested less than other groups in the October (1.65). The feeding activity of stomach (Saraji et al., 2005) and clearly the mackerel appeared to have distinct this is the main reason for a correlation with its spawning phase. planktivorous fish specially R. During the period April-July, when the kanagurta to have crustacean group in spawning activity of the mackerel was
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 their planktonic feed habitat. Bhimachar at its peak, the feeding intensity was et al. (1952) and Chidambaram et al. low. The feeding activity was found to (1952) reported that in inshore waters reach its maximal level during the diet of mackerel was dominated by September, October and November copepods (50%), followed by when most of the fish were in spent and cladocerans, larval/adult decapods, recovering condition. phytoplankton, lamellibranch larvae Investigation by Daghooghi (2009) and fish eggs/larvae. showed that the peak of sex maturation The results of survey by Salarpouri is starting from July in the Persian Gulf, (2006) also showed that crustaceans so, reduced amount of condition factor (Coppepods) are the main feed of might be due to spawning in the Sandy Sardine in Qeshm area that 44% summer and feeding intensity in stomach content was crustaceans. mackerel is low during the pre Another survey by Daghooghi (2009) in spawning and spawning periods, while Oman Sea showed that coppepods in maturing specimens, it is high forms 58% of stomach content of Sandy (Bhimachar and George 1952; Sardine. Feed digestion and feeding in Chidambaram et al., 1952; Noble, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 18(2) 2019 327
1965). It has also been noted that in has achieved without considering the spent condition, feeding is catch season and size of R. kanagurta in comparatively more than in mature previous research works (Bhimachar specimens. and George, 1952; Pradhan, 1956; Vacuity index investigation (34.2) Noble, 1962; Rao and Rao, 1957; also showed that this species is a fairly Sivadas and Bhaskaran, 2009) . voracious fish. The fairly high Indian mackerel consumed more percentage of empty stomach, in spite phytoplankton in November, January, of voracious in the present study, can be August and September and zooplankton due to fishing method, time and high was dominated during other months in speed on enzymatic digestion in tuna the regime. Bhimachar and George fish so that this fish possess a high level (1952) observed a close similarity of metabolism rate and feed digestion in between the feed constituents and the their stomach very fast (Daghooghi, planktonic elements during different 2009). seasons of the year. But as Pradhan Planktons and Bucaneer anchovy (1956) has already indicated, at Karwar were recognized as feed diet preference in India, the order of abundance of and random feed for R. kanagurta various planktonic organisms is not respectively. Although some genera always the same in the corresponding (Copepods, Peridinium, Coscinodiscus analyses of gut contents. The quantity ,...) of planktons have very high and quality of the feed of mackerel vary abundance as compared to others, it is with the variations in planktonic not possible to clearly determine the elements in the inshore area. The preferred feed for the filter feeders fish. intensity of feeding differs in various The presence of one organism in feed times of the year.
Downloaded from jifro.ir at 22:11 +0330 on Friday September 24th 2021 habit depends on the availability and The feeding selectivity of mackerel selection of aquatic organism (Dorner and other pelagic fish depends, among et al., 2003). Feed composition of fish other things, on the spacing of gill sometimes relates to permanent rackers and other physical limitations fluctuation in the amount of and adaptations; hence, it is not difficult zooplankton in the environment to explain certain inclusions as (Mostardo et al., 2007) or existence of deviations from the normal food every kind of other catch (Persson and (George, 1964). Bronmark, 2002; Galarowicz et al., In our study, few fish eggs were 2006) and abundance and existence of observed only in the content of five copepods are the reason that copepods Indian mackerel stomachs in are the preferred feed for all-size fish November, December, and March. The groups (Raymont, 1983; Gopinathan et occurrence of fish eggs in the stomachs al., 1984; Madhupratap, 1999; of mackerel has been observed by most Mohamed et al., 2008; Smith and of the researchers, but it is doubtful Madhupratap, 2005). Evidence of whether this habit would have any copepod as an important item of feed adverse effect on the fish groups that 328 Daghooghi et al., Evaluation of some feeding habits of Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in…
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